Space Radiation Hazards And The Vision For Space Exploration

Author : National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Space Studies Board,Ad Hoc Committee on the Solar System Radiation Environment and NASA's Vision for Space Exploration: A Workshop
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 104 pages
File Size : 44,8 Mb
Release : 2006-11-10
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780309102643

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Space Radiation Hazards and the Vision for Space Exploration by National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Space Studies Board,Ad Hoc Committee on the Solar System Radiation Environment and NASA's Vision for Space Exploration: A Workshop Pdf

Fulfilling the President's Vision for Space Exploration (VSE) will require overcoming many challenges. Among these are the hazards of space radiation to crews traveling to the Moon and Mars. To explore these challenges in some depth and to examine ways to marshal research efforts to address them, NASA, NSF, and the NRC sponsored a workshop bringing together members of the space and planetary science, radiation physics, operations, and exploration engineering communities. The goals of the workshop were to increase understanding of the solar and space physics in the environment of Earth, the Moon, and Mars; to identify compelling relevant research goals; and discuss directions this research should take over the coming decade. This workshop report presents a discussion of radiation risks for the VSE, an assessment of specifying and predicting the space radiation environment, an analysis of operational strategies for space weather support, and a summary and conclusions of the workshop.

Author : National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Space Studies Board,Ad Hoc Committee on the Solar System Radiation Environment and NASA's Vision for Space Exploration: A Workshop
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 104 pages
File Size : 47,5 Mb
Release : 2006-10-10
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780309180665

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Space Radiation Hazards and the Vision for Space Exploration by National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Space Studies Board,Ad Hoc Committee on the Solar System Radiation Environment and NASA's Vision for Space Exploration: A Workshop Pdf

Fulfilling the President's Vision for Space Exploration (VSE) will require overcoming many challenges. Among these are the hazards of space radiation to crews traveling to the Moon and Mars. To explore these challenges in some depth and to examine ways to marshal research efforts to address them, NASA, NSF, and the NRC sponsored a workshop bringing together members of the space and planetary science, radiation physics, operations, and exploration engineering communities. The goals of the workshop were to increase understanding of the solar and space physics in the environment of Earth, the Moon, and Mars; to identify compelling relevant research goals; and discuss directions this research should take over the coming decade. This workshop report presents a discussion of radiation risks for the VSE, an assessment of specifying and predicting the space radiation environment, an analysis of operational strategies for space weather support, and a summary and conclusions of the workshop.

Author : National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board,Committee on the Evaluation of Radiation Shielding for Space Exploration
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 132 pages
File Size : 52,5 Mb
Release : 2008-05-29
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780309185721

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Managing Space Radiation Risk in the New Era of Space Exploration by National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board,Committee on the Evaluation of Radiation Shielding for Space Exploration Pdf

As part of the Vision for Space Exploration (VSE), NASA is planning for humans to revisit the Moon and someday go to Mars. An important consideration in this effort is protection against the exposure to space radiation. That radiation might result in severe long-term health consequences for astronauts on such missions if they are not adequately shielded. To help with these concerns, NASA asked the NRC to further the understanding of the risks of space radiation, to evaluate radiation shielding requirements, and recommend a strategic plan for developing appropriate mitigation capabilities. This book presents an assessment of current knowledge of the radiation environment; an examination of the effects of radiation on biological systems and mission equipment; an analysis of current plans for radiation protection; and a strategy for mitigating the risks to VSE astronauts.

Author : National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Space Studies Board,Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications,Task Group on the Biological Effects of Space Radiation
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 88 pages
File Size : 44,5 Mb
Release : 1997-02-27
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780309174909

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Radiation Hazards to Crews of Interplanetary Missions by National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Space Studies Board,Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications,Task Group on the Biological Effects of Space Radiation Pdf

NASA's long-range plans include possible human exploratory missions to the moon and Mars within the next quarter century. Such missions beyond low Earth orbit will expose crews to transient radiation from solar particle events as well as continuous high-energy galactic cosmic rays ranging from energetic protons with low mean linear energy transfer (LET) to nuclei with high atomic numbers, high energies, and high LET. Because the radiation levels in space are high and the missions long, adequate shielding is needed to minimize the deleterious health effects of exposure to radiation. The knowledge base needed to design shielding involves two sets of factors, each with quantitative uncertaintyâ€"the radiation spectra and doses present behind different types of shielding, and the effects of the doses on relevant biological systems. It is only prudent to design shielding that will protect the crew of spacecraft exposed to predicted high, but uncertain, levels of radiation and biological effects. Because of the uncertainties regarding the degree and type of radiation protection needed, a requirement for shielding to protect against large deleterious, but uncertain, biological effects may be imposed, which in turn could result in an unacceptable cost to a mission. It therefore is of interest to reduce these uncertainties in biological effects and shielding requirements for reasons of mission feasibility, safety, and cost.

Author : National Research Council,Commission on Geosciences, Environment, and Resources,Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications,Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate,Space Studies Board,Committee on Solar-Terrestrial Research,Committee on Solar and Space Physics
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 96 pages
File Size : 48,8 Mb
Release : 2000-02-25
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780309172448

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Radiation and the International Space Station by National Research Council,Commission on Geosciences, Environment, and Resources,Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications,Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate,Space Studies Board,Committee on Solar-Terrestrial Research,Committee on Solar and Space Physics Pdf

A major objective of the International Space Station is learning how to cope with the inherent risks of human spaceflightâ€"how to live and work in space for extended periods. The construction of the station itself provides the first opportunity for doing so. Prominent among the challenges associated with ISS construction is the large amount of time that astronauts will be spending doing extravehicular activity (EVA), or "space walks." EVAs from the space shuttle have been extraordinarily successful, most notably the on-orbit repair of the Hubble Space Telescope. But the number of hours of EVA for ISS construction exceeds that of the Hubble repair mission by orders of magnitude. Furthermore, the ISS orbit has nearly twice the inclination to Earth's equator as Hubble's orbit, so it spends part of every 90-minute circumnavigation at high latitudes, where Earth's magnetic field is less effective at shielding impinging radiation. This means that astronauts sweeping through these regions will be considerably more vulnerable to dangerous doses of energetic particles from a sudden solar eruption. Radiation and the International Space Station estimates that the likelihood of having a potentially dangerous solar event during an EVA is indeed very high. This report recommends steps that can be taken immediately, and over the next several years, to provide adequate warning so that the astronauts can be directed to take protective cover inside the ISS or shuttle. The near-term actions include programmatic and operational ways to take advantage of the multiagency assets that currently monitor and forecast space weather, and ways to improve the in situ measurements and the predictive power of current models.

Author : L.I. Miroshnichenko
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 254 pages
File Size : 47,6 Mb
Release : 2013-04-17
Category : Science
ISBN : 9789401703017

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Radiation Hazard in Space by L.I. Miroshnichenko Pdf

The mono graph contains 8 chapters, and their contents cover all principal aspects of the problem: 1. Introduction and brief his tory ofthe radiation problem and background information ofradiation hazard in the near-Earth and interplanetary space. 2. General description of radiation conditions and main sources of charged partic1es in the Earth's environment and interplanetary space, effects of space environment on spacecraft. 3. Basic information about physical conditions in space and main sources of charged particles in the Earth's environment and interplanetary space, in the context of "Space W eather" monitoring and prediction. 4. Trapped radiation belts of the Earth (ERB): theory of their origin, spatial and temporal dynamics, and experimental and statistical models. 5. Galactic cosmic rays (GCR): variations of energetic, temporal and spatial characteristics, long-term modulation, and anomalous cosmic ray (ACR) component, modeling oftheir dynamics. 6. Production of energetic particles (SEPs) at/ne ar the Sun: available databases, acceleration, propagation, and prediction of individual SEP event, statistical models of solar cosmic rays (SCR). 7. Existing empirical techniques of estimating, prediction and modeling of radiation hazard, methodical approaches and constraints, some questions of changes in the Earth's radiation environment due to changes of the solar activity level. 8. Unresolved problems of radiation hazard prediction and spacecraft protection, radiation experiments on board the spacecraft, estimating of radiation conditions during interplanetary missions. Space does not allow us to explain every time the solar-terrestrial and radiation physics nomencIature used in current English-language literature.

Author : Christine E. Hellweg,Thomas Berger,Daniel Matthiä,Christa Baumstark-Khan
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 111 pages
File Size : 53,7 Mb
Release : 2020-07-23
Category : Science
ISBN : 9783030467449

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Radiation in Space: Relevance and Risk for Human Missions by Christine E. Hellweg,Thomas Berger,Daniel Matthiä,Christa Baumstark-Khan Pdf

This volume of the series Springer Briefs in Space Life Sciences explains the physics and biology of radiation in space, defines various forms of cosmic radiation and their dosimetry, and presents a range of exposure scenarios. It also discusses the effects of radiation on human health and describes the molecular mechanisms of heavy charged particles’ deleterious effects in the body. Lastly, it discusses countermeasures and addresses the vital question: Are we ready for launch? Written for researchers in the space life sciences and space biomedicine, and for master’s students in biology, physics, and medicine, the book will also benefit all non-experts endeavouring to understand and enter space.

Author : Institute of Medicine,Board on Health Sciences Policy,Committee on Creating a Vision for Space Medicine During Travel Beyond Earth Orbit
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 318 pages
File Size : 52,9 Mb
Release : 2001-12-20
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780309075855

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Safe Passage by Institute of Medicine,Board on Health Sciences Policy,Committee on Creating a Vision for Space Medicine During Travel Beyond Earth Orbit Pdf

Safe Passage: Astronaut Care for Exploration Missions sets forth a vision for space medicine as it applies to deep space voyage. As space missions increase in duration from months to years and extend well beyond Earth's orbit, so will the attendant risks of working in these extreme and isolated environmental conditions. Hazards to astronaut health range from greater radiation exposure and loss of bone and muscle density to intensified psychological stress from living with others in a confined space. Going beyond the body of biomedical research, the report examines existing space medicine clinical and behavioral research and health care data and the policies attendant to them. It describes why not enough is known today about the dangers of prolonged travel to enable humans to venture into deep space in a safe and sane manner. The report makes a number of recommendations concerning NASA's structure for clinical and behavioral research, on the need for a comprehensive astronaut health care system and on an approach to communicating health and safety risks to astronauts, their families, and the public.

Author : National Research Council (U.S.). Task Group on the Biological Effects of Space Radiation
Publisher : National Academies
Page : 92 pages
File Size : 54,8 Mb
Release : 1996
Category : Astronauts
ISBN : NAP:16304

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Radiation Hazards to Crews of Interplanetary Missions by National Research Council (U.S.). Task Group on the Biological Effects of Space Radiation Pdf

Author : National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Health and Medicine Division,Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board,Board on Health Care Services,Board on Health Sciences Policy,Committee on Assessment of Strategies for Managing Cancer Risk Associated with Radiation Exposure During Crewed Space Missions
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 49,5 Mb
Release : 2022-03-24
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 0309479665

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Space Radiation and Astronaut Health by National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Health and Medicine Division,Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board,Board on Health Care Services,Board on Health Sciences Policy,Committee on Assessment of Strategies for Managing Cancer Risk Associated with Radiation Exposure During Crewed Space Missions Pdf

Astronauts face unique health-related risks during crewed space missions, and longer-duration missions that extend to greater distances in our solar system (including to the Moon and Mars) will likely increase those risks. Cancer risks due to ionizing radiation exposure are one of these health-related risks. Assessing, managing, and communicating radiation-induced cancer risks associated with spaceflight are challenging because of incomplete knowledge of the radiation environment in space, limited data on radiation-induced cellular damage mechanisms, lack of direct observations from epidemiological studies, and the complexities of understanding radiation risk. At the request of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), an ad hoc committee of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened to provide advice on NASA's proposed updates to their space radiation health standard, which sets the allowable limit of space radiation exposure throughout the course of an astronaut's career. Space Radiation and Astronaut Health: Managing and Communicating Cancer Risks provides the committee's recommendations and conclusions regarding the updated space radiation health standard, NASA's radiation risk communication strategies, and a process for developing an ethics-informed waiver protocol for long-duration spaceflight missions.

Author : United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 148 pages
File Size : 53,5 Mb
Release : 2004
Category : Political Science
ISBN : LOC:00134339330

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Perspectives on the President's vision for space exploration by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science Pdf

Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,National Materials and Manufacturing Board,Committee on Space Radiation Effects Testing Infrastructure for the U.S. Space Program
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 89 pages
File Size : 52,9 Mb
Release : 2018-06-08
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780309470827

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Testing at the Speed of Light by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,National Materials and Manufacturing Board,Committee on Space Radiation Effects Testing Infrastructure for the U.S. Space Program Pdf

Spacecraft depend on electronic components that must perform reliably over missions measured in years and decades. Space radiation is a primary source of degradation, reliability issues, and potentially failure for these electronic components. Although simulation and modeling are valuable for understanding the radiation risk to microelectronics, there is no substitute for testing, and an increased use of commercial-off-the- shelf parts in spacecraft may actually increase requirements for testing, as opposed to simulation and modeling. Testing at the Speed of Light evaluates the nation's current capabilities and future needs for testing the effects of space radiation on microelectronics to ensure mission success and makes recommendations on how to provide effective stewardship of the necessary radiation test infrastructure for the foreseeable future.

Author : William N. Callmers
Publisher : Nova Publishers
Page : 182 pages
File Size : 41,9 Mb
Release : 2008
Category : Nature
ISBN : 1604564482

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Space Policy and Exploration by William N. Callmers Pdf

This book presents a wide spectrum of in-depth analyses detailing the US space program including policy, the space stations, the shuttles, and space exploration.

Author : Anonim
Publisher : DIANE Publishing
Page : 66 pages
File Size : 46,9 Mb
Release : 2002
Category : Cancer
ISBN : NASA:31769000451685

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Space Radiation Cancer Risk Projections for Exploration Missions: Uncertainty Reduction and Mitigation by Anonim Pdf

Author : National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
Publisher : Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
Page : 64 pages
File Size : 47,9 Mb
Release : 2018-06-11
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 1721000038

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Space Radiation Cancer Risk Projections for Exploration Missions by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Pdf

In this paper we discuss expected lifetime excess cancer risks for astronauts returning from exploration class missions. For the first time we make a quantitative assessment of uncertainties in cancer risk projections for space radiation exposures. Late effects from the high charge and energy (HZE) ions present in the galactic cosmic rays including cancer and the poorly understood risks to the central nervous system constitute the major risks. Methods used to project risk in low Earth orbit are seen as highly uncertain for projecting risks on exploration missions because of the limited radiobiology data available for estimating HZE ion risks. Cancer risk projections are described as a product of many biological and physical factors, each of which has a differential range of uncertainty due to lack of data and knowledge. Monte-Carlo sampling from subjective error distributions represents the lack of knowledge in each factor to quantify risk projection overall uncertainty. Cancer risk analysis is applied to several exploration mission scenarios. At solar minimum, the number of days in space where career risk of less than the limiting 3% excess cancer mortality can be assured at a 95% confidence level is found to be only of the order of 100 days.Cucinotta, Francis and Badhwar, Gautam and Saganti, Premkumar and Schimmerling, Walter and Wilson, John and Peterson, Leif and Dicello, JohnJohnson Space Center; Langley Research CenterASTRONAUTS; CANCER; GALACTIC COSMIC RAYS; RISK; SPACE EXPLORATION; PLANETARY ENVIRONMENTS; RADIATION HAZARDS; CONFIDENCE LIMITS; LOW EARTH ORBITS; MONTE CARLO METHOD; RADIOBIOLOGY; RADIATION DOSAGE; MORTALITY; IONS; SPACE MISSIONS; MANNED SPACE FLIGHT