The Assyrian Empire S Capitals

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The Assyrian Empire's Capitals

Author : Charles River Editors
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 230 pages
File Size : 49,6 Mb
Release : 2019-08-20
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 1687577676

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The Assyrian Empire's Capitals by Charles River Editors Pdf

*Includes pictures *Includes excerpts of ancient accounts When scholars study the history of the ancient Near East, several wars that had extremely brutal consequences (at least by modern standards) often stand out. Forced removal of entire populations, sieges that decimated entire cities, and wanton destruction of property were all tactics used by the various peoples of the ancient Near East against each other, but the Assyrians were the first people to make war a science. When the Assyrians are mentioned, images of war and brutality are among the first that come to mind, despite the fact that their culture prospered for nearly 2,000 years. Like a number of ancient individuals and empires in that region, the negative perception of ancient Assyrian culture was passed down through Biblical accounts, and regardless of the accuracy of the Bible's depiction of certain events, the Assyrians clearly played the role of adversary for the Israelites. Although the Biblical accounts of the Assyrians are among the most interesting and are often corroborated with other historical sources, the Assyrians were much more than just the enemies of the Israelites and brutal thugs. A historical survey of ancient Assyrian culture reveals that although they were the supreme warriors of their time, they were also excellent merchants, diplomats, and highly literate people who recorded their history and religious rituals and ideology in great detail. The Assyrians, like their other neighbors in Mesopotamia, were literate and developed their own dialect of the Akkadian language that they used to write tens of thousands of documents in the cuneiform script (Kuhrt 2010, 1:84). Furthermore, the Assyrians prospered for so long that their culture is often broken down by historians into the "Old", "Middle", and "Neo" Assyrian periods, even though the Assyrians themselves viewed their history as a long succession of rulers from an archaic period until the collapse of the neo-Assyrian Empire in the 7th century BCE. In fact, the current divisions have been made by modern scholars based on linguistic changes, not on political dynasties (van de Mieroop 2007, 179). When Nineveh was at its height, they controlled an empire that encompassed Egypt, Anatolia, Mesopotamia, and parts of Iran. Eventually, the Assyrians overextended themselves and their enemies overthrew them and destroyed much of their cities. Nineveh became lost for centuries, only mentioned in fragments by classical Greek historians, but modern archaeological methods were able to bring the lost city back to life. In northern Iraq, on the banks of the Tigris River, lie the ruins of the ancient city of Assur, the first capital and the most important religious center of the Assyrian Empire. Known today as Qal'at Sherqat, and also as Kilah Shregat, the city dates back to the 3rd millennium BCE. In that time period, the Assyrian army became the largest yet seen, and their warriors were both the greatest and cruelest in the land. They conquered an empire from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean Sea; they despoiled the great city of Babylon, and they enslaved the tribes of Israel. Even the pharaoh of Egypt paid them tribute. No army had ever carried war so far. The city of Nimrud was one of the Assyrians' most important cities, and it has been known by many different names throughout its history. In ancient Assyrian, the city was called Kalḫu, a name first attested to in texts dating back to the 13th century BCE. An ancient Assyrian capital during the Neo-Assyrian period, the city has produced many glorious artifacts and provided countless insights into this ancient civilization, but the history of the city after the fall of the Assyrians has proven just as turbulent and interesting.

Creating Capitals

Author : Aris Politopoulos
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 182 pages
File Size : 48,5 Mb
Release : 2020
Category : Architecture, Assyro-Babylonian
ISBN : 9400603886

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Creating Capitals by Aris Politopoulos Pdf

"The creation of new capital cities are watershed moments in the lives of ancient empires. Assyria, arguably the most successful imperial state of the ancient Near East, repeatedly engaged in capital creation. 'Capital creation' denotes the development of a monumental capital, either in a new location or through the profound transformation of a pre-existing settlement. This volume focusses on the rationale, construction, and function of the imperial capitals of Assyria : Kar-Tukulti-Ninurta, Kalhu, Dur-Sarruken, and Nineveh. By exploring three key questions - why was a capital created, how was a capital created, and what were the functions of the capital - this study presents a comparative analysis of these four urban centers and presents a new perspective on their creation, as well as an innovative framework for the study of capital creation from antiquity to today."--Back cover.

Age of Empires

Author : Oded Lipschits
Publisher : Penn State Press
Page : 251 pages
File Size : 48,7 Mb
Release : 2021-05-18
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9781646021741

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Age of Empires by Oded Lipschits Pdf

Storage jars of many shapes and sizes were in widespread use in the ancient world, transporting and storing agricultural products such as wine and oil, crucial to agriculture, economy, trade and subsistence. From the late 8th to the 2nd century BCE, the oval storage jars typical of Judah were often stamped or otherwise marked: in the late 8th and early 7th century BCE with lmlk stamp impressions, later in the 7th century with concentric circle incisions or rosette stamp impressions, in the 6th century, after the fall of Jerusalem, with lion stamp impressions, and in the Persian, Ptolemaic and Seleucid periods (late 6th–late 2nd centuries BCE) with yhwd stamp impressions. At the same time, several ad hoc systems of stamp impressions appeared: “private” stamp impressions were used on the eve of Sennacherib’s campaign, mwṣh stamp impressions after the destruction of Jerusalem, and yršlm impressions after the establishment of the Hasmonean state. While administrative systems that stamped storage jars are known elsewhere in the ancient Near East, the phenomenon in Judah is unparalleled in its scale, variety and continuity, spanning a period of some 600 years without interruption. This is the first attempt to consider the phenomenon as a whole and to develop a unified theory that would explain the function of these stamp impressions and shed new light on the history of Judah during six centuries of subjugation to the empires that ruled the region—as a vassal kingdom in the age of the Assyrian, Egyptian, and Babylonian empires and as a province under successive Babylonian, Persian, Ptolemaic, and Seleucid rule.

Assur

Author : Charles River Editors
Publisher : Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
Page : 104 pages
File Size : 55,8 Mb
Release : 2017-10-17
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 1978289359

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Assur by Charles River Editors Pdf

*Includes pictures *Includes ancient accounts describing Assur and the Assyrians *Includes a bibliography for further reading "All who hear the news of your destruction clap their hands for joy. Did no one escape your endless cruelty?" - Nahum 3:19 In northern Iraq, on the banks of the Tigris River, lie the ruins of the ancient city of Assur. This was the first capital and the most important religious center of the Assyrian Empire. Underneath the cover of sand and soil are almost six meters of dense stratigraphic layers that reveal the passage of millennia. Known today as Qal'at Sherqat, and also as Kilah Shregat, the city dates back to the 3rd millennium BCE. In that time period, the Assyrian army became the largest yet seen, and their warriors were both the greatest and cruelest in the land. They conquered an empire from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean Sea; they despoiled the great city of Babylon, and they enslaved the tribes of Israel. Even the pharaoh of Egypt paid them tribute. No army had ever carried war so far. Indeed, Assur was the heart of one of antiquity's most infamous war machines. When scholars study the history of the ancient Near East, several wars that had extremely brutal consequences (at least by modern standards) often stand out. Forced removal of entire populations, sieges that decimated entire cities, and wanton destruction of property were all tactics used by the various peoples of the ancient Near East against each other, but the Assyrians were the first people to make war a science. When the Assyrians are mentioned, images of war and brutality are among the first that come to mind, despite the fact that their culture prospered for nearly 2,000 years. Like a number of ancient individuals and empires in that region, the negative perception of ancient Assyrian culture was passed down through Biblical accounts, and regardless of the accuracy of the Bible's depiction of certain events, the Assyrians clearly played the role of adversary for the Israelites. Indeed, Assyria (Biblical Shinar) and the Assyrian people played an important role in many books of the Old Testament and are first mentioned in the book of Genesis: "And the beginning of his kingdom was Babel and Erech, and Akkad, and Calneh, in the land of Shinar. Out of that land went forth Ashur and built Nineveh and the city Rehoboth and Kallah." (Gen. 10:10-11). Although the Biblical accounts of the Assyrians are among the most interesting and are often corroborated with other historical sources, the Assyrians were much more than just the enemies of the Israelites and brutal thugs. A historical survey of ancient Assyrian culture reveals that although they were the supreme warriors of their time, they were also excellent merchants, diplomats, and highly literate people who recorded their history and religious rituals and ideology in great detail. The Assyrians, like their other neighbors in Mesopotamia, were literate and developed their own dialect of the Akkadian language that they used to write tens of thousands of documents in the cuneiform script (Kuhrt 2010, 1:84). Although war played such a central role in Assyrian society, they were also active and prosperous traders, and trade was an essential part of Assur's growth from its earliest stages. Strangely, even during military campaigns, merchants from the city engaged in commercial interactions with the "enemy," for example with the Aramaeans during the campaigns of Adad Nirari II. As opposed to other cities in Mesopotamia, Assur's location meant that it was especially subjected to the influences of its many neighbors in southern Mesopotamia; Anatolia, Syria, the Zagros Mountains, and even from the barbarian tribes north of the Caucasus Mountains. Their presence can be seen today in the architecture and artifacts of the ruined city.

Creating Capitals

Author : Aris Politopoulos
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 181 pages
File Size : 46,5 Mb
Release : 2020-12-31
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 9087283520

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Creating Capitals by Aris Politopoulos Pdf

The creation of new capital cities are watershed moments in the lives of ancient empires. Assyria, arguably the most successful imperial state of the ancient Near East, repeatedly engaged in capital creation. 'Capital creation' denotes the development of a monumental capital, either in a new location or through the profound transformation of a pre-existing settlement. This volume focusses on the rationale, construction, and function of the imperial capitals of Assyria: Kar-Tukulti-Ninurta, Kalhu, Dur-Sarruken, and Nineveh.0By exploring three key questions - why was a capital created, how was a capital created, and what were the functions of the capital - this study presents a comparative analysis of these four urban centers and presents a new perspective on their creation, as well as an innovative framework for the study of capital creation from antiquity to today. 00Aris Politopoulos is an archaeologist whose research focuses on ancient Near Eastern empires, the development of cities, and the study of play in the past. He is a lecturer of Near Eastern Archaeology at the Faculty of Archaeology (Leiden University) and a post-doctoral researcher for the Past-at-Play Lab in the Leiden University Centre for Arts in Society.

Nineveh

Author : Charles River Charles River Editors
Publisher : Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
Page : 94 pages
File Size : 50,9 Mb
Release : 2018-01-19
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 1983757160

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Nineveh by Charles River Charles River Editors Pdf

*Includes pictures *Includes ancient descriptions of Nineveh *Includes debate over whether Nineveh was home of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon *Includes online resources and a bibliography for further reading *Includes a table of contents "I captured 46 towns...by consolidating ramps to bring up battering rams, by infantry attacks, mines, breaches and siege engines." - Sennacherib When scholars study the history of the ancient Near East, several wars that had extremely brutal consequences (at least by modern standards) often stand out. Forced removal of entire populations, sieges that decimated entire cities, and wanton destruction of property were all tactics used by the various peoples of the ancient Near East against each other, but the Assyrians were the first people to make war a science. When the Assyrians are mentioned, images of war and brutality are among the first that come to mind, despite the fact that their culture prospered for nearly 2,000 years. Like a number of ancient individuals and empires in that region, the negative perception of ancient Assyrian culture was passed down through Biblical accounts, and regardless of the accuracy of the Bible's depiction of certain events, the Assyrians clearly played the role of adversary for the Israelites. Indeed, Assyria (Biblical Shinar) and the Assyrian people played an important role in many books of the Old Testament and are first mentioned in the book of Genesis: "And the beginning of his kingdom was Babel and Erech, and Akkad, and Calneh, in the land of Shinar. Out of that land went forth Ashur and built Nineveh and the city Rehoboth and Kallah." (Gen. 10:10-11). Although the Biblical accounts of the Assyrians are among the most interesting and are often corroborated with other historical sources, the Assyrians were much more than just the enemies of the Israelites and brutal thugs. Among all the cities that thrived in the ancient Near East, few can match the opulence and ostentatiousness of Nineveh, the capital of the Assyrian Empire for much of the seventh century BCE. During that time it became known for its mighty citadels, grand palaces, beautiful gardens, and even its zoos. In fact, the beauty of Nineveh, especially its gardens, impressed later writers so much that they assigned its gardens as one of the original Seven Wonders of the World, except unfortunately for Nineveh's memory, the location was placed in Babylon. The confusion that assigned one of the Wonders of the World to Babylon instead of Nineveh is in fact a large part of Nineveh's history - it was a great city during its time, but incessant warfare brought the metropolis to oblivion and eventually its history was forgotten or distorted. An examination of Nineveh demonstrates that in many ways it was the victim of the people who built it. When Nineveh was at its height, they controlled an empire that encompassed Egypt, Anatolia, Mesopotamia, and parts of Iran. Eventually, the Assyrians overextended themselves and their enemies overthrew them and destroyed much of their cities. Nineveh became lost for centuries, only mentioned in fragments by classical Greek historians, but modern archaeological methods were able to bring the lost city back to life in the nineteenth century. Today, through a combination of archaeological reports, classical Greek accounts, and ancient cuneiform inscriptions, the chronology of Nineveh can be reconstructed. An examination reveals that Nineveh played a vital role in the religious and political history of the ancient Near East and despite suffering immense damage at the hands of the Assyrians' enemies, continued to function as an important city for several centuries after the Assyrian Empire collapsed. Nineveh: The History and Legacy of the Ancient Assyrian Capital traces the history and legacy of one of the most influential cities of antiquity.

The Imperialisation of Assyria

Author : Bleda S. Düring
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 205 pages
File Size : 49,6 Mb
Release : 2020-01-30
Category : History
ISBN : 9781108478748

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The Imperialisation of Assyria by Bleda S. Düring Pdf

How can we understand the remarkable success of the Assyrian Empire? This book provides an agent-centred explanation using archaeological data.

Problems with Preterism

Author : Bryan C. Hodge
Publisher : Wipf and Stock Publishers
Page : 243 pages
File Size : 41,8 Mb
Release : 2022-11-11
Category : Religion
ISBN : 9781666798326

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Problems with Preterism by Bryan C. Hodge Pdf

Preterism is the belief that the majority, if not all, of the eschatological passages in the New Testament have already been fulfilled in the first century. Although there are some needed correctives that preterism provides when interpreting eschatological statements in the Synoptic Gospels, the interpretive methodologies employed are largely plagued with exegetical and logical fallacies. On top of these, the genre of apocalyptic is often completely lost on the modern interpreter and as a result leads to numerous non sequiturs made when it comes to the nature and time of biblical eschatology. This book seeks to correct these hermeneutical missteps by providing exegetical principles that may help guide the reader to a more biblically sound conclusion concerning the timing and nature of biblical eschatology.

The Imperial Landscape of Ashur

Author : Mark Altaweel
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 164 pages
File Size : 40,8 Mb
Release : 2008
Category : Excavations (Archaeology)
ISBN : 3927552445

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The Imperial Landscape of Ashur by Mark Altaweel Pdf

The Assyrian capitals of Nineveh, Nimrud, Khorsabad, and Ashur were the most important cities of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. Historical and archaeological sources indicate significant investments by the Assyrian state on these capitals during the Neo-Assyrian period. Not only were these cities a focus during this period, but the landscape surrounding them was transformed by policies and actions taken by individuals and the state. Despite the significant influence the Assyrians had on their landscape, much of the region surrounding the Assyrian capitals has never been significantly studied and published. Mark Altaweel investigated anthropogenic transformations of the physical landscape surrounding the Assyrian capitals, using remote sensing sources. In his book he uses satellite data, including CORONA, ASTER, and elevation data to locate and analyze archaeological sites, hollow ways, and irrigation features. Features recovered from remote sensing data are studied together to better reconstruct the archaeological landscape. The relationship of these features to the physical landscape is investigated using coupled agent-based social and mathematical ecological models (i.e. socio-ecological modeling). Socio-ecological modeling enables more rigorous estimates on the potential of archaeological features affecting landscape dynamics than other analytical methods. The results obtained by this work show that the Neo-Assyrian central region was exceptional in contrast to other areas and contemporary landscapes. Methods and outputs from this research are relatively new in Near Eastern archaeology in combining remote sensing data with socio-ecological modeling. More broadly, the remains and outputs produced from studying the Assyrian capitals' landscape can provide a significant amount of data for future studies and serve as a model for other empires with similar central regions of political and economic activities.

Religion and Ideology in Assyria

Author : Beate Pongratz-Leisten
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
Page : 570 pages
File Size : 53,7 Mb
Release : 2015-09-25
Category : History
ISBN : 9781614514268

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Religion and Ideology in Assyria by Beate Pongratz-Leisten Pdf

Addressing the relationship between religion and ideology, and drawing on a range of literary, ritual, and visual sources, this book reconstructs the cultural discourse of Assyria from the third through the first millennium BCE. Ideology is delineated here as a subdiscourse of religion rather than as an independent category, anchoring it firmly within the religious world view. Tracing Assur's cultural interaction with the south on the one hand, and with the Syro-Anatolian horizon on the other, this volume articulates a "northern" cultural discourse that, even while interacting with southern Mesopotamian tradition, managed to maintain its own identity. It also follows the development of tropes and iconic images from the first city state of Uruk and their mouvance between myth, image, and royal inscription, historiography and myth, and myth and ritual, suggesting that, with the help of scholars, key royal figures were responsible for introducing new directions for the ideological discourse and for promoting new forms of historiography.

The World between Empires

Author : Blair Fowlkes-Childs,Michael Seymour
Publisher : Metropolitan Museum of Art
Page : 335 pages
File Size : 52,8 Mb
Release : 2019-03-18
Category : Art
ISBN : 9781588396839

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The World between Empires by Blair Fowlkes-Childs,Michael Seymour Pdf

The World between Empires presents a new perspective on the art and culture of the Middle East in the years 100 B.C.–A.D. 250, a time marked by the struggle for control by the Roman and Parthian Empires. For the first time, this book weaves together the cultural histories of the cities along the great incense and silk routes that connected southwestern Arabia, Nabataea, Judaea, Syria, and Mesopotamia. It captures the intricate web of influence and religious diversity that emerged in the Middle East through the exchange of goods and ideas. And for our current age, when several of the archaeological sites featured here—including Palmyra, Dura- Europos, and Hatra—have been subject to deliberate destruction and looting, it addresses the crucial subject of preserving what has been lost and contextualizes the significance of these works on a local and global scale. This essential volume features 186 objects of exceptional importance from Europe, the Middle East, and the United States. Readers are taken on a fascinating journey that explores sites of intense political and religious struggles against Roman rule as well as important religious centers and military bulwarks of the Parthian Empire. Reaching across two millennia, The World between Empires brings vividly to life how individuals and cities in ancient times defined themselves, and how these factors continue to resonate today. p.p1 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana}

The Assyrian Empire

Author : History Compacted
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 130 pages
File Size : 41,9 Mb
Release : 2019-06
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 1071138588

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The Assyrian Empire by History Compacted Pdf

Explore the Intense History of the Assyrians. The ancient masters of war and conquest became the most powerful force in the Near East thousands of years ago. One of the first empires in world history. The Assyrians rose to power through the strength of its sophisticated military. The creation of the professional soldier, advanced iron weapons technology, and siege warfare tactics made the Assyrians the strongest fighting force in the ancient world. Babylonians, Israelites, Egyptians, and many others fell in battle to the might of the powerful Assyrians. It took more than the strongest military in the world to become the most dominant nation humanity had ever seen. The rise of Assyrian power was in large part due to the vision and ambition of several vicious warrior kings. Names like Tiglath-Pileser I, Sennacherib, Sargon II, and Ashurbanipal made the inhabitants of the region shudder in fear. The great Assyrian kings of the ancient world were worshipped by loyal subjects and feared by enemies. You will meet all the Assyrian kings who left an incredible mark behind and have been remembered for centuries. Take a journey back in time to ancient Mesopotamia to find out how the Assyrian civilization grew from a wealthy city-state to the largest empire known to man in the ancient world. Cities such as Ashur, Nineveh, and Nimrud were some of the most spectacular to behold with ziggurats soaring to the heavens. The architectural, literary, and scientific contributions by this breathtaking civilization rival other famous groups from this time period in history. Ever since the discovery of Ashurbanipal's mystical library in the 19th century, scholars have been fascinated by ancient Mesopotamian culture. Get your copy now! Find out what artifacts were unearthed and more to gain incredible insight into the rise and fall of this massive empire.

The Pax Assyriaca: The Historical Evolution of Civilisations and Archaeology of Empires

Author : Benjamin Toro
Publisher : Archaeopress Publishing Ltd
Page : 226 pages
File Size : 43,5 Mb
Release : 2022-02-24
Category : History
ISBN : 9781789690637

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The Pax Assyriaca: The Historical Evolution of Civilisations and Archaeology of Empires by Benjamin Toro Pdf

This study of the evolutionary process of ancient civilisations stresses the complementarity between theoretical principles and the relevant historical and archaeological evidence. Taking its approach from World Systems Theory, it focuses on the origin, development and collapse of the first, ‘Near Eastern’, stage of the ‘Central Civilisation’.

Assyrian History

Author : Captivating History
Publisher : Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
Page : 100 pages
File Size : 55,5 Mb
Release : 2018-09-26
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 1727619609

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Assyrian History by Captivating History Pdf

Explore the Captivating History of the Assyrian Empire Located in modern-day Iraq, ancient Mesopotamia, the land between the great Tigris and Euphrates rivers, is where it all began. It's the part of the world where some 6,000 years ago people finally said goodbye to their lives as hunters and gatherers, started farming, and began building civilizations. It's from these civilizations that we get some of the most famous contributions to world history and culture, from the Epic of Gilgamesh to Hammurabi's famous code of law, which gave rise to the popular saying "an eye for an eye." The story of Mesopotamia is one that is full of constantly changing borders, rising and falling civilizations, and, of course, war and conquest. The world's first empires would emerge here and spend thousands of years exchanging territories, swapping alliances, and fighting for supremacy. It was a real-life game of Risk being played out by some of the world's most revered, yet feared, leaders. But of all the famous civilizations to emerge from Mesopotamia, a list that includes the Akkadians, the Sumerians, and the Babylonians, it's the Assyrians who deserve the fame and glory. The empire they constructed over the course of some 1,200 years survived constant attacks, a few defeats, and the famed Dark Age known as the Bronze Age collapse to become one of the largest and most expansive empires the world has ever seen. In Assyrian History: A Captivating Guide to the Assyrians and Their Powerful Empire in Ancient Mesopotamia, you will discover topics such as The Assyrians Arrive in Mesopotamia: The Early Assyrian Period The Birth of a Civilization: The Old Assyrian Empire to the Middle Assyrian Empire The Beginning of the Neo-Assyrian Empire Imperial Expansion and the Golden Age of the Neo-Assyrian Empire The Fall of the Empire Assyrian Government The Assyrian Military Life in the Assyrian Empire Assyrian Culture: Art, Math, and Science Assyrian Religion And much, much more! So if you want to learn about the Assyrians, click "add to cart"!

The Historical Evolution of World-Systems

Author : C. Chase-Dunn,E. Anderson
Publisher : Springer
Page : 213 pages
File Size : 46,5 Mb
Release : 2005-02-18
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781403980526

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The Historical Evolution of World-Systems by C. Chase-Dunn,E. Anderson Pdf

The rise and decline of great powers remains a fascinating topic of vigorous debate. This book brings together leading scholars to explore the historical evolution of world systems through examining the ebb and flow of great powers over time, with particular emphasis on early time periods. The book advances understanding of the regularities in the dynamics of empire and the expansion of political, social and economic interaction networks, from the Bronze Age forward. The authors analyze the expansion and contraction of cross-cultural trade networks and systems of competing and allying political groupings. In premodern times, theses ranged from small local trading networks (even the very small ones of hunting-gathering peoples) to the vast Mongol world-system. Within such systems, there is usually one, or a very few, hegemonic powers. How they achieve dominance and how transitions lead to systems change are important topics, particularly at a time when the United States' position is in flux. The chapters in this book review several recent approaches and present a wealth of new findings.