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Technology of Gallium Nitride Crystal Growth by Dirk Ehrentraut,Elke Meissner,Michal Bockowski Pdf
This book discusses the important technological aspects of the growth of GaN single crystals by HVPE, MOCVD, ammonothermal and flux methods for the purpose of free-standing GaN wafer production.
Technology of Gallium Nitride Crystal Growth by Dirk Ehrentraut,Elke Meissner,Michal Bockowski Pdf
This book discusses the important technological aspects of the growth of GaN single crystals by HVPE, MOCVD, ammonothermal and flux methods for the purpose of free-standing GaN wafer production.
Technology of Gallium Nitride Crystal Growth by Dirk Ehrentraut,Elke Meissner,Michal Bockowski Pdf
This book discusses the important technological aspects of the growth of GaN single crystals by HVPE, MOCVD, ammonothermal and flux methods for the purpose of free-standing GaN wafer production.
Crystals are the unacknowledged pillars of modern technology. The modern technological developments depend greatly on the availability of suitable single crystals, whether it is for lasers, semiconductors, magnetic devices, optical devices, superconductors, telecommunication, etc. In spite of great technological advancements in the recent years, we are still in the early stage with respect to the growth of several important crystals such as diamond, silicon carbide, PZT, gallium nitride, and so on. Unless the science of growing these crystals is understood precisely, it is impossible to grow them as large single crystals to be applied in modern industry. This book deals with almost all the modern crystal growth techniques that have been adopted, including appropriate case studies. Since there has been no other book published to cover the subject after the Handbook of Crystal Growth, Eds. DTJ Hurle, published during 1993-1995, this book will fill the existing gap for its readers. The book begins with "Growth Histories of Mineral Crystals" by the most senior expert in this field, Professor Ichiro Sunagawa. The next chapter reviews recent developments in the theory of crystal growth, which is equally important before moving on to actual techniques. After the first two fundamental chapters, the book covers other topics like the recent progress in quartz growth, diamond growth, silicon carbide single crystals, PZT crystals, nonlinear optical crystals, solid state laser crystals, gemstones, high melting oxides like lithium niobates, hydroxyapatite, GaAs by molecular beam epitaxy, superconducting crystals, morphology control, and more. For the first time, the crystal growth modeling has been discussed in detail with reference to PZT and SiC crystals.
Gallium Nitride-enabled High Frequency and High Efficiency Power Conversion by Gaudenzio Meneghesso,Matteo Meneghini,Enrico Zanoni Pdf
This book demonstrates to readers why Gallium Nitride (GaN) transistors have a superior performance as compared to the already mature Silicon technology. The new GaN-based transistors here described enable both high frequency and high efficiency power conversion, leading to smaller and more efficient power systems. Coverage includes i) GaN substrates and device physics; ii) innovative GaN -transistors structure (lateral and vertical); iii) reliability and robustness of GaN-power transistors; iv) impact of parasitic on GaN based power conversion, v) new power converter architectures and vi) GaN in switched mode power conversion. Provides single-source reference to Gallium Nitride (GaN)-based technologies, from the material level to circuit level, both for power conversions architectures and switched mode power amplifiers; Demonstrates how GaN is a superior technology for switching devices, enabling both high frequency, high efficiency and lower cost power conversion; Enables design of smaller, cheaper and more efficient power supplies.
Hydride vapour phase epitaxy growth, crystal properties and dopant incorporation in gallium nitride by Patrick Hofmann Pdf
This dissertation employs doping to investigate basic gallium nitride (GaN) crystal properties and to solve challenges of the hydride vapour phase epitaxy (HVPE) growth process. Whereas the first chapter is a short introduction to the history of the GaN single crystal growth, the 2nd chapter introduces to current crystal growth techniques, discusses properties of the GaN material system and the resulting influence on the applicable crystal growth techniques. HVPE, as a vapour phase epitaxy crystal growth method will be explained in greater detail, with focus on the used vertical reactor and its capabilities for doping. The 3rd chapter then focusses on point defects in GaN, specifically on intentionally introduced extrinsic point defects used for doping purposes, i.e. to achieve p-type, n-type or semi-insulating behaviour. Different dopants will be reviewed before the diffusion of point defects in a solid will be discussed. The in-situ introduction of iron, manganese, and carbon during crystal growth is employed in chapter 4 to compensate the unintentional doping (UID) of the GaN crystals, and therefore to achieve truly semi-insulating behaviour of the HVPE GaN. However the focus of this chapter lies on the characterisation of the pyroelectric coefficient (p), as semi-insulating properties are a necessary requirement for the applied Sharp-Garn measurement method. The creation of tensile stress due to in-situ silicon doping during GaN crystal growth is the topic of the 5th chapter. The tensile stress generation effect will be reproduced and the strain inside the crystal will be monitored ex-situ employing Raman spectroscopy. The n-type doping is achieved by using a vapour phase doping line and a process is developed to hinder the tensile strain generation effect. The 6th chapter concentrates on the delivery of the doping precursor via a solid state doping line, a newly developed doping method. Similar to chapter 5, the doping line is characterised carefully before the germanium doping is employed to the GaN growth. The focus lies on the homogeneity of the germanium doping and it is compared compared to the silicon doping and the vapour phase doping line. Benefits and drawbacks are discussed in conjunction with the obtained results. The germanium doping via solid state doping line is applied to the HVPE GaN growth process to measure accurately growth process related properties unique to the applied set of GaN growth parameters.
Comprehensive Semiconductor Science and Technology by Anonim Pdf
Semiconductors are at the heart of modern living. Almost everything we do, be it work, travel, communication, or entertainment, all depend on some feature of semiconductor technology. Comprehensive Semiconductor Science and Technology, Six Volume Set captures the breadth of this important field, and presents it in a single source to the large audience who study, make, and exploit semiconductors. Previous attempts at this achievement have been abbreviated, and have omitted important topics. Written and Edited by a truly international team of experts, this work delivers an objective yet cohesive global review of the semiconductor world. The work is divided into three sections. The first section is concerned with the fundamental physics of semiconductors, showing how the electronic features and the lattice dynamics change drastically when systems vary from bulk to a low-dimensional structure and further to a nanometer size. Throughout this section there is an emphasis on the full understanding of the underlying physics. The second section deals largely with the transformation of the conceptual framework of solid state physics into devices and systems which require the growth of extremely high purity, nearly defect-free bulk and epitaxial materials. The last section is devoted to exploitation of the knowledge described in the previous sections to highlight the spectrum of devices we see all around us. Provides a comprehensive global picture of the semiconductor world Each of the work's three sections presents a complete description of one aspect of the whole Written and Edited by a truly international team of experts
Ammonothermal Synthesis and Crystal Growth of Nitrides by Elke Meissner,Rainer Niewa Pdf
This book provides a collection of contributed chapters, delivering a comprehensive overview of topics related to the synthesis and crystal growth of nitride compounds under supercritical ammonia conditions. Focusing on key chemical and technological aspects of ammonothermal synthesis and growth of functional nitride compounds, the book also describes many innovative techniques for in-situ observation and presents new data fundamental for materials synthesis under ammonothermal conditions. With its detailed coverage of many thermodynamic and kinetics aspects, which are necessary for understanding and controlling crystal growth, this contributed volume is the ideal companion to materials chemists and engineers at any point in their journey in this rich and exciting field.
Vol 2A: Basic Technologies Handbook of Crystal Growth, 2nd Edition Volume IIA (Basic Technologies) presents basic growth technologies and modern crystal cutting methods. Particularly, the methodical fundamentals and development of technology in the field of bulk crystallization on both industrial and research scales are explored. After an introductory chapter on the formation of minerals, ruling historically the basic crystal formation parameters, advanced basic technologies from melt, solution, and vapour being applied for research and production of the today most important materials, like silicon, semiconductor compounds and oxides are presented in detail. The interdisciplinary and general importance of crystal growth for human live are illustrated. Vol 2B: Growth Mechanisms and Dynamics Handbook of Crystal Growth, 2nd Edition Volume IIB (Growth Mechanisms and Dynamics) deals with characteristic mechanisms and dynamics accompanying each bulk crystal growth method discussed in Volume IIA. Before the atoms or molecules pass over from a position in the fluid medium (gas, melt or solution) to their place in the crystalline face they must be transported in the fluid over macroscopic distances by diffusion, buoyancy-driven convection, surface-tension-driven convection, and forced convection (rotation, acceleration, vibration, magnetic mixing). Further, the heat of fusion and the part carried by the species on their way to the crystal by conductive and convective transport must be dissipated in the solid phase by well-organized thermal conduction and radiation to maintain a stable propagating interface. Additionally, segregation and capillary phenomena play a decisional role for chemical composition and crystal shaping, respectively. Today, the increase of high-quality crystal yield, its size enlargement and reproducibility are imperative conditions to match the strong economy. Volume 2A Presents the status and future of Czochralski and float zone growth of dislocation-free silicon Examines directional solidification of silicon ingots for photovoltaics, vertical gradient freeze of GaAs, CdTe for HF electronics and IR imaging as well as antiferromagnetic compounds and super alloys for turbine blades Focuses on growth of dielectric and conducting oxide crystals for lasers and non-linear optics Topics on hydrothermal, flux and vapour phase growth of III-nitrides, silicon carbide and diamond are explored Volume 2B Explores capillarity control of the crystal shape at the growth from the melt Highlights modeling of heat and mass transport dynamics Discusses control of convective melt processes by magnetic fields and vibration measures Includes imperative information on the segregation phenomenon and validation of compositional homogeneity Examines crystal defect generation mechanisms and their controllability Illustrates proper automation modes for ensuring constant crystal growth process Exhibits fundamentals of solution growth, gel growth of protein crystals, growth of superconductor materials and mass crystallization for food and pharmaceutical industries
Handbook of GaN Semiconductor Materials and Devices by Wengang (Wayne) Bi,Haochung (Henry) Kuo,Peicheng Ku,Bo Shen Pdf
This book addresses material growth, device fabrication, device application, and commercialization of energy-efficient white light-emitting diodes (LEDs), laser diodes, and power electronics devices. It begins with an overview on basics of semiconductor materials, physics, growth and characterization techniques, followed by detailed discussion of advantages, drawbacks, design issues, processing, applications, and key challenges for state of the art GaN-based devices. It includes state of the art material synthesis techniques with an overview on growth technologies for emerging bulk or free standing GaN and AlN substrates and their applications in electronics, detection, sensing, optoelectronics and photonics. Wengang (Wayne) Bi is Distinguished Chair Professor and Associate Dean in the College of Information and Electrical Engineering at Hebei University of Technology in Tianjin, China. Hao-chung (Henry) Kuo is Distinguished Professor and Associate Director of the Photonics Center at National Chiao-Tung University, Hsin-Tsu, Taiwan, China. Pei-Cheng Ku is an associate professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA. Bo Shen is the Cheung Kong Professor at Peking University in China.
Nitride Semiconductor Technology by Fabrizio Roccaforte,Michael Leszczynski Pdf
The book "Nitride Semiconductor Technology" provides an overview of nitride semiconductors and their uses in optoelectronics and power electronics devices. It explains the physical properties of those materials as well as their growth methods. Their applications in high electron mobility transistors, vertical power devices, LEDs, laser diodes, and vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers are discussed in detail. The book further examines reliability issues in these materials and puts forward perspectives of integrating them with 2D materials for novel high-frequency and high-power devices. In summary, it covers nitride semiconductor technology from materials to devices and provides the basis for further research.
Single Crystals of Electronic Materials by Roberto Fornari Pdf
Single Crystals of Electronic Materials: Growth and Properties is a complete overview of the state-of-the-art growth of bulk semiconductors. It is not only a valuable update on the body of information on crystal growth of well-established electronic materials, such as silicon, III-V, II-VI and IV-VI semiconductors, but also includes chapters on novel semiconductors, such as wide bandgap oxides like ZnO, Ga2, O3, In2, O3, Al2, O3, nitrides (AIN and GaN), and diamond. Each chapter focuses on a specific material, providing a comprehensive overview that includes applications and requirements, thermodynamic properties, schematics of growth methods, and more. Presents the latest research and most comprehensive overview of both standard and novel semiconductors Provides a systematic examination of important electronic materials, including their applications, growth methods, properties, technologies and defect and doping issues Takes a close look at emerging materials, including wide bandgap oxides, nitrides and diamond
Handbook of GaN Semiconductor Materials and Devices by Wengang (Wayne) Bi,Haochung (Henry) Kuo,Peicheng Ku,Bo Shen Pdf
This book addresses material growth, device fabrication, device application, and commercialization of energy-efficient white light-emitting diodes (LEDs), laser diodes, and power electronics devices. It begins with an overview on basics of semiconductor materials, physics, growth and characterization techniques, followed by detailed discussion of advantages, drawbacks, design issues, processing, applications, and key challenges for state of the art GaN-based devices. It includes state of the art material synthesis techniques with an overview on growth technologies for emerging bulk or free standing GaN and AlN substrates and their applications in electronics, detection, sensing, optoelectronics and photonics. Wengang (Wayne) Bi is Distinguished Chair Professor and Associate Dean in the College of Information and Electrical Engineering at Hebei University of Technology in Tianjin, China. Hao-chung (Henry) Kuo is Distinguished Professor and Associate Director of the Photonics Center at National Chiao-Tung University, Hsin-Tsu, Taiwan, China. Pei-Cheng Ku is an associate professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA. Bo Shen is the Cheung Kong Professor at Peking University in China.
