The Cost Of Compliance With Product Standards For Firms In Developing Countries

Author : Keith Eugene Maskus,Tsunehiro Otsuki,John S. Wilson
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 35 pages
File Size : 52,5 Mb
Release : 2005
Category : Administrative and Regulatory Law
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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The Cost of Compliance with Product Standards for Firms in Developing Countries by Keith Eugene Maskus,Tsunehiro Otsuki,John S. Wilson Pdf

Abstract: Standards and technical regulations exist to protect consumer safety or to achieve other goals, such as ensuring the interoperability of telecommunications systems, for example. Standards and technical regulations can, however, raise substantially both start-up and production costs for firms. Maskus, Otsuki, and Wilson develop econometric models to provide the first estimates of the incremental production costs for firms in developing nations in conforming to standards imposed by major importing countries. They use firm-level data generated from 16 developing countries in the World Bank Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Survey Database. Their findings indicate that standards do increase short-run production costs by requiring additional inputs of labor and capital. A 1 percent increase in investment to meet compliance costs in importing countries raises variable production costs by between 0.06 and 0.13 percent, a statistically significant increase. The authors also find that the fixed costs of compliance are nontrivial-approximately.

Author : Keith E. Maskus,Tsunehiro Otsuki,John S. Wilson
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 45,7 Mb
Release : 2012
Category : Electronic
ISBN : OCLC:931674658

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The Cost of Compliance with Product Standards for Firms in Developing Countries by Keith E. Maskus,Tsunehiro Otsuki,John S. Wilson Pdf

Standards and technical regulations exist to protect consumer safety or to achieve other goals, such as ensuring the interoperability of telecommunications systems, for example. Standards and technical regulations can, however, raise substantially both start-up and production costs for firms. Maskus, Otsuki, and Wilson develop econometric models to provide the first estimates of the incremental production costs for firms in developing nations in conforming to standards imposed by major importing countries. They use firm-level data generated from 16 developing countries in the World Bank Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Survey Database. Their findings indicate that standards do increase short-run production costs by requiring additional inputs of labor and capital. A 1 percent increase in investment to meet compliance costs in importing countries raises variable production costs by between 0.06 and 0.13 percent, a statistically significant increase. The authors also find that the fixed costs of compliance are nontrivial-approximately $425,000 per firm, or about 4.7 percent of value added on average. The results may be interpreted as one indication of the extent to which standards and technical regulations might constitute barriers to trade. While the relative impact on costs of compliance is relatively small, these costs can be decisive factors driving export success for companies. In this context, there is scope for considering that the costs associated with more limited exports to countries with import regulations may not conform to World Trade Organization rules encouraging harmonization of regulations to international standards, for example. Policy solutions then might be sought by identifying the extent to which subsidies or public support programs are needed to offset the cost disadvantage that arises from nonharmonized technical regulations.

Author : André Nijsen,John Hudson,Christoph Müller,Kees van Paridon,R. Thurik
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 361 pages
File Size : 43,6 Mb
Release : 2008-12-03
Category : Law
ISBN : 9780387776781

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Business Regulation and Public Policy by André Nijsen,John Hudson,Christoph Müller,Kees van Paridon,R. Thurik Pdf

For years, businesses have complained about the costs of regulatory compliance. On the other hand, society is becoming increasingly aware of the environmental, safety, health, financial, and other risks of business activity. Government oversight seems to be one of the answers to safeguard against these risks. But how can we deregulate and regulate without jeopardizing our public goals or acting as a brake on economic growth? Many instruments are available to assess the effects of laws regulating business, including the regulatory impact assessment (RIA), which contains cost/benefit analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, risk analysis, and cost assessments. This book argues that public goals will be achieved more effectively if compliance costs of the enterprises are as low as possible. Highlighting examples from a wide spectrum of industries and countries, the authors propose a new kind of RIA, the business impact assessment (BIA), designed to improve both business and public policy decision making.

Author : Nicole V. Crain,W. Mark Crain
Publisher : DIANE Publishing
Page : 95 pages
File Size : 46,5 Mb
Release : 2005
Category : Law
ISBN : 9781437940619

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The Impact of Regulatory Costs on Small Firms by Nicole V. Crain,W. Mark Crain Pdf

This is a print on demand edition of a hard to find publication. The annual cost of federal regulations in the U.S. increased to more than $1.75 trillion in 2008. Had every U.S. household paid an equal share of the federal regulatory burden, each would have owed $15,586 in 2008. While all citizens and businesses pay some portion of these costs, the distribution of the burden of regulations is quite uneven. The portion of regulatory costs that falls initially on businesses was $8,086 per employee in 2008. Small businesses, defined as firms employing fewer than 20 employees, bear the largest burden of federal regulations. This report shows that as of 2008, small businesses face an annual regulatory cost of $10,585 per employee, which is 36% higher than the regulatory cost facing large firms (500+ employees). Ill.

Author : Andrea Barrios Villarreal
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 329 pages
File Size : 52,7 Mb
Release : 2018-10-04
Category : Law
ISBN : 9781108474368

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International Standardization and the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade by Andrea Barrios Villarreal Pdf

This work examines the international standardization system generally, with a specific focus on some of the bodies within this system. It also questions the lack of definition regarding several features related to the system, notably an international standardizing body and international standards in the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade.

Author : Jean-Pierre Chauffour,Jean-Christophe Maur
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 537 pages
File Size : 52,5 Mb
Release : 2011-06-22
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780821386439

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Preferential Trade Agreement Policies for Development by Jean-Pierre Chauffour,Jean-Christophe Maur Pdf

The Handbook offers an introduction to the key elements of Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs), addressing the practical economic and legal aspects of the regulatory policies in PTAs.

Author : Laura Denardis
Publisher : MIT Press
Page : 272 pages
File Size : 54,9 Mb
Release : 2011-09-02
Category : Law
ISBN : 9780262297288

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Opening Standards by Laura Denardis Pdf

The economic and political stakes in the current heated debates over “openness” and open standards in the Internet's architecture. Openness is not a given on the Internet. Technical standards—the underlying architecture that enables interoperability among hardware and software from different manufacturers—increasingly control individual freedom and the pace of innovation in technology markets. Heated battles rage over the very definition of “openness” and what constitutes an open standard in information and communication technologies. In Opening Standards, experts from industry, academia, and public policy explore just what is at stake in these controversies, considering both economic and political implications of open standards. The book examines the effect of open standards on innovation, on the relationship between interoperability and public policy (and if government has a responsibility to promote open standards), and on intellectual property rights in standardization—an issue at the heart of current global controversies. Finally, Opening Standards recommends a framework for defining openness in twenty-first-century information infrastructures. Contributors discuss such topics as how to reflect the public interest in the private standards-setting process; why open standards have a beneficial effect on competition and Internet freedom; the effects of intellectual property rights on standards openness; and how to define standard, open standard, and software interoperability.

Author : Anonim
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 40,7 Mb
Release : 2024-06-29
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 9789814468770

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Systemic Implications of Transatlantic Regulatory Cooperation and Competition by Anonim Pdf

Author : Ming Du
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
Page : 256 pages
File Size : 43,5 Mb
Release : 2020-11-12
Category : Law
ISBN : 9781509931149

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The Regulation of Product Standards in World Trade Law by Ming Du Pdf

This monograph has two central purposes. The first is to provide a critical analysis of how governmental, private and hybrid product standards are regulated in the GATT/WTO legal framework. The second purpose is to explore – both positively and normatively – the impact that WTO disciplines may have on the composition, function and decision-making process of various standard-setting bodies through the lens of a series of selected case studies, including: the EU eco-labelling scheme; ISO standards; and private standards such as the FSC. The book analyses what role, if any, the WTO may play in making product standards applied in international trade embody not only technological superiority but also substantive and procedural fairness such as deliberation, representativeness, openness, transparency, due process and accountability. Whilst it has been long recognised that voluntary product standards drawn up by both governmental and non-governmental bodies can in practice create trade barriers as serious as mandatory governmental regulations, a rigorous and systematic inquiry into the boundary, relevance and impact of WTO disciplines on product standards is still lacking. Providing a lucid interpretation of the relevant WTO rules and cases on product standards, this book fills this significant gap in WTO law literature. Definitive and comprehensive, this is an essential reference work for scholars and practitioners alike.

Author : Anonim
Publisher : World Scientific
Page : 1244 pages
File Size : 49,6 Mb
Release : 2011-07-26
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9789813226302

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Handbook of International Food and Agricultural Policies by Anonim Pdf

Handbook of International Food and Agricultural Policies is a three-volume set that aims to provide an accessible reference for those interested in the aims and implementation of food and farm policies throughout the world. The treatment is authoritative, comprehensive and forward looking. The three volumes combine scholarship and pragmatism, relating academic writing to real-world issues faced by policy-makers. A companion volume looking at the future resource and climate challenges for global agriculture will be published in the future. Volume I covers Farm and Rural Development policies of developed and developing countries. The volume contains 20 country chapters together with a concluding comprehensive synthesis of lessons to be drawn from the experiences of the individual countries. Volume II examines the experience of countries with food policies, including those dealing with food safety and quality and the responsibility for food security in developing countries. The chapters address issues such as obesity, nutritional supplements, organic foods, food assistance programs, biotech food acceptance, and the place of private standards. Volume III describes and explains the international trade dimension of farm and food policies -- both at the bilateral and regional level -- and also the multilateral rules that influence and constrain individual governments. The volume also looks at the steps that countries are together taking to meet the needs of developing and low-income countries. The volumes are of value to students and researchers interested in economic development, agricultural markets and food systems. Policy-makers and professionals involved in monitoring and regulating agricultural and food markets would also find the volumes useful in their practical work. This three-volume set is also a suitable source for the general public interested in how their food system is influenced by government policies.

Author : Anonim
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 150 pages
File Size : 51,8 Mb
Release : 2008
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9780821375846

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Globalization and Technology Absorption in Europe and Central Asia by Anonim Pdf

Innovation and cross-border absorption of knowledge are central forces behind economic convergence and sustained growth. Absorption of technology is a necessary step to promote the development of human capital and the productive base, paving the way for innovations at the global knowledge frontier. Research and development, patents, trade, and foreign direct investment are major channels of technological absorption, allowing diffusion of new ideas and manufacturing best practices among countries and firms. These channels constitute the central focus of this study. This study uses patent databases, surveys of enterprises, and case studies to investigate how specific channels of absorption molds decision making about technology. Trade and FDI flows show considerable promise as catalysts for the region to upgrade its technology and near the global technology frontier. Econometric analysis using enterprise surveys from all Europe and Central Asia countries helps to understand the conditions and policies that induce firms to incorporate external knowledge and technology into their overall growth strategies.

Author : Ben Shepherd
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 34 pages
File Size : 48,7 Mb
Release : 2007
Category : CDI.
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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product standards,harmonization,and trade: evidence from the extensive margin by Ben Shepherd Pdf

Abstract: The author uses a new database of EU product standards in the textiles, clothing, and footwear sectors to present the first empirical evidence that international standards harmonization is associated with increased partner country export variety. A 10 percentage point increase in the proportion of internationally harmonized standards is associated with a 0.2 percent increase in partner country export variety, whereas a 10 percent increase in the total number of standards is associated with a nearly 6 percent decrease in product variety. Although small, the harmonization elasticity is statistically significant, and proves highly robust to sample changes and instrumental variables estimation using instruments motivated by political economy considerations. Moreover, it is found to be around 50 percent higher for low income countries, which suggests that they may be particularly constrained in adapting products to meet multiple standards. Numerical simulations show that these findings are consistent with a heterogeneous firms model of trade in which harmonization is beneficial at the extensive margin provided that any increases in compliance costs are not too large.

Author : Maggie Xiaoyang Chen,Tsunehiro Otsuki,John Sullivan Wilson
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 26 pages
File Size : 53,8 Mb
Release : 2006
Category : Acceso a los mercados
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Do Standards Matter for Export Success? by Maggie Xiaoyang Chen,Tsunehiro Otsuki,John Sullivan Wilson Pdf

Standards and technical regulations are an increasingly prominent part of the international trade policy debate. In particular, there has been considerable discussion of whether standards and regulations affect trade costs and export prospects for developing countries. In this paper the authors examine how meeting foreign standards affects firms' export performance, reflected in export propensity and market diversification. The analysis draws on the World Bank Technical Barriers to Trade Survey database of 619 firms in 17 developing countries. The results indicate that technical regulations in industrial countries adversely affect firms' propensity to export in developing countries. In particular, testing procedures and lengthy inspection procedures reduce exports by 9 percent and 3 percent, respectively. Furthermore, in the model, the difference in standards across foreign countries causes diseconomy of scale for firms and affects decisions about whether to enter export markets. The empirical analysis presented here implies that standards impede exporters' market entry, reducing the likelihood of exporting to more than three markets by 7 percent. In addition, the authors find that firms that outsource components are more challenged by compliance with multiple standards.

Author : Anonim
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 286 pages
File Size : 51,8 Mb
Release : 2008
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780821374061

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The World Bank Research Program, 2005-2007 by Anonim Pdf

This pocket-sized reference on key environmental data for over 200 countries includes key indicators on agriculture, forestry, biodiversity, energy, emission and pollution, and water and sanitation. The volume helps establish a sound base of information to help set priorities and measure progress toward environmental sustainability goals.

Author : V.K.Bhalla
Publisher : S. Chand Publishing
Page : 1114 pages
File Size : 42,6 Mb
Release : 2013
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9788121942805

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International Business by V.K.Bhalla Pdf

International Business