The Ability Of Young Children To Distinguish Between Morality And Convention

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The Ability of Young Children to Distinguish Between Morality and Convention

Joerg Boettcher
The Ability of Young Children to Distinguish Between Morality and Convention Book PDF

Author : Joerg Boettcher
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
Page : 97 pages
File Size : 40,5 Mb
Release : 2008-09-29
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 9783640175796

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The Ability of Young Children to Distinguish Between Morality and Convention by Joerg Boettcher Pdf

Diploma Thesis from the year 2001 in the subject Psychology - Developmental Psychology, grade: 1,0, Free University of Berlin, 95 entries in the bibliography, language: English, abstract: In this diploma thesis I want to consider several approaches in the area of moral development research.Given the theory of Lawrence Kohlberg, young children (younger than 10 years of age) seem to stay completely under the constraints of authorities and rules. According to Kohlberg, children's social judgments and behaviors are determined by instrumental aims to satisfy their own needs and wishes, or to avoid punishment. In this regard, the helping of others or meeting the needs of others is only motivated by instrumental considerations. Thus, in Kohlberg's view young children are not able to think or to act in a genuinely moral way. In reaction to Kohlberg, other researchers have suggested that young children are capable to make genuinely moral judgments and to act in a moral way. Eisenberg (e.g. 1986) has suggested that young children can have empathic or altruistic feelings which lead them to conduct prosocial acts. Other researchers (e.g. Keller, 1996; Nunner-Winkler, 1993) assert that children under the age of ten years are able to understand and feel moral emotions, which they consider as constitutive or as indicators for morality. Turiel and his associates (e.g. Turiel, 1983) suggest that even children at about 2 years of age are able to differentiate between a moral, conventional, and personal domain of social knowledge, and that children subordinate the importance of personal and conventional rules under the importance of moral rules. These approaches to the morality of young children revealed differing results to differing aspects of morality. The aim of my work is to examine the above mentioned approaches in order to evaluate the obvious differences between their obtained results and the results of Kohlberg. My questions are: Is Kohlberg's approach of using authority dile

The Ability of Young Children to Distinguish Between Morality and Convention

Jörg Böttcher
The Ability of Young Children to Distinguish Between Morality and Convention Book PDF

Author : Jörg Böttcher
Publisher : diplom.de
Page : 88 pages
File Size : 55,9 Mb
Release : 2002-12-13
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9783832462161

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The Ability of Young Children to Distinguish Between Morality and Convention by Jörg Böttcher Pdf

Inhaltsangabe:Zusammenfassung: Diese theoretische Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit Thema, inwieweit entwicklungspsychologische Forschungsbemühungen im Bereich der sogenannten „frühen Moral“ Aufklärung zu der Frage beitragen, ob Kinder in der Lage sind, moralische von konventionellen Normen zu unterscheiden bzw. sich diesen Unterscheidungen entsprechend zu verhalten. Ausgegangen wird dabei von den Arbeiten Lawrence Kohlbergs, der die These vertrat, jüngere Kinder (unter 10 Jahre alt) seien in ihrem sozialen Verhalten nahezu ausschließlich daran orientiert, Strafe zu vermeiden bzw. in egozentrischer Weise ihre Ziele zu verfolgen. Fähigkeiten zur Perspektivenübernahme seien nicht vorhanden; echtes moralisches Verhalten (nach Kohlberg die Orientierung des Handelns an Maßstäben der Gerechtigkeit) sei somit bei ihnen nicht möglich. Innerhalb verschiedener Forschungsansätze wurde diese Sicht der moralischen Kompetenz jüngerer Kinder in Frage gestellt. Es stellte sich heraus, dass Kinder unter bestimmten Bedingungen sehr wohl Entscheidungen treffen können, die sie mit Rückgriff auf moralische Normen begründen. Sie sind auch fähig, konventionelle von moralischen Normen zu unterscheiden, indem sie moralische Verhaltensregeln beispielsweise als weniger veränderbar betrachten als Konventionen. In meinem Überblick stelle ich die verschiedenen theoretischen und methodologischen Vorgehensweisen der Ansätze dar und arbeite heraus, welche Unterschiede in den Forschungsmethoden zu welchen Unterschieden in der Beurteilung der moralischen Entwicklung von Kindern führen. Dabei stellt sich unter anderem heraus, dass bestimmte Untersuchungsdesigns geradezu verhindern, dass Kinder innerhalb dieser Untersuchungen moralisches Verhalten zeigen können. Es ergibt sich ein durch die neueren Ansätze erweitertes und differenzierteres Bild in bezug auf die moralischen Fähigkeiten von Kindern, als das von Kohlberg propagierte. Wie ich aufzeige, bedeutet dies jedoch in keiner Weise, dass Kohlberg durch die neueren Ansätze „widerlegt“ wurde. Es wird vielmehr deutlich, dass Einseitigkeiten bzw. blinde Flecken in den Forschungsansätzen sowohl bei Kohlberg als auch bei seinen Kritikern zu den dargestellten unterschiedlichen Ergebnissen geführt haben, und dass es darum notwendig ist, die unterschiedlichen Ansätze zu integrieren. Abstract: In this diploma thesis I want to consider several approaches in the area of moral development research. Given the theory of Lawrence Kohlberg, young [...]

Kids of Character

Robert V. Heckel,David M. Shumaker
Kids of Character Book PDF

Author : Robert V. Heckel,David M. Shumaker
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
Page : 225 pages
File Size : 49,5 Mb
Release : 2007-03-30
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9780313056406

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Kids of Character by Robert V. Heckel,David M. Shumaker Pdf

When psychologists Shumaker and Heckel wrote their earlier book on Children Who Murder, it became clear to them that society—specifically a significant portion of its young members—is in crisis. Focused on this crisis, these authors found an everyday issue that makes life more challenging for parents who are trying to raise kids of good character. The issue is this: There are extensive differences now in the family, the school environment, the community and even religious institutions, compared to previous generations. For example, familes of today rarely have a coherent extended family. And by far in most regions, dual working parents are common, as are single parents and stepfamilies. Church activities, events and agents are not as evident in the community as they were in the past. Schools under increasing demand for testing and measurement take less time to devote to issues of character. Altogether, the changes are significant, and can leave parents searching for ways to instill character in their kids. Shumaker and Heckel spotlight these historical changes, and also ways parents today are succeeding in creating kids of character nonetheless. When authors Shumaker and Heckel wrote their earlier book on Children Who Murder, it became clear to them that society—specifically a significant portion of its young members—is in crisis. Focused on this crisis, these authors found an everyday issue that makes life more challenging for parents trying to raise kids of character. The challenge is this: there are extensive differences now in the family, the school environment, the community and even religious institutions, compared to previous generations. For example, families of today rarely have a coherent extended family. Dual working parents are common. Church activities, events and agents are not nearly as evident in the community as they were in the past. And schools, under increasing demand for testing and measurement, devote far less time to issues of character than they did in the past. Altogether, the changes are significant and can leave parents at a loss for how to best develop character intheir kids. Shumaker and Heckel show us how some parents are creatively handling this challenge. The authors do not argue that most American kids are out of hand, cruel, or immoral. They are neither cynics nor prophets of doom. What they do see is a disappearance of supports for parents, making the adults'job more demanding. Yet they pinpoint ways some parents are succeeding in this new millennium. This book begins by explaining the basics of moral development in children reviewing recent research findings. If offers parents, teachers, professors, administrators, clergy, and legislators helpful tools to promote character.

The Handbook of Culture & Psychology

David Ricky Matsumoto,Professor of Psychology and Director of the Culture and Emotion Research Laboratory David Matsumoto
The Handbook of Culture Psychology Book PDF

Author : David Ricky Matsumoto,Professor of Psychology and Director of the Culture and Emotion Research Laboratory David Matsumoto
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
Page : 475 pages
File Size : 53,5 Mb
Release : 2001
Category : Literary Criticism
ISBN : 9780195131819

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The Handbook of Culture & Psychology by David Ricky Matsumoto,Professor of Psychology and Director of the Culture and Emotion Research Laboratory David Matsumoto Pdf

This is a review of selected areas and topics within cross-cultural psychology. The chapters presented provide a review of where cross-cultural psychology has been, and where it is headed in the future; and should be a valuable guide for beginning researchers and scholars alike.

The Routledge International Handbook of Philosophies and Theories of Early Childhood Education and Care

Tricia David,Kathy Goouch,Sacha Powell
The Routledge International Handbook of Philosophies and Theories of Early Childhood Education and Care Book PDF

Author : Tricia David,Kathy Goouch,Sacha Powell
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 340 pages
File Size : 46,8 Mb
Release : 2015-10-05
Category : Education
ISBN : 9781317392798

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The Routledge International Handbook of Philosophies and Theories of Early Childhood Education and Care by Tricia David,Kathy Goouch,Sacha Powell Pdf

The Routledge Handbook of Philosophies and Theories of Early Childhood Education and Care brings together leading writers in the field to provide a much-needed, authoritative guide to the major philosophies and theories which have shaped approaches to Early Childhood Education and Care. Providing a detailed overview of key concepts, debates and practical challenges, the handbook combines theoretical acumen with specific examples to show how philosophies and theories have evolved over the centuries and their impact on policy and society. It examines the ways in which societies define and make sense of childhood and the factors that influence the development of philosophies about young children and their learning. The collection offers an insight into the key theorists and considers how the economics and politics of their time and personal ideology influenced their ideas about childhood. It looks at curricula and provision which have proved inspirational and how these have impacted on policy and practice in different parts of the world. The handbook also explores alternative and perhaps less familiar philosophies and ideas about babies and young children, their place in society and the ways in which it might be appropriate to educate them Bringing together specially commissioned pieces by a range of international authors, this handbook will enable academics, research students, practitioners and policy-makers to reflect on their own understandings and approaches, as well as the assumptions made in their own and other societies.

The Social Child

Anne Campbell,Steve Muncer
The Social Child Book PDF

Author : Anne Campbell,Steve Muncer
Publisher : Psychology Press
Page : 436 pages
File Size : 45,6 Mb
Release : 2021-12-16
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9781317715429

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The Social Child by Anne Campbell,Steve Muncer Pdf

Research in the field of human social development is moving at an astonishing pace. Within psychology, children's social behaviour has attracted interest from cognitive, social, clinical, and educational psychologists employing a wide variety of techniques that range from conversational analysis to experimental designs. Contributions have also come from beyond the domain of traditional psychology such as evolutionary theorists, behaviour geneticists, cultural anthropologists, and ethologists. This book aims to bring the reader to the cutting edge of this work by including original contributions from those in the very forefront of their discipline. Each contributor has spent years working in their specialist area and the authors have been given the freedom to argue for very different positions on the origins and sequence of children's social competence. The Social Child brings together controversial and sometimes conflicting positions on issues of central importance to society. It considers the likely impact of rising divorce rates and single parenting, how media images affect children's understanding and behaviour, how genes inform development, the role parents have, whether changing sex roles have had an impact on children's social interactions, and the sources from which children acquire behaviour. This book will be relevant to those interested in children's behaviour both professionally (social workers, teachers, educational psychologists, therapists, youth workers) and academically. It can also be used as a textbook for second and third year undergraduates and by postgraduates.

Handbook of Cultural Psychology

Dov Cohen,Shinobu Kitayama
Handbook of Cultural Psychology Book PDF

Author : Dov Cohen,Shinobu Kitayama
Publisher : Guilford Publications
Page : 945 pages
File Size : 53,7 Mb
Release : 2019-01-14
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9781462536276

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Handbook of Cultural Psychology by Dov Cohen,Shinobu Kitayama Pdf

Now completely revised (over 90% new), this handbook offers the authoritative presentation of theories, methods, and applications in the dynamic field of cultural psychology. Leading scholars review state-of-the-art empirical research on how culture affects nearly every aspect of human functioning. The volume examines how topics fundamental to psychology--such as cognition, emotion, motivation, development, and mental health--are influenced by cultural meanings and practices. It also addresses the psychological and evolutionary underpinnings of cultural stability and change. The second edition reflects important advances in cultural neuroscience and an increasing emphasis on application, among many other changes. As a special bonus, purchasers of the second edition can download a supplemental e-book featuring several notable, highly cited chapters from the first edition. New to This Edition: *Most chapters are new, reflecting nearly a decade of theoretical and methodological developments. *Cutting-edge perspectives on culture and biology, including innovative neuroscientific and biopsychological research. *Section on economic behavior, with new topics including money, negotiation, consumer behavior, and innovation. *Section on the expansion of cultural approaches into religion, social class, subcultures, and race. *Reflects the growth of real-world applications in such areas as cultural learning and adjustment, health and well-being, and terrorism.

Handbook of Cultural Psychology, Second Edition

Dov Cohen,Shinobu Kitayama
Handbook of Cultural Psychology Second Edition Book PDF

Author : Dov Cohen,Shinobu Kitayama
Publisher : Guilford Publications
Page : 945 pages
File Size : 50,7 Mb
Release : 2020-09-07
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9781462544172

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Handbook of Cultural Psychology, Second Edition by Dov Cohen,Shinobu Kitayama Pdf

Now completely revised (over 90% new), this handbook offers the authoritative presentation of theories, methods, and applications in the dynamic field of cultural psychology. Leading scholars review state-of-the-art empirical research on how culture affects nearly every aspect of human functioning. The volume examines how topics fundamental to psychology--such as cognition, emotion, motivation, development, and mental health--are influenced by cultural meanings and practices. It also addresses the psychological and evolutionary underpinnings of cultural stability and change. The second edition reflects important advances in cultural neuroscience and an increasing emphasis on application, among many other changes. As a special bonus, purchasers of the second edition can download a supplemental e-book featuring several notable, highly cited chapters from the first edition. New to This Edition: *Most chapters are new, reflecting nearly a decade of theoretical and methodological developments. *Cutting-edge perspectives on culture and biology, including innovative neuroscientific and biopsychological research. *Section on economic behavior, with new topics including money, negotiation, consumer behavior, and innovation. *Section on the expansion of cultural approaches into religion, social class, subcultures, and race. *Reflects the growth of real-world applications in such areas as cultural learning and adjustment, health and well-being, and terrorism.

Fair Opportunity and Responsibility

David O. Brink
Fair Opportunity and Responsibility Book PDF

Author : David O. Brink
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 439 pages
File Size : 45,5 Mb
Release : 2021
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9780198859468

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Fair Opportunity and Responsibility by David O. Brink Pdf

Fair Opportunity and Responsibility lies at the intersection of moral psychology and criminal jurisprudence and analyzes responsibility and its relations to desert, culpability, excuse, blame, and punishment. It links responsibility with the reactive attitudes but makes the justification of the reactive attitudes depend on a prior and independent conception of responsibility. Responsibility and excuse are inversely related; an agent is responsible for misconduct if and only if it is not excused. As a result, we can study responsibility by understanding excuses. We excuse misconduct when an agent's capacities or opportunities are significantly impaired, because these capacities and opportunities are essential if agents are to have a fair opportunity to avoid wrongdoing. This conception of excuse tells us that responsibility itself consists in agents having suitable cognitive and volitional capacities - normative competence - and a fair opportunity to exercise these capacities free from undue interference - situational control. Because our reactive attitudes and practices presuppose the fair opportunity conception of responsibility, this supports a predominantly retributive conception of blame and punishment that treats culpable wrongdoing as the desert basis of blame and punishment. We can then apply the fair opportunity framework to assessing responsibility and excuse in circumstances of structural injustice, situational influences in ordinary circumstances and in wartime, insanity and psychopathy, immaturity, addiction, and crimes of passion. Though fair opportunity has important implications for each issue, treating them together allows us to explore common themes and appreciate the need to take partial responsibility and excuse seriously in our practices of blame and punishment.

The Emergence of Morality in Young Children

John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. Health Sciences Program
The Emergence of Morality in Young Children Book PDF

Author : John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. Health Sciences Program
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
Page : 378 pages
File Size : 54,6 Mb
Release : 1987
Category : Family & Relationships
ISBN : 0226422321

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The Emergence of Morality in Young Children by John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. Health Sciences Program Pdf

How- and when- do children distinguish right from wrong? Several prominent psychologists and a moral philosopher join in these essays to confront this issue and related questions and to clarify the controversies surrounding them. Introducing cross-cultural and cross-disciplinary viewpoints, the resulting volume is a landmark in the study of moral development.

The Development of Children’s Thinking

Jeremy Carpendale,Charlie Lewis,Ulrich Muller
The Development of Children s Thinking Book PDF

Author : Jeremy Carpendale,Charlie Lewis,Ulrich Muller
Publisher : SAGE
Page : 610 pages
File Size : 45,9 Mb
Release : 2017-11-27
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9781473952959

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The Development of Children’s Thinking by Jeremy Carpendale,Charlie Lewis,Ulrich Muller Pdf

The Development of Children’s Thinking offers undergraduate and graduate students in psychology and other disciplines an introduction to several core areas of developmental psychology. It examines recent empirical research within the context of longstanding theoretical debates. In particular, it shows how a grasp of classic theories within developmental psychology is vital for a grasp of new areas of research such as cognitive neuroscience that have impacted on our understanding of how children develop. The focus of this book will be on infancy and childhood, and it looks at: Theories and context of development How developmental psychology attempts to reconcile influences of nature and nurture Communication in infancy as a precursor to later thinking Language development in primates and young children Cognitive and social development, including the child’s understanding of the mind How studies of moral reasoning reflect upon our understanding of development

The Development of Social Knowledge

Elliot Turiel
The Development of Social Knowledge Book PDF

Author : Elliot Turiel
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 256 pages
File Size : 46,8 Mb
Release : 1983-04-29
Category : Education
ISBN : 0521273056

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The Development of Social Knowledge by Elliot Turiel Pdf

Elliot Turiel's work focuses on the development of moral judgement in children and adolescents and, more generally, on their evolving understanding of the conventions of social systems. This study will be of interest to a wide range of researchers and students in child development and education.

A Clinician's Guide to Normal Cognitive Development in Childhood

Elisabeth Hollister Sandberg,Becky L. Spritz
A Clinician s Guide to Normal Cognitive Development in Childhood Book PDF

Author : Elisabeth Hollister Sandberg,Becky L. Spritz
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 268 pages
File Size : 42,5 Mb
Release : 2011-03-17
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9781136914799

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A Clinician's Guide to Normal Cognitive Development in Childhood by Elisabeth Hollister Sandberg,Becky L. Spritz Pdf

Clinicians and practitioners-in-training can often lose sight of the normal developmental landscape that underlies behavior, especially in the field of cognitive development. It exists in an insular bubble within the broader field of psychology, and within each sub-domain there is a wide continuum between the anchors of atypical and optimal development. Clinicians need to learn, and to be reminded of, the unique peculiarities of developing cognitive skills in order to appreciate normal developmental phenomena. In A Clinician's Guide to Normal Cognitive Development in Childhood, every chapter provides students and established professionals with an accessible set of descriptions of normal childhood cognition, accompanied by suggestions for how to think about normal development in a clinical context. Each sub-topic within cognitive development is explicated through a succinct presentation of empirical data in that area, followed by a discussion of the ethical implications. With an extensive review of data and clinical practice techniques, professionals and students alike will benefit enormously from this resource.

The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Childhood Social Development

Peter K. Smith,Craig H. Hart
The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Childhood Social Development Book PDF

Author : Peter K. Smith,Craig H. Hart
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 725 pages
File Size : 47,9 Mb
Release : 2013-12-04
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9781118571866

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The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Childhood Social Development by Peter K. Smith,Craig H. Hart Pdf

The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Childhood Social Development, Second Edition presents an authoritative and up-to-date overview of research and theory concerning a child's social development from pre-school age to the onset of adolescence. Presents the most up-to-date research and theories on childhood social development Features chapters by an international cast of leaders in their fields Includes comprehensive coverage of a range of disciplinary perspectives Offers all new chapters on children and the environment, cultural influences, history of childhood, interventions, and neuro-psychological perspectives Represents an essential resource for students and researchers of childhood social development

Exploring the Spiritual

David R. Matteson
Exploring the Spiritual Book PDF

Author : David R. Matteson
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 505 pages
File Size : 50,6 Mb
Release : 2011-03-17
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9781136915369

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Exploring the Spiritual by David R. Matteson Pdf

Gain solid empirical findings to understand your own spiritual development To significantly impact clients’ spirituality and use the spiritual strengths the client possesses to facilitate their move toward health, a counselor must be willing to explore his or her own spiritual development. Exploring the Spiritual: Paths for Counselors and Psychotherapists provides cognitive information grounded in the empirical findings of social science, as well as experiential material which encourages the counselors’ own spiritual quest. This invaluable source clarifies the interface between the counselor’s spirituality and the client’s, and allows the spiritual dimension to emerge appropriately in the counseling process. Exploring the Spiritual: Paths for Counselors and Psychotherapists provides challenging questions and exercises that lead the counselor or psychotherapist through a personal exploration to attain the maturity of development needed to facilitate the client’s spiritual growth. The text, written in an accessible narrative style, features helpful case studies and personal anecdotes to illustrate the concepts and processes described. Each chapter includes an overview of an issue, develops an argument or position, and presents a focused exploration of some relevant empirical research that is presented in a context that helps the reader see its personal implications. The final section leads the reader through exercises and experiments, helping them to focus on the counselor’s own inner experience or encouraging the counselor to experiment with new behaviors. This insightful resource encourages the counselor to work directly with the client’s spiritual experiences and conceptualizations without imposing on the client the beliefs of the counselor. Topics discussed in Exploring the Spiritual: Paths for Counselors and Psychotherapists include: models of spiritual development steps toward spiritual maturation the contribution of crises in belief and in values the physical-emotional self, and the contribution of passion and sexuality overcoming the divisiveness of age, race, gender, sexual orientation, and culture coping with suffering discovering one’s own paths to the spiritual Exploring the Spiritual: Paths for Counselors and Psychotherapists is a valuable resource for counselors, psychotherapists, counselor educators, and graduate students in psychology, counseling, psychotherapy, social work, and psychiatry.