The Formation Of Wood In Forest Trees

Author : Martin H. Zimmermann
Publisher : Elsevier
Page : 579 pages
File Size : 50,9 Mb
Release : 2013-09-03
Category : Nature
ISBN : 9781483261683

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The Formation of Wood in Forest Trees by Martin H. Zimmermann Pdf

The Formation of Wood in Forest Trees covers the proceedings of the second symposium held under the auspices of the Maria Moors Cabot Foundation for Botanical Research, conducted in Harvard Forest in Petersham, Massachusetts on April 15-19, 1963. The book focuses on the aspects of tree growth, such as the chemistry and submicroscopic morphology of wood and the effects of the environment on growth. The selection first offers information on the evolution of cambium in geologic time; a model for cell production by the cambium of conifers; and structure and development of the bark in dicotyledons. The text then ponders on the aspects of ultrastructure of phloem, stem structure in arborescent monocotyledons, and structure and formation of the cell wall in xylem. The publication takes a look at the general chemistry of cell walls and distribution of the chemical constituents across the walls and ultraviolet and fluorescence optics of lignified cell walls. The text also examines the role of endogenous hormones in cambial activity and xylem differentiation; indirect effects of environment on wood formation; and influence of external pressure on the differentiation of cells and tissues cultured in vitro. The selection is a dependable reference for readers interested in the formation of wood in forest trees.

Author : Cabot Foundation (Petersham)
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 50,6 Mb
Release : 2002
Category : Electronic
ISBN : OCLC:695276539

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The Formation of Wood in Forest Trees by Cabot Foundation (Petersham) Pdf

Author : Nigel J Chaffey
Publisher : CRC Press
Page : 385 pages
File Size : 48,9 Mb
Release : 2002-01-10
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780203166444

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Wood Formation in Trees by Nigel J Chaffey Pdf

Trees are a major component of the biosphere and have played an important part in the world's history and culture. With the modern challenges of global warming and dwindling fossil fuel reserves, trees, and in particular their wood, can provide solutions. Unfortunately, too little is known about the biology of these plants, due largely to a lack of

Author : Barry Gardiner,John Barnett,Pekka Saranpää,Joseph Gril
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 281 pages
File Size : 54,8 Mb
Release : 2014-01-08
Category : Nature
ISBN : 9783642108143

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The Biology of Reaction Wood by Barry Gardiner,John Barnett,Pekka Saranpää,Joseph Gril Pdf

The book is a fundamental reference source on reaction wood for wood scientists and technologists, plant biologists, silviculturists, forest ecologists, and anyone involved in the growing of trees and the processing of wood. It brings together our current understanding of all aspects of reaction wood, and is the first book to discuss both compression wood and tension wood. Trees produce reaction wood to maintain the vertical orientation of their stems and the optimum angle of each branch. They achieve this by laying down fibre cell walls in which differences in physical and chemical structure from those of normal fibres are expressed as differential stresses across the stem or branch. This process, while of obvious value for the survival of the tree, causes serious problems for the utilisation of timber. Timber derived from trees containing significant amounts of reaction wood is subject to dimensional instability on drying, causing twisting, bending and splitting. It is also difficult to work as timber, and for the pulp and paper industry the cost of removing the increased amount of lignin in compression wood is substantial. This has both practical and economic consequences for industry. Understanding the factors controlling reaction wood formation and its effect on wood structure is therefore fundamental to our understanding of the adaptation of trees to their environment and to the sustainable use of wood. The topics covered include: -Morphology, anatomy and ultrastructure of reaction wood -Cell-wall polymers in reaction wood and their biosynthesis -Changes in tree proteomes during reaction wood formation -The biomechanical action and biological functions of reaction wood - Physical and mechanical properties of reaction wood from the scale of cell walls to planks -The detection and characterisation of compression wood -Effects of reaction wood on the performance of wood and wood-based products - Commercial implications of reaction wood and the influence of forest management on its formation

Author : Tadashi Nobuchi,Mohd. Hamami Sahri
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 216 pages
File Size : 49,8 Mb
Release : 2008
Category : Trees
ISBN : MINN:31951D031499439

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The Formation of Wood in Tropical Forest Trees by Tadashi Nobuchi,Mohd. Hamami Sahri Pdf

Author : Bruce J. Zobel,Jerry R. Sprague
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 311 pages
File Size : 47,7 Mb
Release : 2012-12-06
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9783642721267

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Juvenile Wood in Forest Trees by Bruce J. Zobel,Jerry R. Sprague Pdf

The trend in forestry is toward shorter rotations and more complete utiliza tion of trees. The reasons are: (1) financial pressures to obtain rapid returns on the forestry investment made possible by an earlier harvest; (2) enforced harvest of young plantations to maintain a continuing supply of cellulose for mills where wood shortages are experienced; (3) thinning young plantations, both because they were planted too densely initially and because thinning is done where long rotation quality trees are the forestry goal; (4) more intensive utilization is being done using tops and small diameter trees; and (5) there is interest in using young (juvenile) wood for special products because of its unique characteristics and the development of new technologies. The largest present-day source of conifer juvenile wood is from thinnings of plantations where millions of hectares of pine were planted too densely. Because of the better growth rate resulting from improved silviculture and good genetic stock, plantations will need to be thinned heavily. As a result of this trend, young wood makes up an increasingly larger proportion of the total conifer wood supply each year. Large amounts of juvenile wood from hard woods are also currently available, especially in the tropics and subtropics, because of the fast growth rate of the species used, which results in shorter rotations and ess~ntially all juvenile wood.

Author : F. Loewus
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 534 pages
File Size : 47,5 Mb
Release : 2012-12-06
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781461588733

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The Structure, Biosynthesis, and Degradation of Wood by F. Loewus Pdf

Forest trees constitute one of the major resources of the world and their utilization, either for structural purposes or for the materials which they yield, dates back to antiquity. Over the centuries, the exploitation of this resource has become progressively more sophisticated, and, in many parts of the world has led to the development of highly complex forest-based industries. The research and development work which led to these industrial uses fostered the formation of numerous technical societies and associations, which, through their meetings and publi cations, have facilitated communication and the exchange of ideas. Over the years, there have been numerous symposia devoted to wood and the many facets of its properties and utilization. However, rarely has the emphasis in such symposia been placed upon the living tree and the changes which it undergoes in relation to its ultimate utilization. Hence the Phytochemical Society of North America arranged the symposium, "The Structure, Biosynthesis, and Degradation of Wood", held at the University of British Columbia in August, 1976. the contributions to which form the basis of the present volume.

Author : Nigel J. Chaffey
Publisher : Harwood Academic Publishers
Page : 368 pages
File Size : 50,6 Mb
Release : 2001-01-01
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 9058231704

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Wood Formation in Trees by Nigel J. Chaffey Pdf

Author : Jörg Fromm
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 265 pages
File Size : 41,5 Mb
Release : 2013-04-11
Category : Nature
ISBN : 9783642364914

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Cellular Aspects of Wood Formation by Jörg Fromm Pdf

With today’s ever growing economic and ecological problems, wood as a raw material takes on increasing significance as the most important renewable source of energy and as industrial feedstock for numerous products. Its chemical and anatomical structure and the excellent properties that result allow wood to be processed into the most diverse products; from logs to furniture and veneers, and from wood chippings to wooden composites and paper. The aim of this book is to review advances in research on the cellular aspects of cambial growth and wood formation in trees over recent decades. The book is divided into two major parts. The first part covers the basic process of wood biosynthesis, focusing on five major steps that are involved in this process: cell division, cell expansion, secondary cell wall formation, programmed cell death and heartwood formation. The second part of the book deals with the regulation of wood formation by endogenous and exogenous factors. On the endogenous level the emphasis is placed on two aspects: control of wood formation by phytohormones and by molecular mechanisms. Apart from endogenous factors, various exogenous effects (such as climate factors) are involved in wood formation. Due to modern microscopic as well as molecular techniques, the understanding of wood formation has progressed significantly over the last decade. Emphasizing the cellular aspects, this book first gives an overview of the basic process of wood formation, before it focuses on factors involved in the regulation of this process.

Author : George Tsoumis
Publisher : Elsevier
Page : 289 pages
File Size : 50,7 Mb
Release : 2013-10-22
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9781483159522

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Wood as Raw Material by George Tsoumis Pdf

Wood as Raw Material: Source, Structure, Chemical Composition, Growth, Degradation and Identification focuses on the scientific advancements in general forestry. This book discusses the value of wood as a raw material as looked upon from biological, botanical, and technical perspective. Organized into 12 chapters, this book starts with an overview of the importance of forest trees as sources of wood. This text then examines the chemical composition and ultrastructure of wood. Other chapters explain the biological mechanisms of wood and bark formation by forest trees. This book discusses as well the certain fundamental relationships between tree growth and wood structure. The final chapter deals with wood identification in North America and European forest tree species. This book is a valuable resource for students engaged in the study of forest management, wood science and technology, tree physiology, silviculture, forest soils, forest genetics, forest engineering, pulp and paper technology, forest and wood pathology, and other specialized areas. Foresters and technologists will also find this book useful.

Author : John M. Harris
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 226 pages
File Size : 55,7 Mb
Release : 2012-12-06
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9783642737794

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Spiral Grain and Wave Phenomena in Wood Formation by John M. Harris Pdf

It is widely recognized that spiral grain in trees severely reduces the value of sawn timber through warping and loss of strength, and that it also causes problems for other wood uses as diverse as transmission poles or plywood. Yet, paradoxically, there are highly valued grain patterns including wavy and interlocked grain, whose origins in the cambium invite direct comparison with those of spiral grain, so that many authorities believe them to be related phenomena. In recent years this concept has prompted extensive research into the anatomy, genetics, and physiology of all such grain patterns in wood. As a result it has become apparent that tree cambia provide excellent systems through which to study the origins of stem polarity and the complex processes of morphogenetic control in plants. Beside these and other pressing topics for research, the book examines methods of measuring grain deviations, and considers their influence on wood properties, on the economics of timber production, and on wood manufacturing.

Author : Bruce J. Zobel,Jackson B. Jett
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 351 pages
File Size : 54,9 Mb
Release : 2012-12-06
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9783642795145

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Genetics of Wood Production by Bruce J. Zobel,Jackson B. Jett Pdf

Over the past years, a great deal has been learned about variation in wood prop erties. Genetic control is a major source of variation in most wood properties. Wood is controlled genetically both directly in the developmental or internal pro cesses of wood formation and indirectly by the control of tree form and growth patterns. Emphasis in this book will be on the internal control of wood production by genetics although there will be two chapters dealing with the indirect genetic control of wood, which was covered in detail in the previous book by Zobel and van Buijtenen (1989). The literature on the genetics of wood is very variable, SO'lle quite superficial, on which little reliance can be placed, and some from well-designed and correctly executed research. When suitable, near the end of each chapter, there will be a summary with the authors' interpretation of the most important information in the chapter. The literature on the genetics of wood can be quite controversial. This is to be expected, since both the environment and its interaction with the genotype of the tree can have a major effect on wood properties, especially when trees of similar genotypes are grown under widely divergent conditions. Adding to the confusion, studies frequently have been designed and analyzed quite differently, resulting in conflicting assessments of results.

Author : John Barnett,George Jeronimidis
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 240 pages
File Size : 40,5 Mb
Release : 2009-02-18
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781405147811

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Wood Quality and its Biological Basis by John Barnett,George Jeronimidis Pdf

Wood is the most versatile raw material available to man. It isburned as fuel, shaped into utensils, used as a structuralengineering material, converted into fibres for paper production,and put to newer uses as a source of industrial chemicals. Its quality results largely from the chemical and physicalstructure of the cell walls of its component fibres, which can bemodified in nature as the tree responds to physical environmentalstresses. Internal stresses can accumulate, which are releasedcatastrophically when the tree is felled, often rendering thetimber useless. The quality of timber as an engineering materialalso depends on the structure of the wood and the way in which ithas developed in the living tree. Tree improvement for quality cannot be carried out without anunderstanding of the biological basis underlying wood formation andstructure. This volume brings together the viewpoints of bothbiologists and physical scientists, covering the spectrum from theformation of wood to its structure and properties, and relatingthese properties to industrial use. This is a volume for researchers and professionals in plantphysiology, molecular biology and biochemistry.

Author : Noel Streatfeild
Publisher : Persephone Books
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 51,9 Mb
Release : 2009
Category : Bereavement
ISBN : 1906462089

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Saplings by Noel Streatfeild Pdf

"First published in 1945 by Collins"--Copyright page.

Author : Rubin Shmulsky,P. David Jones
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 504 pages
File Size : 52,5 Mb
Release : 2018-12-31
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781119426363

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Forest Products and Wood Science by Rubin Shmulsky,P. David Jones Pdf

The updated seventh edition of the classic text on wood science and forestry The seventh edition of Forest Products and Wood Science: An Introduction offers a fully revised and updated review of the forest products industry. This classic text contains a comprehensive review of the subject and presents a thorough understanding of the anatomical and physical nature of wood. The authors emphasize its use as an industrial raw material. Forest Products and Wood Science provides thorough coverage of all aspects of wood science and industry, ranging from tree growth and wood anatomy to a variety of economically important wood products, along with their applications and performance. The text explores global raw materials, the increasing use of wood as a source of energy and chemicals and environmental implications of the use of wood. This edition features new material on structural composites, non-structural composites, durability and protection, pulp and paper, energy and chemicals, and global raw materials. This seventh edition of the classic work: Contains new information on a variety of topics including: structural composites, non-structural composites, durability and protection, pulp and paper, energy and chemicals and global raw materials Includes a fully revised text that meets the changing needs of the forestry, engineering, and wood science academics and professionals Presents material written by authors with broad experience in both the private and academic sectors Written for undergraduate students in forestry, natural resources, engineering, and wood science, as well as forest industry personnel, engineers, wood-based manufacturing and using professionals, the seventh edition of Forest Products and Wood Science updates the classic text that has become an indispensable resource.