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Author : Anonim
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 102 pages
File Size : 50,7 Mb
Release : 2000
Category : Criminals
ISBN : UOM:39015050753758
"A report from National Commission on the Future of DNA Evidence"--Cover.
Author : U.s. Department of Justice,Office of Justice Programs,National Institute of Justice
Publisher : Createspace Independent Pub
Page : 98 pages
File Size : 41,5 Mb
Release : 2012-07-18
Category : Law
ISBN : 1478268298
The principal assignment given to the Research and Development Working Group was to identify the technical advances in the forthcoming decade and to assess the expected impact of these on forensic DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) analysis. Progress in forensic analysis was slow until recently, but since 1985 more powerful techniques have increased explosively. The first useful marker system, the ABO blood groups, was discovered in 1900. The second, the MN groups, came a quarter century later. By the 1960s, there were 17 blood group systems known, but not all were useful for forensics, and in the 1970s a few serum proteins and enzymes were added. By the 1980s, some 100 protein polymorphisms were known but most were not generally useful for forensics. The year 1985 brought a major breakthrough. VNTRs (variable number of tandem repeats) showed much greater variability among people than previous systems and immediately began to be used for forensic studies. They are still used, but are rapidly being replaced by STRs (short tandem repeats). We can also expect improvements in collection and purification techniques. Automation will make the process more efficient and rapid, and we expect interpretative software for analysis of complex problems, such as mixtures. There also is progress toward miniaturization, using a combination of chip technology and molecular genetics. Portable, handheld systems are now working in laboratory experiments; how soon these will be available for routine use is not clear. We also expect an increasing amount of re-examination of cases in which the conviction was based on evidence other than DNA. Greater automation and higher throughput approaches will help reduce the backlog. Formats that can analyze multiple STR loci in miniaturized, mobile instruments are promised and should be available by this time. We also expect improved sampling and storage techniques. Research in the human genome and clinical research will produce many more markers, some of which will be used to supplement the existing procedures. We also expect integration of computers and internet with analytical techniques to permit direct transmission of test data between laboratories. There may be some transition to new technologies, mainly to supplement the standard STRs. SNPs will be widely used in medical and agricultural research, so there will be many opportunities to carry these over for forensic purposes. Within 10 years we expect portable, miniaturized instrumentation that will provide analysis at the crime scene with computer-linked remote analysis. Although this report looks to the future, we emphasize that current state-of-the-art DNA typing is such that the technology and statistical methods are accurate and reproducible. STRs have proved to be very satisfactory for forensic use and are being rapidly adopted by forensic laboratories. The difficulty and expense of changing well-established and reliable procedures will inhibit changes to other systems. For this reason, we believe that STRs will be the predominant procedure during the next decade. Methods of automation, increasing the speed and output and reliability of STR methods, will continue. In particular we expect that portable, miniature chips will make possible the analysis of DNA directly at the crime scene. Techniques for handling minute amounts of DNA or DNA that is badly degraded will become much better. In particular, mitochondrial DNA will probably play an increasing role in such difficult cases. Databases of DNA profiles of convicted felons will be extensive and coordinated throughout the States. International comparisons will be feasible and increasingly common. In the future, it is likely that an increasing number of suspects will be identified by database searches. The statistical interpretation is difficult, particularly if future databases include representatives of the population at large rather than convicted felons.
Author : National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Life Sciences,Committee on DNA Technology in Forensic Science
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 199 pages
File Size : 43,9 Mb
Release : 1992-02-01
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780309045872
Matching DNA samples from crime scenes and suspects is rapidly becoming a key source of evidence for use in our justice system. DNA Technology in Forensic Science offers recommendations for resolving crucial questions that are emerging as DNA typing becomes more widespread. The volume addresses key issues: Quality and reliability in DNA typing, including the introduction of new technologies, problems of standardization, and approaches to certification. DNA typing in the courtroom, including issues of population genetics, levels of understanding among judges and juries, and admissibility. Societal issues, such as privacy of DNA data, storage of samples and data, and the rights of defendants to quality testing technology. Combining this original volume with the new update-The Evaluation of Forensic DNA Evidence-provides the complete, up-to-date picture of this highly important and visible topic. This volume offers important guidance to anyone working with this emerging law enforcement tool: policymakers, specialists in criminal law, forensic scientists, geneticists, researchers, faculty, and students.
Author : Anonim
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 82 pages
File Size : 42,7 Mb
Release : 2000
Category : Criminals
ISBN : LCCN:00329869
Author : National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Life Sciences,Committee on DNA Forensic Science: An Update
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 271 pages
File Size : 52,9 Mb
Release : 1997-01-12
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780309121941
In 1992 the National Research Council issued DNA Technology in Forensic Science, a book that documented the state of the art in this emerging field. Recently, this volume was brought to worldwide attention in the murder trial of celebrity O. J. Simpson. The Evaluation of Forensic DNA Evidence reports on developments in population genetics and statistics since the original volume was published. The committee comments on statements in the original book that proved controversial or that have been misapplied in the courts. This volume offers recommendations for handling DNA samples, performing calculations, and other aspects of using DNA as a forensic toolâ€"modifying some recommendations presented in the 1992 volume. The update addresses two major areas: Determination of DNA profiles. The committee considers how laboratory errors (particularly false matches) can arise, how errors might be reduced, and how to take into account the fact that the error rate can never be reduced to zero. Interpretation of a finding that the DNA profile of a suspect or victim matches the evidence DNA. The committee addresses controversies in population genetics, exploring the problems that arise from the mixture of groups and subgroups in the American population and how this substructure can be accounted for in calculating frequencies. This volume examines statistical issues in interpreting frequencies as probabilities, including adjustments when a suspect is found through a database search. The committee includes a detailed discussion of what its recommendations would mean in the courtroom, with numerous case citations. By resolving several remaining issues in the evaluation of this increasingly important area of forensic evidence, this technical update will be important to forensic scientists and population geneticistsâ€"and helpful to attorneys, judges, and others who need to understand DNA and the law. Anyone working in laboratories and in the courts or anyone studying this issue should own this book.
Author : Lawrence F. Kobilinsky,Louis Levine,Henrietta Margolis-Nunno
Publisher : Infobase Publishing
Page : 121 pages
File Size : 43,5 Mb
Release : 2007
Category : DNA
ISBN : 9781438103808
As scientists have unraveled the DNA code, new fields have opened up in forensics. DNA can be used for many applications, from figuring out whether someone is the father of a baby to determining whether a particular person was present at a crime scene. Forensic DNA Analysis takes the reader through the analysis process and explains the possible results.
Author : Hirak Ranjan Dash,Pankaj Shrivastava,Braja Kishore Mohapatra,Surajit Das
Publisher : Springer
Page : 325 pages
File Size : 41,5 Mb
Release : 2018-11-01
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9789811315831
This book describes the basics and various applications of DNA fingerprinting, including in actual case studies. The book is divided in four modules; Module 1: Basics of DNA Fingerprinting, Module 2: Applications of DNA Fingerprinting, Module 3: DNA Fingerprinting: Case Studies, and Module 4: Future of DNA Fingerprinting. Each module consists of 4 to 5 chapters, written by reputed researchers, academics and forensic scientists from around the globe. The respective chapters cover e.g. related fields, the tools and techniques used, various genotyping kits, real-world case studies, ancient DNA and wild life forensics, molecular diagnosis of human diseases, legal aspects, microbial forensics and the economics of the DNA fingerprinting technique. The book offers a practical guide for professionals, graduate and post-graduate students in the fields of Forensic Science, Medicine, Genetics, Anthropology, Microbiology, and Zoology. It also serves as a useful reference resource, summarizing major technological advances in the field of DNA fingerprinting, the problems faced in this field of science and possible new solutions to these problems. Presently, DNA fingerprinting is utilized in solving the majority of criminal cases; as such, the book is also helpful for investigating agencies, as it includes representative case studies.
Author : John M. Butler
Publisher : Academic Press
Page : 519 pages
File Size : 45,5 Mb
Release : 2009-09-30
Category : Law
ISBN : 9780080961767
Fundamentals of Forensic DNA Typing is written with a broad viewpoint. It examines the methods of current forensic DNA typing, focusing on short tandem repeats (STRs). It encompasses current forensic DNA analysis methods, as well as biology, technology and genetic interpretation. This book reviews the methods of forensic DNA testing used in the first two decades since early 1980’s, and it offers perspectives on future trends in this field, including new genetic markers and new technologies. Furthermore, it explains the process of DNA testing from collection of samples through DNA extraction, DNA quantitation, DNA amplification, and statistical interpretation. The book also discusses DNA databases, which play an important role in law enforcement investigations. In addition, there is a discussion about ethical concerns in retaining DNA profiles and the issues involved when people use a database to search for close relatives. Students of forensic DNA analysis, forensic scientists, and members of the law enforcement and legal professions who want to know more about STR typing will find this book invaluable. Includes a glossary with over 400 terms for quick reference of unfamiliar terms as well as an acronym guide to decipher the DNA dialect Continues in the style of Forensic DNA Typing, 2e, with high-profile cases addressed in D.N.A.Boxes-- "Data, Notes & Applications" sections throughout Ancillaries include: instructor manual Web site, with tailored set of 1000+ PowerPoint slides (including figures), links to online training websites and a test bank with key
Author : Lawrence Kobilinsky,Thomas Liotti,Jamel L. Oeser-Sweat
Publisher : Wiley-Interscience
Page : 375 pages
File Size : 55,8 Mb
Release : 2004-11-11
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780471681908
Includes a Foreword by Dr. James D. Watson, the co-discoverer of the DNA double helix, and Dr. Jan A. Witkowski. "From the Foreword by Drs. Watson and Witkowski: 'DNA: Forensic and Legal Applications is a comprehensive and invaluable guide to the field, covering topics ranging from collecting samples in the field to presenting the complex results to a jury. We are sure that it will play its part in promoting this most powerful tool in the forensic scientist's armamentarium.'" DNA: Forensic and Legal Applications covers the technology and laws related to DNA, as well as the use of DNA evidence in the legal system. This combination of science and law makes it the first comprehensive title of its kind and an appropriate reference for those with both elementary and advanced knowledge of the topic. It draws together in one source information that would previously have required extensive research and reliance on experts to obtain, offering both breadth and depth in a clear style without s acrificing scholarly goals. With material from both scientific and legal areas, DNA: Forensic and Legal Applications covers the latest advances in technology. It provides an ideal text for forensic scientists and students of forensic science, analytical chemists, lawyers, judges, police officers, and detectives.
Author : Norah Rudin,Keith Inman
Publisher : CRC Press
Page : 332 pages
File Size : 50,7 Mb
Release : 2001-12-21
Category : Law
ISBN : 1420058509
Significant advances in DNA analysis techniques have surfaced since the 1997 publication of the bestselling An Introduction to Forensic DNA Analysis. DNA typing has become increasingly automated and miniaturized. Also, with the advent of Short Tandem Repeat (STR) technology, even the most minute sample of degraded DNA can yield a profile, providing valuable case information. However, just as the judicial system slowly and reluctantly accepted RFLP and AmpliType® PM+DQA1 typing, it is now scrutinizing the admissibility of STRs. Acknowledging STR typing as the current system of choice, An Introduction to Forensic DNA Analysis, Second Edition translates new and established concepts into plain English so that laypeople can gain insight into how DNA analysis works, from sample collection to interpretation of results. In response to the shift toward more efficient techniques, the authors cover the legal admissibility of STR typing, expand the chapter on DNA databases, and revise the section on automated analysis. They also present key decisions and appellate or supreme court rulings that provide precedent at the state and federal levels. Discussing forensic DNA issues from both a scientific and a legal perspective, the authors of An Introduction to Forensic DNA Analysis, Second Edition present the material in a manner understandable by professionals in the legal system, law enforcement, and forensic science. They cover general principles in a clear fashion and include a glossary of terms and other useful appendices for easy reference.
Author : Kelly M. Elkins,Cynthia B. Zeller
Publisher : CRC Press
Page : 176 pages
File Size : 47,6 Mb
Release : 2021-09-15
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781000449259
Next Generation Sequencing in Forensic Science: A Primer addresses next generation sequencing (NGS) specific to its application to forensic science. The first part of the book offers a history of human identity approaches, including VNTR, RFLP, STR, and SNP DNA typing. It discusses the history of sequencing for human DNA typing, including Sanger sequencing, SNaPshot, pyrosequencing, and principles of next generation sequencing. The chapters present an overview of the forensically focused AmpliSeq, ForenSeq, Precision ID, PowerSeq, and QIAseq panels for human DNA typing using autosomal, Y and X chromosome STRs and SNPs using the MiSeq FGx and Ion Torrent System. The authors outline the steps included in DNA extraction and DNA quantitation that are performed prior to preparing libraries with the NGS kits. The second half of the book details the implementation of ForenSeq and Precision ID to amplify and tag targets to create the library, enrich targets to attach indexes and adaptors, perform library purification and normalization, pool the libraries, and load samples to the cartridge to perform the sequencing on the instrument. Coverage addresses the operation of the MiSeq FGx and Ion Chef, including creating a sample list, executing wash steps, performing NGS, understanding the run feedback files from the instrument, and troubleshooting. ForenSeq and Precision ID panel data analysis are explained, including how to analyze and interpret NGS data and output graphs and charts. The book concludes with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequencing and SNPs analysis, including the issue of heteroplasmy. The final chapters review forensic applications of microbial DNA, NGS in body fluid analysis, and challenges and considerations for future applications. FEATURES Focuses on human identification using traditional and NGS DNA typing methods targeting short tandem repeats (STRs) Applies the technology and its application to law enforcement investigations and identity and ancestry single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for investigational leads, mass disaster, and ancestry cases Presents the underlying principles of NGS in a clear, easy-to-understand format for practitioners and students studying DNA in forensic programs This is the first book to prepare practitioners to utilize and implement this new technology in their lab for casework, highlighting early applications of how NGS results have been used in court. The book can be utilized for upper-level undergraduate and graduate students taking courses focused on NGS concepts. Readers are expected to have a basic understanding of molecular and cellular biology and DNA typing.
Author : Elena Pilli,Andrea Berti
Publisher : CRC Press
Page : 479 pages
File Size : 41,6 Mb
Release : 2021-03-31
Category : Law
ISBN : 9781000064582
Forensic DNA Analysis: Technological Development and Innovative Applications provides a fascinating overview of new and innovative technologies and current applications in forensic genetics. Edited by two forensic experts with many years of forensic crime experience with the Italian police and with prestigious academic universities, the volume takes an interdisciplinary perspective, the volume presents an introduction to genome polymorphisms, discusses, forensic genetic markers, presents a variety of new methods and techniques in forensic genetics, and looks at a selection of new technological innovations and inventions now available from commercial vendors. The book is an important resource for scientists, researchers, and other experts in the field who will find it of interest for its exhaustive discussion of the most important technological innovations in forensic genetics. For those newer to the field, the volume will be an invaluable reference guide to the forensic world.
Author : Hirak Ranjan Dash
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 161 pages
File Size : 50,5 Mb
Release : 2024-06-30
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 9789819961955
Author : John M. Butler
Publisher : Elsevier
Page : 688 pages
File Size : 48,7 Mb
Release : 2005-02-08
Category : Law
ISBN : 0080470610
Forensic DNA Typing, Second Edition, is the only book available that specifically covers detailed information on mitochondrial DNA and the Y chromosome. It examines the science of current forensic DNA typing methods by focusing on the biology, technology, and genetic interpretation of short tandem repeat (STR) markers, which encompass the most common forensic DNA analysis methods used today. The book covers topics from introductory level right up to cutting edge research. High-profile cases are addressed throughout the text, near the sections dealing with the science or issues behind these cases. Ten new chapters have been added to accommodate the explosion of new information since the turn of the century. These additional chapters cover statistical genetic analysis of DNA data, an emerging field of interest to DNA research. Several chapters on statistical analysis of short tandem repeat (STR) typing data have been contributed by Dr. George Carmody, a well-respected professor in forensic genetics. Specific examples make the concepts of population genetics more understandable. This book will be of interest to researchers and practitioners in forensic DNA analysis, forensic scientists, population geneticists, military and private and public forensic laboratories (for identifying individuals through remains), and students of forensic science. *The only book available that specifically covers detailed information on mitochondrial DNA and the Y chromosome *Chapters cover the topic from introductory level right up to "cutting edge" research *High-profile cases are addressed throughout the book, near the sections dealing with the science or issues behind these cases *NEW TO THIS EDITION: D.N.A. Boxes--boxed "Data, Notes & Applications" sections throughout the book offer higher levels of detail on specific questions
Author : William Goodwin,Adrian Linacre,Sibte Hadi
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 170 pages
File Size : 44,7 Mb
Release : 2007-11-27
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780470010259
An Introduction to Forensic Genetics is a comprehensive introduction to this fast moving area from the collection of evidence at the scene of a crime to the presentation of that evidence in a legal context. The last few years have seen significant advances in the subject and the development and application of genetics has revolutionised forensic science. This book begins with the key concepts needed to fully appreciate the subject and moves on to examine the latest developments in the field, illustrated throughout with references to relevant casework. In addition to the technology involved in generating a DNA profile, the underlying population biology and statistical interpretation are also covered. The evaluation and presentation of DNA evidence in court is discussed as well with guidance on the evaluation process and how court reports and statements should be presented. An accessible introduction to Forensic Genetics from the collection of evidence to the presentation of that evidence in a legal context Includes case studies to enhance student understanding Includes the latest developments in the field focusing on the technology used today and that which is likely to be used in the future Accessible treatment of population biology and statistics associated with forensic evidence This book offers undergraduate students of Forensic Science an accessible approach to the subject that will have direct relevance to their courses. An Introduction to Forensic Genetics is also an invaluable resource for postgraduates and practising forensic scientists looking for a good introduction to the field.
