Radiation Hazards To Crews Of Interplanetary Missions

Author : National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Space Studies Board,Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications,Task Group on the Biological Effects of Space Radiation
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 89 pages
File Size : 44,7 Mb
Release : 1997-02-27
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780309074995

Get Book

Radiation Hazards to Crews of Interplanetary Missions by National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Space Studies Board,Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications,Task Group on the Biological Effects of Space Radiation Pdf

NASA's long-range plans include possible human exploratory missions to the moon and Mars within the next quarter century. Such missions beyond low Earth orbit will expose crews to transient radiation from solar particle events as well as continuous high-energy galactic cosmic rays ranging from energetic protons with low mean linear energy transfer (LET) to nuclei with high atomic numbers, high energies, and high LET. Because the radiation levels in space are high and the missions long, adequate shielding is needed to minimize the deleterious health effects of exposure to radiation. The knowledge base needed to design shielding involves two sets of factors, each with quantitative uncertaintyâ€"the radiation spectra and doses present behind different types of shielding, and the effects of the doses on relevant biological systems. It is only prudent to design shielding that will protect the crew of spacecraft exposed to predicted high, but uncertain, levels of radiation and biological effects. Because of the uncertainties regarding the degree and type of radiation protection needed, a requirement for shielding to protect against large deleterious, but uncertain, biological effects may be imposed, which in turn could result in an unacceptable cost to a mission. It therefore is of interest to reduce these uncertainties in biological effects and shielding requirements for reasons of mission feasibility, safety, and cost.

Author : National Research Council (U.S.). Task Group on the Biological Effects of Space Radiation
Publisher : National Academies
Page : 92 pages
File Size : 55,9 Mb
Release : 1996
Category : Astronauts
ISBN : NAP:16304

Get Book

Radiation Hazards to Crews of Interplanetary Missions by National Research Council (U.S.). Task Group on the Biological Effects of Space Radiation Pdf

Author : National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Space Studies Board,Ad Hoc Committee on the Solar System Radiation Environment and NASA's Vision for Space Exploration: A Workshop
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 104 pages
File Size : 42,5 Mb
Release : 2006-11-10
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780309102643

Get Book

Space Radiation Hazards and the Vision for Space Exploration by National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Space Studies Board,Ad Hoc Committee on the Solar System Radiation Environment and NASA's Vision for Space Exploration: A Workshop Pdf

Fulfilling the President's Vision for Space Exploration (VSE) will require overcoming many challenges. Among these are the hazards of space radiation to crews traveling to the Moon and Mars. To explore these challenges in some depth and to examine ways to marshal research efforts to address them, NASA, NSF, and the NRC sponsored a workshop bringing together members of the space and planetary science, radiation physics, operations, and exploration engineering communities. The goals of the workshop were to increase understanding of the solar and space physics in the environment of Earth, the Moon, and Mars; to identify compelling relevant research goals; and discuss directions this research should take over the coming decade. This workshop report presents a discussion of radiation risks for the VSE, an assessment of specifying and predicting the space radiation environment, an analysis of operational strategies for space weather support, and a summary and conclusions of the workshop.

Author : National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Space Studies Board,Ad Hoc Committee on the Solar System Radiation Environment and NASA's Vision for Space Exploration: A Workshop
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 104 pages
File Size : 44,9 Mb
Release : 2006-10-10
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780309180665

Get Book

Space Radiation Hazards and the Vision for Space Exploration by National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Space Studies Board,Ad Hoc Committee on the Solar System Radiation Environment and NASA's Vision for Space Exploration: A Workshop Pdf

Fulfilling the President's Vision for Space Exploration (VSE) will require overcoming many challenges. Among these are the hazards of space radiation to crews traveling to the Moon and Mars. To explore these challenges in some depth and to examine ways to marshal research efforts to address them, NASA, NSF, and the NRC sponsored a workshop bringing together members of the space and planetary science, radiation physics, operations, and exploration engineering communities. The goals of the workshop were to increase understanding of the solar and space physics in the environment of Earth, the Moon, and Mars; to identify compelling relevant research goals; and discuss directions this research should take over the coming decade. This workshop report presents a discussion of radiation risks for the VSE, an assessment of specifying and predicting the space radiation environment, an analysis of operational strategies for space weather support, and a summary and conclusions of the workshop.

Author : National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Space Studies Board,Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications,Task Group on the Biological Effects of Space Radiation
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 88 pages
File Size : 44,9 Mb
Release : 1997-02-27
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780309174909

Get Book

Radiation Hazards to Crews of Interplanetary Missions by National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Space Studies Board,Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications,Task Group on the Biological Effects of Space Radiation Pdf

NASA's long-range plans include possible human exploratory missions to the moon and Mars within the next quarter century. Such missions beyond low Earth orbit will expose crews to transient radiation from solar particle events as well as continuous high-energy galactic cosmic rays ranging from energetic protons with low mean linear energy transfer (LET) to nuclei with high atomic numbers, high energies, and high LET. Because the radiation levels in space are high and the missions long, adequate shielding is needed to minimize the deleterious health effects of exposure to radiation. The knowledge base needed to design shielding involves two sets of factors, each with quantitative uncertaintyâ€"the radiation spectra and doses present behind different types of shielding, and the effects of the doses on relevant biological systems. It is only prudent to design shielding that will protect the crew of spacecraft exposed to predicted high, but uncertain, levels of radiation and biological effects. Because of the uncertainties regarding the degree and type of radiation protection needed, a requirement for shielding to protect against large deleterious, but uncertain, biological effects may be imposed, which in turn could result in an unacceptable cost to a mission. It therefore is of interest to reduce these uncertainties in biological effects and shielding requirements for reasons of mission feasibility, safety, and cost.

Author : National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board,Committee on the Evaluation of Radiation Shielding for Space Exploration
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 132 pages
File Size : 52,6 Mb
Release : 2008-05-29
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780309185721

Get Book

Managing Space Radiation Risk in the New Era of Space Exploration by National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board,Committee on the Evaluation of Radiation Shielding for Space Exploration Pdf

As part of the Vision for Space Exploration (VSE), NASA is planning for humans to revisit the Moon and someday go to Mars. An important consideration in this effort is protection against the exposure to space radiation. That radiation might result in severe long-term health consequences for astronauts on such missions if they are not adequately shielded. To help with these concerns, NASA asked the NRC to further the understanding of the risks of space radiation, to evaluate radiation shielding requirements, and recommend a strategic plan for developing appropriate mitigation capabilities. This book presents an assessment of current knowledge of the radiation environment; an examination of the effects of radiation on biological systems and mission equipment; an analysis of current plans for radiation protection; and a strategy for mitigating the risks to VSE astronauts.

Author : Leonty Miroshnichenko
Publisher : Springer
Page : 243 pages
File Size : 46,8 Mb
Release : 2014-03-14
Category : Science
ISBN : 9401703027

Get Book

Radiation Hazard in Space by Leonty Miroshnichenko Pdf

The mono graph contains 8 chapters, and their contents cover all principal aspects of the problem: 1. Introduction and brief his tory ofthe radiation problem and background information ofradiation hazard in the near-Earth and interplanetary space. 2. General description of radiation conditions and main sources of charged partic1es in the Earth's environment and interplanetary space, effects of space environment on spacecraft. 3. Basic information about physical conditions in space and main sources of charged particles in the Earth's environment and interplanetary space, in the context of "Space W eather" monitoring and prediction. 4. Trapped radiation belts of the Earth (ERB): theory of their origin, spatial and temporal dynamics, and experimental and statistical models. 5. Galactic cosmic rays (GCR): variations of energetic, temporal and spatial characteristics, long-term modulation, and anomalous cosmic ray (ACR) component, modeling oftheir dynamics. 6. Production of energetic particles (SEPs) at/ne ar the Sun: available databases, acceleration, propagation, and prediction of individual SEP event, statistical models of solar cosmic rays (SCR). 7. Existing empirical techniques of estimating, prediction and modeling of radiation hazard, methodical approaches and constraints, some questions of changes in the Earth's radiation environment due to changes of the solar activity level. 8. Unresolved problems of radiation hazard prediction and spacecraft protection, radiation experiments on board the spacecraft, estimating of radiation conditions during interplanetary missions. Space does not allow us to explain every time the solar-terrestrial and radiation physics nomencIature used in current English-language literature.

Author : Christine E. Hellweg,Thomas Berger,Daniel Matthiä,Christa Baumstark-Khan
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 111 pages
File Size : 42,8 Mb
Release : 2020-07-23
Category : Science
ISBN : 9783030467449

Get Book

Radiation in Space: Relevance and Risk for Human Missions by Christine E. Hellweg,Thomas Berger,Daniel Matthiä,Christa Baumstark-Khan Pdf

This volume of the series Springer Briefs in Space Life Sciences explains the physics and biology of radiation in space, defines various forms of cosmic radiation and their dosimetry, and presents a range of exposure scenarios. It also discusses the effects of radiation on human health and describes the molecular mechanisms of heavy charged particles’ deleterious effects in the body. Lastly, it discusses countermeasures and addresses the vital question: Are we ready for launch? Written for researchers in the space life sciences and space biomedicine, and for master’s students in biology, physics, and medicine, the book will also benefit all non-experts endeavouring to understand and enter space.

Author : Erik Seedhouse
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 276 pages
File Size : 53,6 Mb
Release : 2012-02-02
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781441997487

Get Book

Interplanetary Outpost by Erik Seedhouse Pdf

"Interplanetary Outpost" follows the mission architecture template of NASA's plan for Human Outer Planet Exploration (HOPE), which envisions sending a crew to the moon Callisto to conduct exploration and sample return activities. To realize such a mission, the spacecraft will be the most complex interplanetary vehicle ever built, representing the best technical efforts of several nations. A wealth of new technologies will need to be developed, including new propulsion systems, hibernation strategies, and revolutionary radiation shielding materials. Step by step, the book will describe how the mission architecture will evolve, how crews will be selected and trained, and what the mission will entail from launch to landing. However, the focus of "Interplanetary Outpost" is on the human element. The extended duration, logistical challenges, radiation concerns, communication lag times, isolation, and deleterious effects on the human body will conspire to not only significantly impair human performance but also affect the behavior of crewmembers. This book addresses each of these issues in detail while still providing the reader with a background to the necessary elements comprising such a mission.

Author : National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Space Studies Board,Committee on Space Biology and Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 296 pages
File Size : 52,6 Mb
Release : 1998-09-16
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780309173704

Get Book

A Strategy for Research in Space Biology and Medicine in the New Century by National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Space Studies Board,Committee on Space Biology and Medicine Pdf

Construction of the international space station, scheduled to start in late 1998, ushers in a new era for laboratory sciences in space. This is especially true for space life sciences, which include not only the use of low gravity as an experimental parameter to study fundamental biological processes but also the study of the serious physiological changes that occur in astronauts as they remain in space for increasingly longer missions. This book addresses both of these aspects and provides a comprehensive review of ground-based and space research in eleven disciplines, ranging from bone physiology to plant biology. It also offers detailed, prioritized recommendations for research during the next decade, which are expected to have a considerable impact on the direction of NASA's research program. The volume is also a valuable reference tool for space and life scientists.

Author : National Research Council,Commission on Geosciences, Environment, and Resources,Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications,Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate,Space Studies Board,Committee on Solar-Terrestrial Research,Committee on Solar and Space Physics
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 96 pages
File Size : 50,5 Mb
Release : 2000-03-25
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780309068857

Get Book

Radiation and the International Space Station by National Research Council,Commission on Geosciences, Environment, and Resources,Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications,Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate,Space Studies Board,Committee on Solar-Terrestrial Research,Committee on Solar and Space Physics Pdf

A major objective of the International Space Station is learning how to cope with the inherent risks of human spaceflightâ€"how to live and work in space for extended periods. The construction of the station itself provides the first opportunity for doing so. Prominent among the challenges associated with ISS construction is the large amount of time that astronauts will be spending doing extravehicular activity (EVA), or "space walks." EVAs from the space shuttle have been extraordinarily successful, most notably the on-orbit repair of the Hubble Space Telescope. But the number of hours of EVA for ISS construction exceeds that of the Hubble repair mission by orders of magnitude. Furthermore, the ISS orbit has nearly twice the inclination to Earth's equator as Hubble's orbit, so it spends part of every 90-minute circumnavigation at high latitudes, where Earth's magnetic field is less effective at shielding impinging radiation. This means that astronauts sweeping through these regions will be considerably more vulnerable to dangerous doses of energetic particles from a sudden solar eruption. Radiation and the International Space Station estimates that the likelihood of having a potentially dangerous solar event during an EVA is indeed very high. This report recommends steps that can be taken immediately, and over the next several years, to provide adequate warning so that the astronauts can be directed to take protective cover inside the ISS or shuttle. The near-term actions include programmatic and operational ways to take advantage of the multiagency assets that currently monitor and forecast space weather, and ways to improve the in situ measurements and the predictive power of current models.

Author : National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board,Committee on the Evaluation of Radiation Shielding for Space Exploration
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 132 pages
File Size : 46,8 Mb
Release : 2008-06-29
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780309113830

Get Book

Managing Space Radiation Risk in the New Era of Space Exploration by National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board,Committee on the Evaluation of Radiation Shielding for Space Exploration Pdf

As part of the Vision for Space Exploration (VSE), NASA is planning for humans to revisit the Moon and someday go to Mars. An important consideration in this effort is protection against the exposure to space radiation. That radiation might result in severe long-term health consequences for astronauts on such missions if they are not adequately shielded. To help with these concerns, NASA asked the NRC to further the understanding of the risks of space radiation, to evaluate radiation shielding requirements, and recommend a strategic plan for developing appropriate mitigation capabilities. This book presents an assessment of current knowledge of the radiation environment; an examination of the effects of radiation on biological systems and mission equipment; an analysis of current plans for radiation protection; and a strategy for mitigating the risks to VSE astronauts.

Author : Anonim
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 56 pages
File Size : 48,5 Mb
Release : 1998
Category : Outer space
ISBN : PSU:000033374093

Get Book

Workshop on Research for Space Exploration by Anonim Pdf

Summarizes the results of a workshop sponsored by the Microgravity Research Division of NASA to define contributions the microgravity research community can provide to advance the human exploration of space.

Author : Committee on Space Biology and Medicine,Space Studies Board,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 297 pages
File Size : 53,6 Mb
Release : 1998-09-30
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780309522069

Get Book

A Strategy for Research in Space Biology and Medicine into the Next Century by Committee on Space Biology and Medicine,Space Studies Board,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,National Research Council Pdf

Construction of the international space station, scheduled to start in late 1998, ushers in a new era for laboratory sciences in space. This is especially true for space life sciences, which include not only the use of low gravity as an experimental parameter to study fundamental biological processes but also the study of the serious physiological changes that occur in astronauts as they remain in space for increasingly longer missions. This book addresses both of these aspects and provides a comprehensive review of ground-based and space research in eleven disciplines, ranging from bone physiology to plant biology. It also offers detailed, prioritized recommendations for research during the next decade, which are expected to have a considerable impact on the direction of NASA's research program. The volume is also a valuable reference tool for space and life scientists.

Author : Francis Lyall,Paul B. Larsen
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 590 pages
File Size : 45,7 Mb
Release : 2017-12-14
Category : Law
ISBN : 9781317051930

Get Book

Space Law by Francis Lyall,Paul B. Larsen Pdf

Francis Lyall and Paul B. Larsen have been involved in teaching and researching space law for over 50 years. This new edition of their well-received text gathers together their knowledge and experience in readable form, and covers developments in all space applications, including space tourism, telecommunications, the ITU and finance. With an extensive citation of the literature, the discussion provides an excellent source for both students and practitioners.