Septuagint 1ˢᵗ Kingdoms

Author : Scriptural Research Institute
Publisher : Digital Ink Products
Page : 127 pages
File Size : 48,6 Mb
Release : 2019-12-15
Category : Religion
ISBN : 9781989604519

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Septuagint: 1ˢᵗ Kingdoms by Scriptural Research Institute Pdf

The four books of the Kingdoms are believed to have been translated into Greek and added to the Septuagint around 200 BC when a large number of refugees fled from the war in Judea and settled in Egypt. The four books of the Kingdoms would later become two books in the Masoretic Texts, the books of Samuel and Kings. Subsequent Latin and English translations of the Masoretic Texts labeled these books as 1ˢᵗ and 2ⁿᵈ Samuel, and 1ˢᵗ and 2ⁿᵈ Kings. The Septuagint's 1ˢᵗ Kingdoms is the book called 1ˢᵗ Samuel in most Catholic and Protestant Bibles, and 1ˢᵗ Kingdoms in Orthodox and Coptic Bibles. This version differs slightly from the later Masoretic book of Samuel, although all three are generally similar. Unlike the Masoretic version, Saul does not repeatedly meet David for the first time, meaning that either the Greeks simplified the Aramaic texts they translated, or the Masoretic version is based on a different version of 1ˢᵗ Kingdoms. While a Greek simplification of the text is the simplest explanation for the less-confusing narrative, it cannot explain why the Masoretic version has Saul meeting David for the first time in three unique stories, or, why the Greek translation has transliterated Hebrew words that are no longer in the Masoretic version. The origin of 1ˢᵗ Kingdoms, along with the other five books of Kingdoms and Paralipomena, is a matter of great debate among scholars. The Bava Basra tractate of the Talmud, reports that the first 25 chapters of Masoretic Samuel, and therefore the first 25 chapters of 1ˢᵗ Kingdoms, was written by the prophet Samuel, and the rest of Masoretic Samuel, which would be chapter 26 through 31 of 1ˢᵗ Kingdoms and the entire book of 2ⁿᵈ Kingdoms was written by the prophets Gad and Nathan. Samuel, Gad, and Nathan are all mentioned in 1ˢᵗ and 2ⁿᵈ Kingdoms, however, most biblical scholars have rejected the idea that they had anything to do with the authorship of these books for the past few hundred years. Almost all scholars in every era have agreed with the idea that the six books were based on the older, now lost, books of the Chronicles of the Kings of Samaria and Judea mentioned in the later books of Kingdoms. These six later books are generally accepted as having been written in the Babylonian or Persian era and then redacted in the Greek era or Hasmonean dynasty, however, the origin of the earlier works is a matter of debate. The language of 1ˢᵗ Kingdoms is archaic, and early sections dealing with Eli and Samuel read like a continuation of Judges, implying the original book of Judges continued until Saul seized power in 1037 BC.

Author : Scriptural Research Institute
Publisher : Digital Ink Productions
Page : 739 pages
File Size : 51,8 Mb
Release : 2024-07-03
Category : Religion
ISBN : 9781989604557

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Septuagint: Kingdoms by Scriptural Research Institute Pdf

The Septuagint’s 1st Kingdoms retells the story of the unification of Israel under the Benjamite King Saul in the aftermath of the collapse of the Egyptian New Kingdom. The events of 1st Kingdoms continues the history of the Hebrews told in the book of Judges, as the era of the Judges ended with Samuel, who anointed Saul, the tallest man in the land, to rule over the Israelites. Saul fought a series of wars to establish his kingdom, based in Samaria and Gilead, but alienated his family military leaders, and the general population of the land, and was ultimately killed in battle. The Septuagint’s 2nd and 3rd Kingdoms continues the history of Israel, with the lives of King David, and his son King Solomon. David was another warrior king, and expanded the kingdom in every direction, ultimately leaving a kingdom surrounded by allies and subject states to his son Solomon. King Solomon’s reign was considered by many later generations to have been the golden age of Israelite history. Unfortunately, the reign of his son Rehoboam was less popular, and the kingdom split into the kingdoms of Judah in the south, and Samaria, including Gilead in the north. As the archaeological record was yet to prove the existence of the kingdom of Israel, archaeologists consider the original three books of the Kingdoms to possibly be fiction, however, nothing contrary has been found either, and so the history recorded in the first three books of the Kingdoms cannot be disproved either. The Septuagint’s 4th Kingdoms tells the history of the kingdoms of Samaria and Judah from circa 850 BC until the Babylonians conquered Judah circa 600 BC. This era of history is well documented in the historical records of the Assyrians, Egyptians, and Babylonians, and unlike the earlier books of the Kingdoms, is generally accepted by historians. This era included the rise and fall of the Aramean Empire based in Damascus, the rise and fall of the Assyrian Empire farther north, the Assyrian wars against Egypt, and the sack of Thebes, and ultimately the rise of the Babylonian Empire. During this tumultuous time, the kingdoms of Israel, Judah, and Aram, which appears to have been considered an Israelite kingdom by the prophet Ezekiel, struggled for survival and fell one by one to the expanding empires around them. Before the era of 4th Kingdoms, Samara had established an empire, occupying the Aramean kingdoms of Damascus and Hama in modern Syria, which had ended suddenly when an earthquake had leveled Samaria. The earthquake was mentioned in the Book of Amos, and archaeological evidence of it is found throughout modern northern Israel and the Palestinian West Bank. It is estimated to have been between 7.8 and 8.2 on the Richter Scale, and aftershocks likely lasted around 6 months. In the aftermath, Damascus rose to form its own Aramean empire, occupying Hama, and northern Samaria, as well Gilead in southern modern Syria, which had been part of Samaria since the division of Israel into Samaria and Judah. However, as Assyria began to expand to the north, Samaria and Aram formed an anti-Assyria alliance, and the Samarian forces were stationed in Aram to help defend the northern border from the Assyrians. Judah was invited to join the alliance, but instead formed an alliance with the Assyrians and invaded and pillaged Samaria and southern Aram.

Author : Scriptural Research Institute
Publisher : Digital Ink Productions
Page : 145 pages
File Size : 42,7 Mb
Release : 2019-12-13
Category : Religion
ISBN : 9781989604526

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Septuagint: 2ⁿᵈ Kingdoms by Scriptural Research Institute Pdf

In the mid 3ʳᵈ century BC, King Ptolemy II Philadelphus of Egypt ordered a translation of the ancient Hebrew scriptures for the Library of Alexandria, which resulted in the creation of the Septuagint. The original version, published circa 250 BC, only included the Torah, or in Greek terms, the Pentateuch. The Torah is the five books traditionally credited to Moses, circa 1500 BC: Cosmic Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. The first edition was followed by the second, before 200 BC which added the books of Joshua, Judges, and Ruth, which was later known as the Octateuch. Around 200 BC the four books of the Kingdoms and two books of the Paralipomena were added to the Septuagint, along with the two books of Ezra the Scribe. The four books of the Kingdoms are believed to have been translated into Greek and added to the Septuagint around 200 BC when a large number of refugees fled from the war in Judea and settled in Egypt. The four books of the Kingdoms would later become two books in the Masoretic Texts, the books of Samuel and Kings. Subsequent Latin and English translations of the Masoretic Texts labeled these books as 1ˢᵗ and 2ⁿᵈ Samuel and 1ˢᵗ and 2ⁿᵈ Kings. The Septuagint's 2ⁿᵈ Kingdoms is the book called 2ⁿᵈ Samuel in most Catholic and Protestant Bibles, and 2ⁿᵈ Kingdoms in Orthodox and Coptic Bibles. This version differs slightly from the later Masoretic book of Samuel, although all three are generally similar. While a Greek simplification of the text is the simplest explanation for the less-confusing narrative, it cannot explain why the Greek translation has transliterated Hebrew words that are no longer in the Masoretic version. The origin of 2ⁿᵈ Kingdoms, along with the other five books of Kingdoms and Paralipomena, is a matter of great debate among scholars. The Bava Basra tractate of the Talmud, reports that the first 25 chapters of Masoretic Samuel, and therefore the first 25 chapters of 1ˢᵗ Kingdoms, was written by the prophet Samuel, and the rest of Masoretic Samuel, which would be chapter 26 through 31 of 1ˢᵗ Kingdoms and the entire book of 2ⁿᵈ Kingdoms was written by the prophets Gad and Nathan. Samuel, Gad, and Nathan are all mentioned in 1ˢᵗ and 2ⁿᵈ Kingdoms, however, most biblical scholars have rejected the idea that they had anything to do with the authorship of these books for the past few hundred years. Almost all scholars in every era have agreed with the idea that the six books were based on the older, now lost, books of the Chronicles of the Kings of Samaria and Judea mentioned in the later books of Kingdoms. These six later books are generally accepted as having been written in the Babylonian or Persian era and then redacted in the Greek era or Hasmonean dynasty, however, the origin of the earlier works is a matter of debate. The Hebrew language of the second half of Samuel (2ⁿᵈ Kingdoms) is less archaic than the language of the first half of Samuel (1ˢᵗ Kingdoms), suggesting it was written later than the text that became 1ˢᵗ Kingdoms. The Greek translation also included a number of inconsistencies with the translations of 1ˢᵗ, 3ʳᵈ, and 4ᵗʰ Kingdoms, as well as the following book of 1ˢᵗ Paralipomenon, implying it was redacted sometime after the Hasmonean redaction, but before the Codex Vaticanus was prepared in the 4ᵗʰ century, which includes the oldest copy of the Septuagint's 2ⁿᵈ Kingdoms currently in existence.

Author : Scriptural Research Institute
Publisher : Digital Ink Productions
Page : 153 pages
File Size : 55,9 Mb
Release : 2019-12-13
Category : Religion
ISBN : 9781989604533

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Septuagint: 3ʳᵈ Kingdoms by Scriptural Research Institute Pdf

In the mid 3ʳᵈ century BC, King Ptolemy II Philadelphus of Egypt ordered a translation of the ancient Israelite scriptures for the Library of Alexandria. This translation later became known as the Septuagint, based on the description of the translation by seventy translators in the Letter of Aristeas. The four books of the Kingdoms are generally believed to have been written during the time of Ezra the scribe, compiled from the now-lost books of the Chronicles of the Kingdoms of Samaria and Judah. The authors of the Kingdoms repeatedly refer to the Chronicles as sources for more detailed information, suggesting the books of the Kingdoms were an abridged version and certainly written from a specific theological perspective missing from the Chronicles. There are loanwords in both the Greek and Hebrew translations of 3ʳᵈ Kingdoms that indicate the book, and presumably, all four of the Kingdoms were once written in Cuneiform, from which they were translated into Aramaic. The Aramaic translation appears to have been done in Babylonia, as it uses Mesopotamian terminology instead of Canaanite. This may indicate that the Kingdoms were originally compiled in Babylonia by Judahite captives, presumably from the Phoenician (Paleo-Hebrew) books of the Chronicles. The four books of the Kingdoms are believed to have been translated into Greek from the Aramaic text and added to the Septuagint around 200 BC when a large number of refugees fled from the war in Judea and settled in Egypt. The four books of the Kingdoms would later become two books in the Masoretic Texts, the books of Samuel and Kings. Subsequent Latin and English translations of the Masoretic Text labeled these books as 1ˢᵗ and 2ⁿᵈ Samuel, and 1ˢᵗ and 2ⁿᵈ Kings. The Septuagint’s 3ʳᵈ Kingdoms, is the book called 1ˢᵗ Kings in most Catholic and Protestant bibles, and 3ʳᵈ Kingdoms in Orthodox and Coptic bibles.

Author : Scriptural Research Institute
Publisher : Digital Ink Productions
Page : 116 pages
File Size : 44,8 Mb
Release : 2019-12-12
Category : Religion
ISBN : 9781989604540

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Septuagint: 4ᵗʰ Kingdoms by Scriptural Research Institute Pdf

The Septuagint's 4ᵗʰ Kingdoms tells the history of the kingdoms of Samaria and Judah from circa 850 BC until the Babylonians conquered Judah circa 600 BC. This era of history is well documented in the historical records of the Assyrians, Egyptians, and Babylonians, and unlike the earlier books of the Kingdoms, is generally accepted by historians. This era included the rise and fall of the Aramean Empire based in Damascus, the rise and fall of the Assyrian Empire farther north, the Assyrian wars against Egypt, and the sack of Thebes, and ultimately the rise of the Babylonian Empire. During this tumultuous time, the kingdoms of Israel, Judah, and Aram, which also appears to have been considered an Israelite kingdom by the prophet Ezekiel, struggled for survival and fell one by one to the expanding empires around them. Before the era of 4ᵗʰ Kingdoms, Samara had established an empire, occupying the Aramean kingdoms of Damascus and Hama in modern Syria, which had ended suddenly when an earthquake had leveled Samaria. The earthquake was mentioned in the Book of Amos, and archaeological evidence of it is found throughout modern northern Israel and the Palestinian West Bank. It is estimated to have been between 7.8 and 8.2 on the Richter Scale, and aftershocks likely lasted around 6 months. In the aftermath, Damascus rose to form its own Aramean empire, occupying Hama, and northern Samaria, as well as Gilead in southern modern Syria, which had been part of Samaria since the division of Israel into Samaria and Judah. However, as Assyria began to expand to the north, Samaria and Aram formed an anti-Assyria alliance, and the Samarian forces were stationed in Aram to help defend the northern border from the Assyrians. Judah was invited to join the alliance, but instead formed an alliance with the Assyrians and invaded and pillaged Samaria and southern Aram. Judah continued to be an ally of Assyria as the Assyrians conquered Aram, Samaria, and Sidon which had also allied with them. Fortunately, as Samaria finally fell to the Assyrians after a three-year campaign, the king of Assyria died, sparking a civil war between rival heirs. This civil war provided Judah with almost twenty years to build up defenses, and King Hezekiah built extensively across his kingdom. Archaeological evidence of Hezekiah's construction projects is common in the region around Jerusalem, and the southern region of the Palestinian West Bank, including the Broad Wall in Jerusalem, and the Siloam Tunnel, which connected Jerusalem with a water source outside the walls of the city. Ancient records of anti-siege artillery on the walls of Jerusalem also exist, likely ballistas or catapults, so, it is clear the Judahites knew they would be next. While the Assyrians did lay siege to Jerusalem according to 4ᵗʰ Kingdoms, they were not able to conquer the city. The Assyrian Annals record the campaign against Judah and record the cities they captured, which did not include Jerusalem, and so historians accept the general account of what happened found in 4ᵗʰ Kingdoms.

Author : Scriptural Research Institute
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 318 pages
File Size : 49,9 Mb
Release : 2019-12-14
Category : Religion
ISBN : 1989604560

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Septuagint: The Kingdoms by Scriptural Research Institute Pdf

The Septuagint was the original Old Testament used by Christians in the first few centuries but was later replaced in western Bibles by the Masoretic Texts. As a result, most early Christian writings are confusing, especially when discussing the chronology of the world. Septuagint - The Kingdoms is a 21st-century English translation that is easy to understand, using common English versions of Hebrew names instead of transliterated Greek names that are generally found in translations of the Septuagint. When ancient place names are known, such as Uruk, the modern term is used instead of the Greek (Orech) or Hebrew (Erech) translations. Unlike the later Masoretic Texts, the Septuagint was not a monotheistic work, but rather a Hedonistic text, which recognized the existence of many gods, but was dedicated to the worship of one above the others: Iaw, later transliterated as Jehovah or Yahweh.

Author : Evangelia G. Dafni
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 239 pages
File Size : 45,8 Mb
Release : 2019
Category : Religion
ISBN : 3161582020

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Divine Kingdom and Kingdoms of Men by Evangelia G. Dafni Pdf

The study of the Septuagint's language can only bring about true recognition of its particular theological significance when the idea of exchange between Hebrew and Greek language and thought in the classical and Hellenistic period is so defined that it becomes the guideline and core of all Septuagint research. To bring about the most profound change possible in how the world of faith in the Septuagint is studied, this volume focuses on the terminology and concepts of divine and human realms by comparing pertinent Septuagint texts with Masoretic text and placing them in their religious-historical, philological and philosophical settings.

Author : Scriptural Research Institute
Publisher : Scriptural Research Institute
Page : 817 pages
File Size : 42,5 Mb
Release : 2023-03-14
Category : Religion
ISBN : 9781998288731

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Septuagint: History, Volume 2 by Scriptural Research Institute Pdf

In the mid 3ʳᵈ century BC, King Ptolemy II Philadelphus of Egypt ordered a translation of the ancient Israelite scriptures for the Library of Alexandria. This translation later became known as the Septuagint, based on the description of the translation by seventy translators in the Letter of Aristeas. The History section of the Septuagint contained the books that told the history of the Israelite and Judahites from Joshua's conquest of Canaan circa 1500 BC, until the establishment of the Hasmonean dynasty in Judea, in 140 BC. Septuagint: History, Volume 2, is composed of modern, non-theological translations of the books of Paralipomena, Ezra, Tobit, Judith, Esther, and Maccabees, which spanned roughly 950 BC to the creation of the Hasmonean kingdom of Judea in 140 BC. The books cover several eras of Judahite history, beginning with the fragmentary stories found in Paralipomena, books likely originating in Edom. The stories in Paralipomena cover the same eras as those found in the books of the Kingdoms, however, occasionally contradict the books of the Kingdoms, and are therefore viewed as an auxiliary version of Judahite history by biblical scholars. The two surviving versions of the books of Tobit are set during the Neo-Assyrian era, which also appears to have been the origin of the book of Judith. Both Judith and the Codex Vaticanus’ version of Tobit have been edited into anachronistic nonsense, however, the Sinaiticus version of Tobit still survives, which appears to be consistent with the history of the era, indicating the books likely did originate in the Neo-Assyrian and/or Median empires. Tobit specifically claims the first part of the book was written in Assyria, while the later sections had to have been written in Media, as the author reported moving there. The books of Ezra cover the era from the Persian conquest of Babylon, until 351 BC, less than 20 years before Alexander the Great conquered the Persian Empire. While the historical events in Jerusalem are not clearly understood during the Persian era, the sequence of events described in the books of Ezra do fit into the major events of Persian history well, however, have not generally been understood until the last two centuries, when archaeology in Iran produced a coherent view of Persian history. Historically, understanding the events in the books of Ezra, as well as Esther, which is set during the Persian Empire, was complicated by Rabbinical history, which redacted most of Persian history from the Judean records, as well as the fact that so many Persian kings held the same name. There were 5 kings named Artaxerxes, 3 named Darius, and 2 named Xerxes, and the dating of major events in the books of Ezra, used regal years without specifying which Artaxerxes, Xerxes, or Darius’s reign the year relates too. Three of the book of the Maccabees were added to the Septuagint in the 1ˢᵗ or late 2ⁿᵈ century BC, while a forth was added in the 1ˢᵗ century AD. Many other books of the Maccabees also exist, in Aramaic, Arabic, Ge‘ez, and Yiddish. The books recount events that supposedly lead up to the Maccabean revolt in Judea, between 165 and 140 BC. Other than the first book, they have never been considered historically valid by rabbis or historians, and few Christian scholars have viewed them as a true record of events from the era. The fourth book labelled Maccabees in the Septuagint, is a philosophical reinterpretation of the events found throughout the Septuagint, from a 1ˢᵗ century Jewish perspective.

Author : Scriptural Research Institute
Publisher : Digital Ink Productions
Page : 269 pages
File Size : 50,7 Mb
Release : 2024-07-03
Category : Religion
ISBN : 9781989604618

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Septuagint: Ezra by Scriptural Research Institute Pdf

The two books of Ezra were translated into Greek and added to the Septuagint before 200 BC when a large number of refugees fled the ongoing wars in Judea and settled in Egypt. 2ⁿᵈ Ezra became in the Masoretic Texts' version of Ezra, and by the year 100 AD the Apocalypse of Ezra was also in circulation as 3ʳᵈ Ezra. The original 2ⁿᵈ Ezra was later divided into two books in Latin translations, making a total of four books of Ezra, although one was later renamed Nehemiah. The two books of Ezra found in the Septuagint, are variously divided into two or three books, depending on the religious denomination. 2ⁿᵈ Ezra is equivalent to the Masoretic Ezra, which is used by Jews, however, there is no Hebrew version of 1ˢᵗ Ezra. Christian Orthodox, Coptic, and Tewahedo Bibles continue to use translations of the Septuagint, and therefore the books continue to be 1ˢᵗ and 2ⁿᵈ Ezra. Catholic Bibles call 1ˢᵗ Ezra 3ʳᵈ Esdras, and have 2ⁿᵈ Ezra divided into the books of Ezra and Nehemiah. Most Protestant Bibles do not include 1ˢᵗ Ezra, and have 2ⁿᵈ Ezra divided into the books of Ezra and Nehemiah. The book called 4ᵗʰ Ezra in Catholic Bibles was never in the Septuagint and is about a different Ezra who lived earlier during the Babylonian Captivity. The Septuagint's 1ˢᵗ and 2ⁿᵈ Ezra are thematically similar, telling generally the same story, however from two different points of view. They tell the story of the fall of Jerusalem, first to the Egyptians, and then the Babylonians, followed by Babylon's fall to the Persians, and the Judahites to Judah to rebuild the Temple in Jerusalem. 1ˢᵗ Ezra was written from a non-spiritual viewpoint, common among the Sadducees, and repeatedly makes it clear that the author, Ezra, and various kings, viewed the Lord as the Judahite version of other gods, including the Egyptian creator and Sun-god Atum, and the Zoroastrian 'god of truth' and 'King of the Sky' Ahura Mazda. These views are inconsistent with the view of the Pharisees, which developed under the rule of the Hasmonean dynasty after Judea broke free from the rule of the Greeks, and the Lord became a separate god from all others. Both the Greek translations of 1ˢᵗ and 2ⁿᵈ Ezra, and the Hebrew translation of Ezra, contain relics of an Aramaic source-text, unfortunately, the Aramaic Book of Ezra-Nehemiah is lost. The difference in the surviving Aramaic words within the Greek 1ˢᵗ Ezra, and Hebrew Ezra-Nehemiah (Greek 2ⁿᵈ Ezra), it appears that the two versions of Ezra already existed in the Aramaic versions. The differences between 2ⁿᵈ Ezra and Masoretic Ezra-Nehemiah are minimal and could be accounted for as scribal notes, and the redaction of Simon the Zealot, who added the name Yahweh extensively to the ancient texts when he translated them into Hebrew. 1ˢᵗ Ezra, the less spiritual of the two versions of the Septuagint's Ezra, clearly dates to the end of the Persian era, as it treats the Judahite Lord of the Temple in Jerusalem as another version of Ahura Mazda, the Zoroastrian God. Several Zoroastrian titles of Ahura Mazda are applied to the Judahite Lord, including King of Truth, and King of the Sky. Letters from the Persian Kings Cyrus II, Artaxerxes I, and Darius II, as included in the book, all of which were closely associated with Zoroastrianism, yet, referred to the Judahite Lord using titles generally associated with Ahura Mazda. In the Greek 1ˢᵗ Ezra and 2ⁿᵈ Ezra, as well as Masoretic Ezra, the temple is described as being a Zoroastrian fire-temple, containing an eternal fire, which 2ⁿᵈ Maccabees even referred to as being burning naphtha in the time of Nehemiah, like the other fire-temples across the Persian Empire.

Author : Scriptural Research Institute
Publisher : Scriptural Research Institute
Page : 427 pages
File Size : 43,6 Mb
Release : 2024-07-03
Category : Religion
ISBN : 9781990289187

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Septuagint: Maccabees by Scriptural Research Institute Pdf

Four books of Maccabees were ultimately added to the Septuagint, three in the 1ˢᵗ century BC, and the 4ᵗʰ as an appendix in the 1ˢᵗ century AD. No trace of these books have been found among the Dead Sea Scrolls, and they are generally thought to have been written in Greek. 1ˢᵗ and 2ⁿᵈ Maccabees do include several Aramaic loanwords that support an Aramaic source text. A different book of Maccabees has survived in the Arabic language, either called Arabic Maccabees, or 5ᵗʰ Maccabees. Three additional books of Maccabees have survived in the Ge'ez language in Ethiopia and are generally considered translations from either Syriac or Arabian sources. 1ˢᵗ Maccabees tells the story of the Maccabean Revolt against the rule of the Seleucid Empire in the 2ⁿᵈ century BC. The content of 1ˢᵗ Maccabees appears to be a Sadducee text, as it clearly gives all credit to the self-declared high-priests that led the rebellion against the Greeks, and barely mentioned the sky-god Shamayim, or the earth-goddess Eretz. It also omits the names of the other gods that 2ⁿᵈ Maccabees and 3ʳᵈ Maccabees mentions the Judeans worshiping, such as Dionysus, which supports its authorship in the Hasmonean Dynasty, when the other gods were no longer tolerated. 2ⁿᵈ Maccabees claims to be an abridged version of Jason of Cyrene's now lost five-volume version of Maccabees. Jason's books of the Maccabees were likely composed earlier than 1ˢᵗ Maccabees, as the story ends decades earlier, and contains many references to Sabaoth, translated into Greek as Dionysus, which are missing from the 1ˢᵗ Maccabees. While 1ˢᵗ Maccabees is a very secular version of the events that led to the creation of the Hasmonean kingdom, and was, therefore, almost certainly composed by a Sadducee, 2ⁿᵈ Maccabees claims that Judas the Hammer, the protagonist of both 1ˢᵗ and 2ⁿᵈ Maccabees was a Hasidean, suggesting that either Jason of Cyrene, or whoever abridged his work, was a Hasidean. 1ˢᵗ Maccabees mentioned the Hasideans joining Judas' forces, but did not claim he was one. 4ᵗʰ Maccabees is a philosophical interpretation of 2ⁿᵈ Maccabees. It was added to the Septuagint in the 1ˢᵗ-century AD, however, it could have been written anywhere between circa 100 BC and 100 AD. This text includes more details regarding the torture of the Hebrew youths from 2ⁿᵈ Maccabees, which may have come from Jason of Cyrene's original five-volume version of Maccabees. The author of 4ᵗʰ Maccabees accepts the flying horsemen of 2ⁿᵈ Maccabees as sky messengers, which implies the Phrygian imagery was widely accepted by Jews at the time and supports the Greek and Roman records that indicate the Phrygians and Hebrews worshiped the same god. Unlike 2ⁿᵈ and 3ʳᵈ Maccabees, 4ᵗʰ Maccabees does not mention the god Dionysus/Sabaoth, indicating that the book was written in Hasmonean Dynasty or later. 4ᵗʰ Maccabees also does not have any Aramaic loanwords, indicating it was almost certainly written in Greek.

Author : Scriptural Research Institute
Publisher : Digital Ink Productions
Page : 111 pages
File Size : 44,8 Mb
Release : 1901
Category : Religion
ISBN : 9781989604236

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Septuagint: 1ˢᵗ Paralipomenon by Scriptural Research Institute Pdf

In the mid 3ʳᵈ century BC, King Ptolemy II Philadelphus of Egypt ordered a translation of the ancient Hebrew scriptures for the Library of Alexandria. The creation of the Septuagint resulted from this order. It is generally accepted that there were several versions of the ancient Hebrew and Samaritan scriptures before the translation of the Septuagint. The two books of the Paralipomena were translated into Greek and added to the Septuagint around 180 BC after a large number of refugees fled from the war in Judea and settled in Egypt. The two books of the Paralipomena were one book in the Masoretic Texts: the book of Divrei-hayyamim. Subsequent Latin translations were renamed 1ˢᵗ and 2ⁿᵈ Chronikon by Jerome in the 5ᵗʰ century AD. Subsequent English translations of the Old Testament labeled these books as 1ˢᵗ and 2ⁿᵈ Chronicles. The term Paralipomena, which means ‘things left out,’ is similar to the Hebrew name Divrei-hayyamim, which means ‘things in the days.’ The books are a collection of texts from various eras of Israelite history, spanning the era of the old Israelite Kingdoms, circa 1000 BC, through the Persian conquest, of circa 539 BC. Scholars have debated the origin of the books throughout their history, and there is no consensus within Rabbinical literature, Christian literature, or modern scholarship. The general Rabbinical view is that the two books of Paralipomena were written by one author, as Divrei-hayyamim, and then translated into Greek. The dominant early Christian view was that the books were written by Ezra the Scribe, circa 350 BC, however, this view was generally abandoned in Western Europe during the Protestant Reformation. Modern scholarly analysis has no consensus, however, the books do themselves indicate the eras they were compiled, nevertheless, the authors remain unknown. Based on the references within 1ˢᵗ Paralipomenon, the book was compiled sometime after 732 BC, when Tiglath-Pileser III deported the Reubenites, Gadites, and the people of Manasseh to other regions of the Assyrian Empire. The surviving Hebrew text of Divrei-hayyamim does, however, contain a reference to the Temple in Jerusalem as the ‘Temple of the Gods’, which means the original text of the book has to predate King Josiah’s reforms of circa 625 BC, and likely predates King Hezekiah’s similar reforms decades earlier. Both Hezekiah and Josiah are recorded as removing the idols of the gods from the temple, which had by all accounts been in the temple since it was built by King Solomon. The books of Paralipomena differ slightly from the later Masoretic book of Divrei-hayyamim, although the three are generally similar. In 200 BC the Greek Kingdom of Syria under the Seleucid Dynasty took Judea from Egypt and began an effort to Hellenize the Judeans, which included erecting a statue of Zeus in the Second Temple in Jerusalem and effectively banning traditional Judaism. This Hellenizing activity was partially successful, creating the Sadducee faction of Judaism, however, it also led the Maccabean Revolt in 165 BC, which itself created the independent Kingdom of Judea. This Kingdom had a tenuous alliance with the Roman Republic until General Pompey conquered Syria into the Roman Republic in 69 BC. Pomey’s goal was to liberate Greek-speaking communities in the Middle East that had fallen under the rule of non-Greeks when the Seleucids Syrian Empire had collapsed, and he carved up Judea, and Edom to the east, placing Greek-speaking cities under the protection of the Roman province of Syria. He also liberated several smaller communities that had been occupied by Judea, granting them self-government, including Ashdod, Yavne, Jaffa, Dora, Marissa, and Samaria.

Author : Hans Egede
Publisher : DigiCat
Page : 146 pages
File Size : 48,5 Mb
Release : 2022-09-16
Category : Travel
ISBN : EAN:8596547384366

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A Description of Greenland by Hans Egede Pdf

DigiCat Publishing presents to you this special edition of "A Description of Greenland" by Hans Egede. DigiCat Publishing considers every written word to be a legacy of humankind. Every DigiCat book has been carefully reproduced for republishing in a new modern format. The books are available in print, as well as ebooks. DigiCat hopes you will treat this work with the acknowledgment and passion it deserves as a classic of world literature.

Author : J. E. Cirlot
Publisher : Open Road Media
Page : 700 pages
File Size : 41,5 Mb
Release : 2023-07-11
Category : Reference
ISBN : 9781504085656

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A Dictionary of Symbols by J. E. Cirlot Pdf

This classic encyclopedia of symbols by the renowned Spanish poet illuminates the imagery of myth, modern psychology, literature, and art. J. E. Cirlot’s A Dictionary of Symbols is a feat of scholarship, an act of the imagination, and a tool for contemplation, as well as a work of literature—a reference book that is as indispensable as it is brilliant and learned. Cirlot was a composer, poet, critic, and champion of modern art whose interest in surrealism helped introduce him to the study of symbolism. This volume explores the space between the world at large and the world within, where nothing is meaningless, and everything is in some way related to something else. Running from “abandonment” to “zone” by way of “flute” and “whip,” spanning the cultures of the world, and including a wealth of visual images to further bring the reality of the symbol home, A Dictionary of Symbols is a luminous and illuminating investigation of the works of eternity in time.

Author : Jeff A. Benner
Publisher : Ancient Hebrew Research Center
Page : 617 pages
File Size : 51,8 Mb
Release : 2021-06-28
Category : Foreign Language Study
ISBN : 9781589397767

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The Ancient Hebrew Lexicon of the Bible by Jeff A. Benner Pdf

All previous Biblical Hebrew lexicons have provided a modern western definition and perspective to Hebrew roots and words. This prevents the reader of the Bible from seeing the ancient authors' original intent of the passages. This is the first Biblical Hebrew lexicon that defines each Hebrew word within its original Ancient Hebrew cultural meaning. One of the major differences between the Modern Western mind and the Ancient Hebrew's is that their mind related all words and their meanings to a concrete concept. For instance, the Hebrew word "chai" is normally translated as "life", a western abstract meaning, but the original Hebrew concrete meaning of this word is the "stomach". In the Ancient Hebrew mind, a full stomach is a sign of a full "life". The Hebrew language is a root system oriented language and the lexicon is divided into sections reflecting this root system. Each word of the Hebrew Bible is grouped within its roots and is defined according to its original ancient cultural meaning. Also included in each word entry are its alternative spellings, King James translations of the word and Strong's number. Indexes are included to assist with finding a word within the lexicon according to its spelling, definition, King James translation or Strong's number.

Author : Joseph Franklin Rutherford
Publisher : IndyPublish.com
Page : 394 pages
File Size : 41,9 Mb
Release : 1921
Category : Fiction
ISBN : UOM:39015006979150

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The Harp of God by Joseph Franklin Rutherford Pdf