Taking Scope

Author : Mark Steedman
Publisher : MIT Press
Page : 325 pages
File Size : 52,9 Mb
Release : 2012
Category : Computers
ISBN : 9780262017077

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Taking Scope by Mark Steedman Pdf

A novel view of the syntax and semantics of quantifier scope that argues for a "combinatory" theory of natural language syntax. In Taking Scope, Mark Steedman considers the syntax and semantics of quantifier scope in interaction with negation, polarity, coordination, and pronominal binding, among other constructions. The semantics is "surface compositional," in that there is a direct correspondence between syntactic types and operations of composition and types and compositions at the level of logical form. In that sense, the semantics is in the "natural logic" tradition of Aristotle, Leibniz, Frege, Russell, and others who sought to define a psychologically real logic directly reflecting natural language grammar. The book reunites the generative-transformational tradition initiated by Chomsky--which views the formal syntactic component as entirely autonomous---with the older, strongly lexicalist, construction-based tradition, which has sought to define a more lingistically transparent theory of meaning representation. Steedman offers a logical formalism that relates directly to the surface form of language and to the process of inference and proof that it must support. Such a natural logic, although formal by definition, should be allowed to grow organically from attested language phenomena rather than be axiomatized a priori in terms of any standard logic. Steedman also considers the application of natural semantic interpretations to practical natural language processing tasks, emphasizing throughout the elimination of traditional quantifiers from semantic formalism in favor of devices such as Skolem terms and structure-sharing among representations in processing.

Author : Uli Lutz,Gereon Müller,Arnim von Stechow
Publisher : John Benjamins Publishing
Page : 483 pages
File Size : 53,9 Mb
Release : 2000-09-15
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 9789027284303

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Wh-Scope Marking by Uli Lutz,Gereon Müller,Arnim von Stechow Pdf

This volume is the first comprehensive overview of the syntax and semantics of wh-scope marking. Wh-scope marking constructions have recently received a lot of attention; their very existence and their intricate properties have important consequences for syntax, semantics, and the syntax–semantics interface (e.g., with respect to the wh-criterion, the wh-movement parameter, feature checking, the theory of locality, the interpretation of wh-phrases and why-chains, and the nature of LF). The fifteen contributions share the basic assumptions of the Chomskyan approach to syntax and the model-theoretic approach to semantics; they address a variety of languages (among them German, Hindi, Hungarian, English, Frisian, Kikuyu, and Malay). A recurrent theme in all articles is whether wh-scope marking should be analyzed in terms of a direct, indirect, or mixed dependency. The wealth of cross-linguistic empirical evidence and the theory-independent relevance of the conclusions should make this book the ultimate source of information on wh-scope marking for years to come.

Author : M. Bittner
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 213 pages
File Size : 55,9 Mb
Release : 2013-12-01
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 9789401114127

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Case, Scope, and Binding by M. Bittner Pdf

Case, Scope, and Binding investigates the relation between syntax and semantics within a framework which combines the syntactic Government-Binding theory with a novel cross-linguistic theory of case and semantics. It is argued that case assignment, agreement, syntactic binding relations, as well as the minimum scopes of operators, are all determined by the relations which hold at the level of s-structure. Cross-linguistic variation with respect to these phenomena is due to corresponding variations at the s-structure level. The minimum scope of an operator cannot exceed its c-command domain at s-structure, but may be reduced by certain semantic mechanisms. The availability of any wider scope option depends on the possibility of movement at LF. The proposed theory is tested in detail against the facts of Inuit (Eskimo-Aleut family), an ergative language with typologically unusual scope and binding relations. For linguists and philosophers interested in syntax, semantics, or the syntax-semantics interface.

Author : Feng-Hsi Liu
Publisher : John Benjamins Publishing
Page : 196 pages
File Size : 50,5 Mb
Release : 1997
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 9789027227379

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Scope and Specificity by Feng-Hsi Liu Pdf

Scope and Specificity is an investigation of quantifier scope interaction in natural language, with special reference to English and Chinese. In particular, it is concerned with semantic properties of NPs. Quantifier scope plays an important role in current theories of syntax and semantics. However, most studies of quantifier scope are only concerned with the behavior of a small number of quantifiers, e.g. 'every', 'some', 'all'. As a result, the generalizations made on the basis of these quantifiers often do not hold when a wider range of quantifiers is considered. In this study a wide variety of NP types are examined with respect to how they interact with other NPs. The key concept explored is that of semantic scope dependency/independence. NPs are considered according to two properties: whether they can induce scope-dependency and whether they can be scope-dependent. By observing how in basic sentences NPs behave with respect to the two properties, the author presents a picture of quantifier scope much different from what has been assumed in the literature.

Author : John B. Bader
Publisher : Georgetown University Press
Page : 295 pages
File Size : 54,6 Mb
Release : 1996
Category : Political leadership
ISBN : 9780878406296

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Taking the Initiative by John B. Bader Pdf

Taking the Initiative shows that majority party leaders in Congress have set and successfully pushed their own policy agendas for decades--revealing the 'Contract With America' as only the most recent, and certainly not the most successful, example of independent policy making. Cutting deeply into the politics and personalities of three decades of party leadership, John B. Bader probes the strategies and evaluates the effectiveness of House and Senate leaders operating in a divided government, when Congress and the presidency are controlled by different political parties. He provides a historical context for analyzing the"Contract" and shows that aggressive agenda-setting has long been a regular feature of majority party leadership. Bader interviewed more than seventy congressional leaders, staff members, party officials, and political consultants, including speakers Thomas "Tip" O'Neill and Jim Wright, for this book. He supplemented these interviews with research in largely unexplored archival materials such as press conference transcripts, notes from White House leadership meetings, and staff memoranda on strategy.

Author : Edwin Williams
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 189 pages
File Size : 48,8 Mb
Release : 2011-02-25
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 9781136824814

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Regimes of Derivation in Syntax and Morphology by Edwin Williams Pdf

Regimes of Derivation in Syntax and Morphology presents a theory of the architecture of the human linguistic system that differs from all current theories on four key points. First, the theory rests on a modular separation of word syntax from phrasal syntax, where word syntax corresponds roughly to what has been called derivational morphology. Second, morphosyntax (corresponding to what is traditionally called "inflectional morphology") is the immediate spellout of the syntactic merge operation, and so there is no separate morphosyntactic component. There is no LF (logical form) derived; that is, there is no structure which 'mirrors' semantic interpretation ("LF"); instead, semantics interprets the derivation itself. And fourth, syntactic islands are derived purely as a consequence of the formal mechanics of syntactic derivation, and so there are no bounding nodes, no phases, no subjacency, and in fact no absolute islands. Lacking a morphosyntactic component and an LF representation are positive benefits as these provide temptations for theoretical mischief. The theory is a descendant of the author's "Representation Theory" and so inherits its other benefits as well, including explanations for properties of reconstruction, remnant movement, improper movement, and scrambling/scope interactions, and the different embedding regimes for clauses and DPs. Syntactic islands are added to this list as special cases of improper movement.

Author : D.S. Austin
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 362 pages
File Size : 49,6 Mb
Release : 2012-12-06
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9789400929098

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Philosophical Analysis by D.S. Austin Pdf

Analytic philosophy is alive and in good health, as this collection of twenty, previously unpublished essays most ably demonstrates. The reader will find here assembled some of the finest writings of modern analytic philosophers at the top of their form. Matthews discusses Plato's attempt to deal with the problem of false belief about identities. Parson evaluates Russell's early theory of denoting phrases. Chisholm exhibits the utility of thirteen epistemic categories. Plantinga criticizes Chisholm's account of justification. Conee argues that solving the Gettier Problem is important, and Ginet proposes a solution to it. Lehrer criticizes an argument based on the simplicity of our belief in material objects and other minds. R. Feldman defends an account of having evidence. F. Feldman defends a propositional account of pleasure. Van Fraassen criticizes Garber's solution to the problem of old evidence. Castañeda investigates the nature of negation. McKay argues that de se analyses of belief do not account for belief de re. Richard argues that no Fregean semantics for belief attribution will succeed. Ryckman suggests that the Millian theory of names has little to do with the theory of belief is no threat to God's omniscience. Dunn investigates constraints imposed on non-classical modal logics by extensionality. Fitch argues that singular propositions perform important functions in modal logic. Jubien evaluates arguments for and against possible worlds. Ratzsch argues that there must be a deeper source of nomicality than ordinary subjunctives, and Stalnaker argues that there is room for determinancy of identity and indeterminacy in reference.

Author : Valérie Guérin
Publisher : University of Hawaii Press
Page : 426 pages
File Size : 49,7 Mb
Release : 2011-11-30
Category : Foreign Language Study
ISBN : 9780824837068

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A Grammar of Mavea by Valérie Guérin Pdf

Spoken on Mavea Island by approximately 32 people, Mavea is an endangered Oceanic language of Vanuatu. This work provides grammatical descriptions of this hitherto undescribed language. Fourteen chapters, containing more than 1,400 examples, cover topics in the phonology and morphosyntax of Mavea, with an emphasis on the latter. Of particular interest are examples of individual speaker variation presented throughout the grammar; the presence of three linguo-labials (still used today by a single speaker) that were unexpectedly found before the rounded vowel /o/; and a chapter on numerals and the counting system, which have long been replaced by Bislama’s but are remembered by a handful of speakers. Most of the grammatical descriptions derive from a corpus of texts of various genres (conversations, traditional stories, personal histories, etc.) gathered during the author’s fieldwork, conducted for eleven months between 2005 and 2007.

Author : Takashi Onoda,Daisuke Bekki,Elin Mc Cready
Publisher : Springer
Page : 342 pages
File Size : 46,9 Mb
Release : 2011-11-19
Category : Computers
ISBN : 9783642256554

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New Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence by Takashi Onoda,Daisuke Bekki,Elin Mc Cready Pdf

This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-proceedings of four workshops held as satellite events of the JSAI International Symposia on Artificial Intelligence 2010, in Tokyo, Japan, in November 2010. The 28 revised full papers with four papers for the following four workshops presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 70 papers. The papers are organized in sections Logic and Engineering of Natural Language Semantics (LENLS), Juris-Informatics (JURISIN), Advanced Methodologies for Bayesian Networks (AMBN), and Innovating Service Systems (ISS).

Author : Marysol Nieves
Publisher : Fordham Univ Press
Page : 316 pages
File Size : 45,6 Mb
Release : 2011-10-03
Category : Art
ISBN : 9780823234158

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Taking AIM! by Marysol Nieves Pdf

Taking Aim! The Business of Being an Artist Today is a practical, affordable resource guide filled with invaluable advice for the emerging artist. The book is specially designed to aid visual artists in furthering their careers through unfiltered information about the business practices and idiosyncrasies of the contemporary art world. It demystifies often daunting and opaque practices through first-hand testimonials, interviews, and commentary from leading artists, curators, gallerists, collectors, critics, art consultants, arts administrators, art fair directors, auction house experts, and other art world luminaries. Published in celebration of the 30th anniversary of Artist in the Marketplace (AIM)—the pioneering career development program at the Bronx Museum of the Arts—Taking AIM! The Business of Being an Artist Today mirrors the structure and topics featured in the AIM program’s weekly workshops and discussions. Each chapter focuses on the specific perspective of an “art world insider”—from the artist to the public art program director to the blogger. Multiple viewpoints from a range of art professionals provide emerging artists with candid, uncensored information and tools to help them better understand this complex field and develop strategies for building and sustaining successful careers as professional artists. The book ends with an annotated chronology of the past three decades in the contemporary art field and a bibliography of publications, magazine articles, online sources, funding sources, residency programs, and other useful information for emerging artists.

Author : North Eastern Linguistic Society. Meeting
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 280 pages
File Size : 44,9 Mb
Release : 1993
Category : Linguistics
ISBN : UCSC:32106010905906

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Proceedings of the North East Linguistic Society 23, University of Ottawa by North Eastern Linguistic Society. Meeting Pdf

Author : Andrew Simpson,Audrey-Li Yen-hui
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 297 pages
File Size : 42,9 Mb
Release : 2006-03-03
Category : Foreign Language Study
ISBN : 9781134431380

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Functional Structure(s), Form and Interpretation by Andrew Simpson,Audrey-Li Yen-hui Pdf

Part PART I in the DP/NP -- chapter 1 NP as argument -- chapter 2 Copying variables -- chapter 3 Classi?ers and the count/mass distinction -- chapter 4 The demonstratives in modern Japanese -- part PART II of functional structure -- chapter 5 On the Re-Analysis of nominalizers in Chinese, Japanese and Korean -- chapter 6 Three types of existential quantification in Chinese -- chapter 7 On the history of place words and localizers in Chinese: A cognitive approach -- chapter PART III principles of organization -- chapter 8 Judgments, point of view and the interpretation of causee noun phrases -- chapter 9 A computational approach to case and word order in Korean -- chapter 10 Adjuncts and word order typology in east asian languages -- chapter 11 The distribution of negative NPS and some typological correlates.

Author : Gerben Van den Berg,Paul Pietersma
Publisher : FT Press
Page : 345 pages
File Size : 48,7 Mb
Release : 2015-01-14
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781292016306

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Key Management Models by Gerben Van den Berg,Paul Pietersma Pdf

This best selling management book is a true classic. If you want to be a model manager, keep this new, even better 3rd edition close at hand. Key Management Models has the winning combination of brevity and clarity, giving you short, practical overviews of the top classic and cutting edge management models in an easy-to-use, ready reference format. Whether you want to remind yourself about models you’ve already come across, or want to find new ones, you’ll find yourself referring back to it again and again. It's the essential guide to all the management models you’ll ever need to know about. Includes the classic and essential management models from the previous editions. Thoroughly updated to include cutting edge new models. Two-colour illustrations and case studies throughout. The full text downloaded to your computer With eBooks you can: search for key concepts, words and phrases make highlights and notes as you study share your notes with friends eBooks are downloaded to your computer and accessible either offline through the Bookshelf (available as a free download), available online and also via the iPad and Android apps. Upon purchase, you'll gain instant access to this eBook. Time limit The eBooks products do not have an expiry date. You will continue to access your digital ebook products whilst you have your Bookshelf installed.

Author : A. Szabolcsi
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 484 pages
File Size : 44,6 Mb
Release : 2012-12-06
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9789401158145

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Ways of Scope Taking by A. Szabolcsi Pdf

The present volume is as much a book co-authored by all the contributors as it is an edited collection of their papers. Most of the contributors have been involved in regular discussions over the past years, often inspiring the questions, or some aspects of the proposals, in each other's papers or actually collaborating on co-authored papers. ! For this reason, the contributions make related assumptions and explore highly related issues. The organization of the volume reflects this unity of aims and interests. It starts out with an overview of some of the shared formal background, and the chapters are arranged in a sequence that is intended to invite the reader to proceed from one directly to the next. Nevertheless, there has been no attempt to eliminate individual differences in either assumptions or choice of topic. All the chapters are entirely self-contained, so the reader will find it equally possible to read any of them in isolation. Two members of the UCLA community do not appear in this volume but have been an important source of inspiration for this project: Ed Keenan and Feng-hsi Liu. Many of Keenan's works have drawn attention to the empirically diverse behavior of natural language determiners and developed theoretical tools for studying them. Liu's 1990 dissertation examined the abilities of a representative sample of noun phrases to participate in scopal dependencies and branching, coming up with provocative generalizations and pointing out their significance for then-standard theories in powerful terms.

Author : Gilbert Lee Zeno
Publisher : Dorrance Publishing
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 48,9 Mb
Release : 2019-03-14
Category : Religion
ISBN : 9781480989849

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Conceptual Controversy by Gilbert Lee Zeno Pdf

Conceptual Controversy By: Gilbert Lee Zeno In this literary work you will stop asking God “why.” We commit murder, rape, torture, embezzlement, drug abuse, fraud and every act of devilment that is known against God! How can this be when we say we love God? We need to quit lying, for it is for certain: Thy kingdom is not coming until Thy will be done in earth as it is in heaven! The only way that will happen is if you quit asking “why” when you have committed the very evil you are asking deliverance from. Overstand what you say you understand. This is the only way to love God and bring His kingdom to earth.