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Author : Alireza Monam,Klaus Rückert
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 19 pages
File Size : 49,9 Mb
Release : 2013
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 3798325405
Author : Kevin Ka-Lun Lau,Zheng Tan,Tobi Eniolu Morakinyo,Chao Ren
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 148 pages
File Size : 45,7 Mb
Release : 2021-09-16
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9789811652455
This book highlights the importance of outdoor thermal comfort for improving urban living quality in the context of urban planning and urban geometry design. It introduces readers to a range of assessment methods and applications of outdoor thermal comfort and addresses urban geometry and thermal environment at the neighbourhood scale using real-world examples and parametric studies. In addition, the subjective evaluations by urban dwellers and numerical modelling tools introduced in this book provide not only a comprehensive assessment of outdoor thermal comfort but also an integrated approach to using thermal comfort indicators as a standard in high-density cities. Given its scope, the book offers a valuable guide for urban climate researchers, urban planners, and designers, and policymakers pursuing more liveable urban environments.
Author : Rückert, Klaus,Shahriari, Effatolsadat
Publisher : Universitätsverlag der TU Berlin
Page : 182 pages
File Size : 42,7 Mb
Release : 2014-07-22
Category : Architecture
ISBN : 9783798326774
Nowadays there is an ever growing awareness regarding inevitable importance of sustainable development and its sub topics such as environment protection, ecology, resource saving, energy efficiency, etc. Due to massive and rapid development in recent years, this topic is getting more crucial in developing countries for instance Iran. It is getting more obvious that most of the development activities in absence of precise analysis of current conditions, as well as consequences of such activities, will lead to devastation of natural resources. The resources that is essential for further development of the country. Therefore, It is necessary to deal with sustainable development and environmental issues from the broader perspective, where includes items underlying immediate causes of environmental impact and at the same time tries to improve them. Sustainability or sustainable development is an umbrella covering many issues and aspects, among them energy, which is the key item, because energy consumption of buildings could have an impact on environment more than other aspects. Considering the huge portion of energy consumption in construction industry and housing sector, paying special attention to improvements in this sector is essential. Following this goal, the aim of this publication is to highlight procedures and practices which promote sustainable construction that is about creating a better quality of building and more healthy places to live in. Procedure of sustainable design includes various approaches and methods to develop energy efficient and environmentally sensitive buildings. Such approaches and methods demonstrate how to design, develop and construct all buildings in general and residential buildings in particular. Among various approaches towards sustainability, “Passive solar strategies” are well-known thanks to their cost efficiency and context friendliness of its principals and measures. The approach of passive design (architectural) strategies could be considered as the most applicable approach for resource saving and sustainability, thinking about special situation of Iran in particular and the Mena region in general. Such an approach requires paying special attention to climate, social characteristics of current or prospective inhabitants, topographical-physical characteristics as well as architectural characteristics of the understudied area. The relationships and interactions among society, building and its architecture and climate is “Site-specific” and dynamic. Therefore, they should be studied and properly analyzed throughout a specific project process for each certain place. The most expecting outcomes are precise definitions of passive design strategies, generally for buildings in MENA Region and especially for Iran. This publication is prepared in the young cities project framework, as the reasonable outcome of the developed pilot projects. The book starts with introducing the target group, related definitions and a brief overview on a conventional approach and its impact on environment. This chapter ends up with a brief review on benefits of applying sustainable guidelines. As the next step, after analyzing the climate and its relationship with thermal comfort and building, the main principals of passive solar design are introduced. The selected principles are: orientation, day-lighting, shading, thermal mass, insulation and ventilation. After a brief introduction of the principals, each one is explained in detail through its general principles and design strategies. Sustainable construction is examined based on its main pillars: construction systems, building elements, ecological building materials, and applicable measures for building physic. Construction systems are sorted out in six main groups as: block work- brick infill, block work- lightweight block infill, conventional panels, light weight steel frame, tunnel form structural system and precast modular. All selected systems are introduced based on following factors: brief description of the building concept, factory production, insulation, wastage, finishes, labor, installation, transport- lifting, services, hydronic cooling/ heating and safety. Then main building elements are examined. Here the elements are limited to: foundations, walls, floors, roofs, doors and windows. After a short description, different types of each element are introduced. Ecological building materials are investigated in chapter four. To find a base to compare, several common criteria are selected such as: embodied energy, pollution and waste, local production, reusability and recyclability, durability and interdependency. Applicable measures for building physic are examined in chapter five. The selected main measures are as follows: insulation, glazing, thermal mass, day-lighting, shading, ventilation and air-tightness. After describing the general principles of each measure, several recommendations in frame of design considerations are provided. Die enorme Bedeutung nachhaltiger Projekte wie Umweltschutz, Ökologie, sparsamer Umgang mit Rohstoffen, Energieeffizienz usw. dringt immer stärker in unser Bewusstsein. Aufgrund der massiven und rasanten Entwicklung in den Schwellenländern, z. B. Iran, gewinnen Umweltschutz und Nachhaltigkeit immer mehr an Relevanz. Ein einseitiges Wirtschaftswachstum, ohne Berücksichtigung ökologischer und klimatischer Bedingungen, verursacht die Zerstörung der Umwelt und Rohstoffe, Ressourcen, die für die weitere Entwicklung der Länder unverzichtbar sind. Es ist unumgänglich, sich umfassend mit nachhaltiger Entwicklung und ökologischen Aspekten auseinanderzusetzen, die unmittelbaren Auswirkungen auf die Umwelt zu erfassen und gleichzeitig Möglichkeiten einer Optimierung aufzuzeigen. Nachhaltigkeit und Umweltschutz erfassen eine Vielzahl von Themen und Aspekten, u. a. den Energieverbrauch; ein wesentlicher Faktor, da der Energieverbrach in Gebäuden den größten Einfluss auf die Umweltbilanz hat. In Anbetracht des enormen Energieverbrauchs in Bauwirtschaft und Wohnungsbau ist es unerlässlich, gerade in diesem Bereich eine Optimierung in der weiteren Entwicklung zu verfolgen. Diesem Ziel folgend, werden in dieser Publikation Verfahren und Methoden, für nachhaltige Bauweisen, unter Berücksichtigung einer besseren Bauqualität und gesundheitlicher Aspekte, erläutert. Die Maßnahmen nachhaltigen Designs beinhalten verschiedene Ansätze und Methoden, energieeffiziente und umweltfreundliche Gebäude zu entwickeln. Sie zeigen Entwurf, Konstruktion und bauliche Ausführung von Gebäuden im Allgemeinen und Wohngebäuden im speziellen. Neben den verschiedenen Ansätzen sind die „passive solar strategies“ die wohl namhaftesten Methoden, da diese sehr rentabel und daher für Bauherren attraktiv sind. Angesichts der speziellen Situation im Iran im Besonderen und der MENA-Region im Allgemeinen, könnten die passiven Design- (Architektur-) Strategien als eine der am besten anzuwendenden Methoden für Rohstoffeffizienz und Nachhaltigkeit betrachtet werden. Dies setzt eine besondere Berücksichtigung des dortigen Klimas, der sozialen Charakteristiken derzeitiger oder zukünftiger Einwohner als auch der topographisch-physischen und architektonischen Charakteristiken der betroffenen Region voraus. Beeinflussung und Beziehungen zwischen Gesellschaft, Gebäuden, Architektur und Klima sind „lokal spezifisch“ und dynamisch. Deshalb sollten diese Faktoren für jeden Standort neu geprüft und analysiert werden. Die Resultate dieser Analysen, allgemein für Gebäude in der MENA-Region und im Besonderen im Iran, zeigen deutlich die Überlegenheit von passiven Designstrategien. Diese Publikation ist das Resultat der entwickelten Pilotprojekte im Rahmen des Young Cities-Projektes. Sie beginnt mit der Vorstellung der Zielgruppe, relevanten Definitionen und einem kurzem Überblick des konventionellen Ansatzes und dessen Einfluss auf die Umwelt. Das Kapitel endet mit einem kurzen Rückblick über den Nutzen nachhaltiger Bauweise. Nach Analyse des Klimas und seine Beziehung zu thermischem Komfort und Gebäuden werden die wichtigsten Prinzipien passiver Solarenergie vorgestellt: Orientierung, Tageslicht, Schatten, thermale Masse, Isolierung und Ventilierung; ihre Grundlagen und Designstrategien detailliert erläutert. Nachhaltige Konstruktion und deren Hauptpfeiler, Bausysteme, Bauelemente, ökologische Bauelemente und anwendbare Maßnahmen für die Bauphysik, werden anschließend beleuchtet. Dabei wurden die Konstruktionssysteme in sechs Hauptgruppen gegliedert: Ziegeleinfüllung, leichtgewichtige Ziegeleinfüllung, klassische Füllwände, leichtgewichtige Stahlrahmen, tunnelförmige Struktursysteme und vorgefertigte Modelle. Anhand folgender Faktoren werden diese eingehend dargestellt: Baukonzepts, Fabrikproduktion, Isolierung, Abnutzung, Verarbeitung, Arbeitsaufwand, Installierung, Transport-Beförderung, Services, hydronische Kühlung/Heizung und Sicherheit. Die Hauptbauelemente wie Unterbau, Wände, Boden, Dächer, Türen und Fenster werden beschrieben und verschiedene Baureihen dieser vorgestellt. Das vierte Kapitel befasst sich mit ökologischen Baumaterialien. Um hierbei eine vergleichbare Basis zu finden, wurden gemeinsame Kriterien ausgewählt: graue Energie, Verschmutzung und Abfall, lokale Produktion, Wiederverwendung und Recycling, Nachhaltigkeit und Interdependenzen. Im fünften Kapitel werden anwendbare Maßnahmen für die Bauphysik, wie Isolierung, Lasur, Wärmemasse, Tageslicht, Schatten, Ventilation und Luftdichte, untersucht, deren Grundlagen beschrieben und Empfehlungen bezüglich der Gestaltung präsentiert
Author : P. J. Littlefair
Publisher : Bre Press
Page : 164 pages
File Size : 45,7 Mb
Release : 2000
Category : Architecture
ISBN : STANFORD:36105110433039
First published in 2000. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.
Author : Baruch Givoni
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 484 pages
File Size : 43,7 Mb
Release : 1998-01-20
Category : Architecture
ISBN : 0471291773
Climate Considerations in Building and Urban Design Baruch Givoni Climate Considerations in Building and Urban Design is the most comprehensive, up-to-date reference available on building and urban climatology. Written in clear, common-sense language by Baruch Givoni, the leading authority in the field, this book is a far-reaching look at a variety of climatic influences and their effects on individuals, buildings, and communities. Aimed at architecture and urban planning professionals and students alike, Climate Considerations in Building and Urban Design offers real-life solutions to climatological site planning and design issues, helping to settle disputes about site orientation, site organization, and the assembly of building materials. Climate Considerations in Building and Urban Design is organized into three parts. The first, Building Climatology, analyzes human thermal comfort and the effect of architectural and structural design features including layout, window orientation, and shading, and ventilation conditions on the indoor climate. Then, Urban Climatology explores the ways in which the climate in densely built areas can differ from surrounding regional climactic conditions, for example, in temperature, wind speed, and humidity. This part further explores the effects of urban design elements, such as urban density and building height, on a city's outdoor climate. Finally, Building and Urban Design Guidelines applies the body of available research on building climatology and the effects of physical planning on the urban and indoor climates to suggest design guidelines for different regions--for example, hot-dry and hot-humid climates. Filled with lists, tables, and graphs for easy cross-referencing, as well as hundreds of visuals, Climate Considerations in Building and Urban Design offers readers the ability to perform a quick check of a proposed scheme against authoritative criteria. Mr. Givoni's latest volume is a unique, indispensable guide to the relationship between building design, urban planning, and climate.
Author : Vincenzo Costanzo,Gianpiero Evola,Luigi Marletta
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
Page : 431 pages
File Size : 50,5 Mb
Release : 2021-09-08
Category : Architecture
ISBN : 9781000431506
This book provides the reader with an understanding of the impact that different morphologies, construction materials and green coverage solutions have on the urban microclimate, thus affecting the comfort conditions of urban inhabitants and the energy needs of buildings in urban areas. The book covers the latest approaches to energy and outdoor comfort measurement and modelling on an urban scale, and describes possible measures and strategies to mitigate the effects of the mutual interaction between urban settlements and local microclimate. Despite its relevance, only limited literature is currently devoted to appraising—from an engineering perspective—the intertwining relationships between urban geometry and fabrics, energy fluxes between buildings and their surroundings, outdoor microclimate conditions and building energy demands in urban areas. This book fills this gap by first discussing the physical processes that govern heat and mass transfer at an urban scale, while emphasizing the role played by different spatial arrangements, manmade materials and green infrastructures on the outdoor microclimate. The first chapters also address the implications of these factors on the outdoor comfort conditions experienced by pedestrians, and on the buildings’ energy demand for space heating and cooling. Then, based upon cutting-edge experimental activities and simulation work, this book demonstrates current and forthcoming adaptation and mitigation strategies to improve the urban microclimate and its impact on the built environment, such as cool materials, thermochromic and retroreflective finishing materials, and green infrastructures applied either at a building scale or at the urban scale. The effect of these solutions is demonstrated for different cities worldwide under a range of climate conditions. Finally, the book opens a wider perspective by introducing the basic elements that allow fuel poverty, raw materials consumption, and the principles of circular economy in the definition of a resilient urban settlement.
Author : Evyatar Erell,David Pearlmutter,Terence Williamson
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 290 pages
File Size : 44,7 Mb
Release : 2012-06-25
Category : Architecture
ISBN : 9781136539428
The quality of life of millions of people living in cities could be improved if the form of the city were to evolve in a manner appropriate to its climatic context. Climatically responsive urban design is vital to any notion of sustainability: it enables individual buildings to make use of renewable energy sources for passive heating and cooling, it enhances pedestrian comfort and activity in outdoor spaces, and it may even encourage city dwellers to moderate their dependence on private vehicles. Urban Microclimate bridges the gap between climatology research and applied urban design. It provides architects and urban design professionals with an understanding of how the structure of the built environment at all scales affects microclimatic conditions in the space between buildings, and analyzes the interaction between microclimate and each of the elements of the urban landscape. In the first two sections of the book, the extensive body of work on this subject by climatologists and geographers is presented in the language of architecture and planning professionals. The third section follows each step in the design process, and in part four a critical analysis of selected case study projects provides a demonstration of the complexity of applied urban design. Practitioners will find in this book a useful guide to consult, as they address these key environmental issues in their own work.
Author : Bao-Jie He,Deo Prasad,Gloria Pignatta,Joni Jupesta
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 245 pages
File Size : 53,9 Mb
Release : 2022-11-24
Category : Science
ISBN : 9783031120152
This book discusses the challenges related to climate change mitigation and adaptation. It adds valuable strategies and insights into the development of new practices solving the identified social and economic problems related to ecosystem deterioration and anticipating other disasters related to climate change. As the decarbonization of cities and communities became an issue of great interest to many researchers, the book in hands will be of great importance to decision-makers and energy stakeholders and others seeking a more resilient and sustainable future and developing innovative technologies to overcome environmental deterioration. This book is a culmination of selected research papers from the first version of the international conference on ‘Climate Chance and Environmental Sustainability’ which was held in 2021 in collaboration with Chongqing University, China.
Author : Task Committee on Outdoor Human Comfort
Publisher : ASCE Publications
Page : 76 pages
File Size : 55,7 Mb
Release : 2004-01-01
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 0784475377
Prepared by the Task Committee on Outdoor Human Comfort of the Aerodynamics Committee of the Aerospace Division of ASCE This report describes state-of-the-art methods for assessing and improving outdoor human comfort. Factors affecting outdoor comfort are wind, air temperature, humidity, sun, and precipitation. Wind, in particular, is greatly affected by large buildings, and many modern developments are wind-tunnel tested to examine how wind flows around new buildings will affect pedestrians. This report discusses testing methods and criteria for assessing comfort and safety. Criteria are expressed in terms of both threshold wind speeds for discomfort and also the percentage of time that conditions should be below those thresholds. Historically, wind and its mechanical effects?such as picking up dust, impairing balance, or blowing people over?were the factors receiving the most attention. More recently, however, methods have been developed to address other factors, such as solar radiation, air temperature, and humidity. Topics include: elements of the microclimate; methods of determining wind conditions; wind criteria and control measures; and assessing thermal comfort.
Author : Laura Kleerekoper
Publisher : Tu Delft
Page : 382 pages
File Size : 44,5 Mb
Release : 2016-06-02
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 9461866828
This book presents research into the possibilities for climate adaptation in Dutch urban areas. How can cities prepare best for extreme rainfall, droughts, and heat waves in future climates? These events are likely to become more frequent and more extreme. The focus is on heat resistance as this has been a neglected concept in Dutch urban planning. The aim of this study is to extend our knowledge of the effects of climate-adaptation measures and to stimulate the implementation of such measures in the design of public space. Anticipating on the effects of climate change, the research was guided by the question: Which urban design principles can be applied in specific Dutch neighbourhoods to respond to the effects of climate change, especially in terms of outdoor thermal comfort and water management?
Author : Massimo Palme,Agnese Salvati
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 560 pages
File Size : 53,8 Mb
Release : 2021-04-08
Category : Architecture
ISBN : 9783030654214
This book discusses urban microclimate and heat-related risks in urban areas, brought on by the combination of global climate change effects and local modification of climate determined by extensive urbanization such as the ‘Urban heat island’ phenomenon. This matter is relevant to almost all urbanized areas in the world, where the increase of urban population and air temperature is expected to endanger both the overall health of the population and the energy supply for the functioning of urban systems. The book details the inter-relationship between urban morphology, microclimate and building energy performance and presents a multidisciplinary approach that brings together Urban Climatology, Engineering and Architectural knowledge to support the development of reliable models and tools for research and practice. This book is a useful tool for architects and building energy modelers, urban planners and geographers who need a practical guide to realize basic urban microclimate simulation for use in both academic research and planning practice.
Author : Feng Yang,Liang Chen
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 211 pages
File Size : 54,7 Mb
Release : 2019-12-11
Category : Science
ISBN : 9789811517143
The book comprehensively investigates the relationship between critical urban form and fabric parameters and urban microclimate in the high-rise urban environment that prevails in Asian megacities such as Shanghai. It helps readers gain a deeper understanding of climate-responsive urban design strategies and tactics for effectively mitigating the negative impacts of deteriorating urban thermal environments on pedestrian thermal comfort, outdoor air quality and building energy consumption. It also reviews the latest advances in urban climate research, with a focus on the challenges in terms of outdoor space comfort, health, and livability posed by the high-rise and high-density development in emerging Asian megacities, and proposes an integrated framework in response to the pressing need for microclimate research. It then presents a series of studies on high-rise residential and non-residential urban neighborhoods and districts based on instrumented field study, validated numerical simulation, and spatial analysis using a GIS platform. The book includes extensive, valuable experimental data presented in a clear and concise manner. The thermal atlas methodology based on empirical modeling and spatial analysis described is a useful climate-responsive design tool for both urban designer and architects. As such, the book is of particular interest to researchers, professionals, and graduate students in the fields of urban planning and design, building science and urban climatology.
Author : Andre Santos Nouri,João Costa,Mat Santamouris,Andreas Matzarakis
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 48,8 Mb
Release : 2018
Category : Electronic
ISBN : OCLC:1259357729
Abstract: Based on the Köppen Geiger (KG) classification system, this review article examines existing studies and projects that have endeavoured to address local outdoor thermal comfort thresholds through Public Space Design (PSD). The review is divided into two sequential stages, whereby (1) overall existing approaches to pedestrian thermal comfort thresholds are reviewed within both quantitative and qualitative spectrums; and (2) the different techniques and measures are reviewed and framed into four Measure Review Frameworks (MRFs), in which each type of PSD measure is presented alongside its respective local scale urban specificities/conditions and their resulting thermal attenuation outcomes. The result of this review article is the assessment of how current practices of PSD within three specific subcategories of the KG 'Temperate' group have addressed microclimatic aggravations such as elevated urban temperatures and Urban Heat Island (UHI) effects. Based upon a bottom-up approach, the interdisciplinary practice of PSD is hence approached as a means to address existing and future thermal risk factors within the urban public realm in an era of potential climate change
Author : Fergus Nicol,Hom Bahadur Rijal,Susan Roaf
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 654 pages
File Size : 42,7 Mb
Release : 2022-04-19
Category : Architecture
ISBN : 9781000553581
This book brings together some of the finest academics in the field to address important questions around the way in which people experience their physical environments, including temperature, light, air-quality, acoustics and so forth. It is of importance not only to the comfort people feel indoors, but also the success of any building as an environment for its stated purpose. The way in which comfort is produced and perceived has a profound effect on the energy use of a building and its resilience to the increasing dangers posed by extreme weather events, and power outages caused by climate change. Research on thermal comfort is particularly important not only for the health and well-being of occupants but because energy used for temperature control is responsible for a large part of the total energy budget of the built environment. In recent years there has been an increasing focus on the vulnerabilities of the thermal comfort system; how and why are buildings failing to provide safe and agreeable thermal environments at an affordable price? Achieving comfort in buildings is a complex subject that involves physics, behaviour, physiology, energy conservation, climate change, and of course architecture and urban design. Bringing together the related disciplines in one volume lays strong, multi-disciplinary foundations for new research and design directions for resilient 21st century architecture. This book heralds workable solutions and emerging directions for key fields in building the resilience of households, organisations and populations in a heating world.
Author : Riccardo Buccolieri,Jian Hang
Publisher : MDPI
Page : 448 pages
File Size : 48,6 Mb
Release : 2019-04-23
Category : Science
ISBN : 9783038978060
This book contains twenty-one original papers and one review paper published by internationally recognized experts in the Atmosphere Special Issue "Recent Advances in Urban Ventilation Assessment and Flow Modelling", years 2017–2019. The Special Issue includes contributions on recent experimental and modelling works, techniques, and developments mainly tailored to the assessment of urban ventilation on flow and pollutant dispersion in cities. The study of ventilation is of critical importance, as it addresses the capacity with which a built urban structure is capable of replacing the polluted air with ambient fresh air. Here, ventilation is recognized as a transport process that improves local microclimate and air quality and closely relates to the term “breathability”. The efficiency with which street canyon ventilation occurs depends on the complex interaction between the atmospheric boundary layer flow and the local urban morphology. The individual contributions to this Issue are summarized and categorized into four broad topics: (1) outdoor ventilation efficiency and application/development of ventilation indices, (2) relationship between indoor and outdoor ventilation, (3) effects of urban morphology and obstacles to ventilation, and (4) ventilation modelling in realistic urban districts. The results and approaches presented and proposed will be of great interest to experimentalists and modelers, and may constitute a starting point for the improvement of numerical simulations of flow and pollutant dispersion in the urban environment, for the development of simulation tools, and for the implementation of mitigation strategies.