Self Reason And Freedom

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Self, Reason, and Freedom

Andrea Christofidou
Self Reason and Freedom Book PDF

Author : Andrea Christofidou
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 277 pages
File Size : 41,8 Mb
Release : 2013-01-03
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9781136183911

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Self, Reason, and Freedom by Andrea Christofidou Pdf

Freedom and its internal relation to reason is fundamental to Descartes’ philosophy in general, and to his Meditations on First Philosophy in particular. Without freedom his entire enquiry would not get off the ground, and without understanding the rôle of freedom in his work, we could not understand what motivates key parts of his metaphysics. Yet, not only is freedom a relatively overlooked element, but its internal relation to reason has gone unnoticed by most studies of his philosophy. Self, Reason, and Freedom: A New Light on Descartes’ Metaphysics, by defending freedom’s internal relation to reason, sheds new light on Descartes’ metaphysics and restores the often dismissed Fourth Meditation to the core of his metaphysics as he conceived it. Implicit in that relation is a rejection of any authority external to reason. Andrea Christofidou shows how this lends strength and explanatory force to Descartes’ enquiry, and reveals his conception of the unity of the self and of its place in the world. Self, Reason, and Freedom: A New Light on Descartes’ Metaphysics is essential reading for students and scholars of Descartes and anyone studying seventeenth-century philosophy.

The Will to Reason

C. P. Ragland
The Will to Reason Book PDF

Author : C. P. Ragland
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 273 pages
File Size : 53,8 Mb
Release : 2016
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9780190264451

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The Will to Reason by C. P. Ragland Pdf

In 'Giving Aid Effectively', Mark T. Buntaine argues that countries that are members of international organizations have prompted multilateral development banks to give development and environmental aid more effectively by generating better information about performance.

The Will to Reason

C. P. Ragland
The Will to Reason Book PDF

Author : C. P. Ragland
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 288 pages
File Size : 46,9 Mb
Release : 2016-03-01
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9780190264468

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The Will to Reason by C. P. Ragland Pdf

Offering an original perspective on the central project of Descartes' Meditations, this book argues that Descartes' free will theodicy is crucial to his refutation of skepticism. A common thread runs through Descartes' radical First Meditation doubts, his Fourth Meditation discussion of error, and his pious reconciliation of providence and freedom: each involves a clash of perspectives-thinking of God seems to force conclusions diametrically opposed to those we reach when thinking only of ourselves. Descartes fears that a skeptic could exploit this clash of perspectives to argue that Reason is not trustworthy because self-contradictory. To refute the skeptic and vindicate the consistency of Reason, it is not enough for Descartes to demonstrate (in the Third Meditation) that our Creator is perfect; he must also show (in the Fourth) that our errors cannot prove God's imperfection. To do this, Descartes invokes the idea that we err freely. However, prospects initially seem dim for this free will theodicy, because Descartes appears to lack any consistent or coherent understanding of human freedom. In an extremely in-depth analysis spanning four chapters, Ragland argues that despite initial appearances, Descartes consistently offered a coherent understanding of human freedom: for Descartes, freedom is most fundamentally the ability to do the right thing. Since we often do wrong, actual humans must therefore be able to do otherwise-our actions cannot be causally determined by God or our psychology. But freedom is in principle compatible with determinism: while leaving us free, God could have determined us to always do the good (or believe the true). Though this conception of freedom is both consistent and suitable to Descartes' purposes, when he attempts to reconcile it with divine providence, Descartes's strategy fails, running afoul of his infamous doctrine that God created the eternal truths.

Freedom within Reason

Susan Wolf
Freedom within Reason Book PDF

Author : Susan Wolf
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 175 pages
File Size : 44,8 Mb
Release : 1993-10-21
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9780195358971

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Freedom within Reason by Susan Wolf Pdf

Philosophers typically see the issue of free will and determinism in terms of a debate between two standard positions. Incompatibilism holds that freedom and responsibility require causal and metaphysical independence from the impersonal forces of nature. According to compatibilism, people are free and responsible as long as their actions are governed by their desires. In Freedom Within Reason, Susan Wolf charts a path between these traditional positions: We are not free and responsible, she argues, for actions that are governed by desires that we cannot help having. But the wish to form our own desires from nothing is both futile and arbitrary. Some of the forces beyond our control are friends to freedom rather than enemies of it: they endow us with faculties of reason, perception, and imagination, and provide us with the data by which we come to see and appreciate the world for what it is. The independence we want, Wolf argues, is not independence from the world, but independence from forces that prevent or preclude us from choosing how to live in light of a sufficient appreciation of the world. The freedom we want is a freedom within reason and the world.

Hegel's Concept of Life

Karen Ng
Hegel s Concept of Life Book PDF

Author : Karen Ng
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 337 pages
File Size : 42,8 Mb
Release : 2020-01-02
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9780190947644

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Hegel's Concept of Life by Karen Ng Pdf

Karen Ng sheds new light on Hegel's famously impenetrable philosophy. She does so by offering a new interpretation of Hegel's idealism and by foregrounding Hegel's Science of Logic, revealing that Hegel's theory of reason revolves around the concept of organic life. Beginning with the influence of Kant's Critique of Judgment on Hegel, Ng argues that Hegel's key philosophical contributions concerning self-consciousness, freedom, and logic all develop around the idea of internal purposiveness, which appealed to Hegel deeply. She charts the development of the purposiveness theme in Kant's third Critique, and argues that the most important innovation from that text is the claim that the purposiveness of nature opens up and enables the operation of the power of judgment. This innovation is essential for understanding Hegel's philosophical method in the Differenzschrift (1801) and Phenomenology of Spirit (1807), where Hegel, developing lines of thought from Fichte and Schelling, argues against Kant that internal purposiveness constitutes cognition's activity, shaping its essential relation to both self and world. From there, Ng defends a new and detailed interpretation of Hegel's Science of Logic, arguing that Hegel's Subjective Logic can be understood as Hegel's version of a critique of judgment, in which life comes to be understood as opening up the possibility of intelligibility. She makes the case that Hegel's theory of judgment is modelled on reflective and teleological judgments, in which something's species or kind provides the objective context for predication. The Subjective Logic culminates in the argument that life is a primitive or original activity of judgment, one that is the necessary presupposition for the actualization of self-conscious cognition. Through bold and ambitious new arguments, Ng demonstrates the ongoing dialectic between life and self-conscious cognition, providing ground-breaking ways of understanding Hegel's philosophical system.

Freedom and the Self

Steven M. Cahn,Maureen Eckert
Freedom and the Self Book PDF

Author : Steven M. Cahn,Maureen Eckert
Publisher : Columbia University Press
Page : 193 pages
File Size : 54,8 Mb
Release : 2015-04-21
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9780231539166

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Freedom and the Self by Steven M. Cahn,Maureen Eckert Pdf

The book Fate, Time, and Language: An Essay on Free Will, published in 2010 by Columbia University Press, presented David Foster Wallace's challenge to Richard Taylor's argument for fatalism. In this anthology, notable philosophers engage directly with that work and assess Wallace's reply to Taylor as well as other aspects of Wallace's thought. With an introduction by Steven M. Cahn and Maureen Eckert, this collection includes essays by William Hasker (Huntington University), Gila Sher (University of California, San Diego), Marcello Oreste Fiocco (University of California, Irvine), Daniel R. Kelly (Purdue University), Nathan Ballantyne (Fordham University), Justin Tosi (University of Arizona), and Maureen Eckert. These thinkers explore Wallace's philosophical and literary work, illustrating remarkable ways in which his philosophical views influenced and were influenced by themes developed in his other writings, both fictional and nonfictional. Together with Fate, Time, and Language, this critical set unlocks key components of Wallace's work and its traces in modern literature and thought.

Kant on Freedom and Spontaneity

Kate A. Moran
Kant on Freedom and Spontaneity Book PDF

Author : Kate A. Moran
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 325 pages
File Size : 52,9 Mb
Release : 2018-09-27
Category : History
ISBN : 9781107125933

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Kant on Freedom and Spontaneity by Kate A. Moran Pdf

A collection of essays on the foundational themes of freedom and spontaneity in Immanuel Kant's philosophy.

Freedom and Reason in Kant, Schelling, and Kierkegaard

Michelle Kosch
Freedom and Reason in Kant Schelling and Kierkegaard Book PDF

Author : Michelle Kosch
Publisher : Oxford University Press on Demand
Page : 247 pages
File Size : 42,9 Mb
Release : 2006-05-25
Category : History
ISBN : 9780199289110

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Freedom and Reason in Kant, Schelling, and Kierkegaard by Michelle Kosch Pdf

This book traces a complex of issues surrounding moral agency from Kant through Schelling to Kierkegaard.

Spinoza on Human Freedom

Matthew J. Kisner
Spinoza on Human Freedom Book PDF

Author : Matthew J. Kisner
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 275 pages
File Size : 53,6 Mb
Release : 2011-02-10
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9781139500098

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Spinoza on Human Freedom by Matthew J. Kisner Pdf

Spinoza was one of the most influential figures of the Enlightenment, but his often obscure metaphysics makes it difficult to understand the ultimate message of his philosophy. Although he regarded freedom as the fundamental goal of his ethics and politics, his theory of freedom has not received sustained, comprehensive treatment. Spinoza holds that we attain freedom by governing ourselves according to practical principles, which express many of our deepest moral commitments. Matthew J. Kisner focuses on this theory and presents an alternative picture of the ethical project driving Spinoza's philosophical system. His study of the neglected practical philosophy provides an accessible and concrete picture of what it means to live as Spinoza's ethics envisioned.

A Theory of Freedom

Stanley I. Benn
A Theory of Freedom Book PDF

Author : Stanley I. Benn
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 364 pages
File Size : 50,8 Mb
Release : 1988
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 0521348021

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A Theory of Freedom by Stanley I. Benn Pdf

A radically unorthodox theory of rational action is the central idea in a reformulation of Kant's ethical and political thought, wherein rational action can be determined simply by principles, regardless of consequences.

The Formation of the Modern Self

Felix O Murchadha
The Formation of the Modern Self Book PDF

Author : Felix O Murchadha
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
Page : 265 pages
File Size : 46,5 Mb
Release : 2022-01-13
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9781350245488

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The Formation of the Modern Self by Felix O Murchadha Pdf

Charting a genealogy of the modern idea of the self, Felix Ó Murchadha explores the accounts of self-identity expounded by key Early Modern philosophers, Montaigne, Descartes, Pascal, Spinoza, Hume and Kant. The question of the self as we would discuss it today only came to the forefront of philosophical concern with Modernity, beginning with an appeal to the inherited models of the self found in Stoicism, Scepticism, Augustinianism and Pelagianism, before continuing to develop as a subject of philosophical debate. Exploring this trajectory, The Formation of the Modern Self pursues a number of themes central to the Early Modern development of selfhood, including, amongst others, grace and passion. It examines on the one hand the deep-rooted dependence on the divine and the longing for happiness and salvation and, on the other hand, the distancing from the Stoic ideal of apatheia, as philosophers from Descartes to Spinoza recognised the passions as essential to human agency. Fundamental to the new question of the self was the relation of faith and reason. Uncovering commonalities and differences amongst Early Modern philosophers, Ó Murchadha traces how the voluntarism of Modernity led to the sceptical approach to the self in Montaigne and Hume and how this sceptical strand, in turn, culminated in Kant's rational faith. More than a history of the self in philosophy, The Formation of the Modern Self inspires a fresh look at self-identity, uncovering not only how our modern idea of selfhood developed but just how embedded the concept of self is in external considerations: from ethics, to reason, to religion.

Hegel's Idea of Freedom

Alan Patten
Hegel s Idea of Freedom Book PDF

Author : Alan Patten
Publisher : OUP Oxford
Page : 232 pages
File Size : 42,8 Mb
Release : 1999-08-19
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9780191519277

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Hegel's Idea of Freedom by Alan Patten Pdf

Freedom is the value that Hegel most greatly admired and the central organizing concept of his social philosophy. Alan Patten offers the first full-length treatment in English of Hegel's idea of freedom - his theory of what it is to be free and his account of the social and political contexts in which this freedom is developed, realized, and sustained. Patten's investigation illuminates and resolves a number of central questions concerning Hegel's ethics and political theory. Is Hegel's outlook unacceptably conservative? Can freedom be equated with rational self-determination? Is there any special connection between freedom and citizenship? By offering interpretations of Hegels views on these and other questions, Patten develops an original 'civic humanist' reading of Hegel's social philosophy that restores to its proper, central place Hegel's idea of freedom. The book is written in a clear and jargon-free style and will be of interest to anyone concerned with Hegel's ethical, social, and political thought and the sources of contemporary ideas about freedom, community, and the state.

Reasoned Freedom

Peter A. Schouls
Reasoned Freedom Book PDF

Author : Peter A. Schouls
Publisher : Cornell University Press
Page : 258 pages
File Size : 52,9 Mb
Release : 2018-07-05
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9781501718342

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Reasoned Freedom by Peter A. Schouls Pdf

Although John Locke has often been called the Enlightenment's great progenitor, his use of the concepts that characterize Enlightenment thought has rarely been examined. In this lucid and penetrating book, Peter A. Schouls considers Locke's major writings in terms of the closely related ideas of freedom, progress, mastery, reason, and education. The resulting intellectual portrait provides a historically nuanced interpretation of a thinker crucial to the development of Western political philosophy and philosophy of education. Schouls centers his analysis on Locke's Essay concerning Human Understanding, but he also reexamines the often-ignored texts on education. Stressing the originality of Locke's enterprise, Schouls first explores Locke's reliance on Descartes for a method for the pursuit of general knowledge. He then examines Locke's thinking on (self-)mastery and the importance of reason to its achievement. For Locke, a human being has a radically autonomous nature that enables him or her to attain mastery; nurture may help or hinder this achievement. Turning to the critical role of freedom in the struggle for self-liberation from passions and prejudices, Schouls concludes that, although wrong education explains widespread failure to achieve mastery, right education cannot guarantee its achievement. It is, rather, in the interplay of education, reason, and freedom that Schouls locates the revolutionary promise of Locke's account of human self-fulfillment.

Metaphysics of Freedom?

Christian H. Krijnen
Metaphysics of Freedom Book PDF

Author : Christian H. Krijnen
Publisher : BRILL
Page : 231 pages
File Size : 52,5 Mb
Release : 2018-08-27
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9789004383784

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Metaphysics of Freedom? by Christian H. Krijnen Pdf

Metaphysics of Freedom? Kant’s Concept of Cosmological Freedom in Historical and Systematic Perspective scrutinizes the mostly neglected cosmological foundation of Kant’s concept of freedom.

Freedom and the End of Reason

Richard L. Velkley
Freedom and the End of Reason Book PDF

Author : Richard L. Velkley
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
Page : 245 pages
File Size : 45,9 Mb
Release : 2014-02-14
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9780226157580

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Freedom and the End of Reason by Richard L. Velkley Pdf

In Freedom and the End of Reason, Richard L. Velkley offers an influential interpretation of the central issue of Kant’s philosophy and an evaluation of its position within modern philosophy’s larger history. He persuasively argues that the whole of Kantianism—not merely the Second Critique—focuses on a “critique of practical reason” and is a response to a problem that Kant saw as intrinsic to reason itself: the teleological problem of its goodness. Reconstructing the influence of Rousseau on Kant’s thought, Velkley demonstrates that the relationship between speculative philosophy and practical philosophy in Kant is far more intimate than generally has been perceived. By stressing a Rousseau-inspired notion of reason as a provider of practical ends, he is able to offer an unusually complete account of Kant’s idea of moral culture.