The Limits Of Scientific Reasoning

Author : David Faust
Publisher : U of Minnesota Press
Page : 234 pages
File Size : 49,6 Mb
Release : 1984
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780816613595

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The Limits of Scientific Reasoning by David Faust Pdf

The Limits of Scientific Reasoning was first published in 1984. Minnesota Archive Editions uses digital technology to make long-unavailable books once again accessible, and are published unaltered from the original University of Minnesota Press editions. The study of human judgment and its limitations is essential to an understanding of the processes involved in the acquisition of scientific knowledge. With that end in mind, David Faust has made the first comprehensive attempt to apply recent research on human judgment to the practice of science. Drawing upon the findings of cognitive psychology, Faust maintains that human judgment is far more limited than we have tended to believe and that all individuals - scientists included—have a surprisingly restricted capacity to interpret complex information. Faust's thesis implies that scientists do not perform reasoning tasks, such as theory evaluation, as well as we assume they do, and that there are many judgments the scientist is expected to perform but cannot because of restrictions in cognitive capacity. "This is a very well-written, timely, and important book. It documents and clarifies, in a very scholarly fashion, what sociologists and psychologists of science have been flirting with for several decades—namely, inherent limitations of scientific judgment," –Michael Mahoney, Pennsylvania State University David Faust is director of psychology at Rhode Island Hospital and a faculty member of the Brown University Medical School. He is co-author of Teaching Moral Reasoning: Theory and Practice.

Author : Frank Fischer,Clark A. Chinn,Katharina Engelmann,Jonathan Osborne
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 358 pages
File Size : 43,8 Mb
Release : 2018-06-13
Category : Education
ISBN : 9781351400428

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Scientific Reasoning and Argumentation by Frank Fischer,Clark A. Chinn,Katharina Engelmann,Jonathan Osborne Pdf

Competence in scientific reasoning is one of the most valued outcomes of secondary and higher education. However, there is a need for a deeper understanding of and further research into the roles of domain-general and domain-specific knowledge in such reasoning. This book explores the functions and limitations of domain-general conceptions of reasoning and argumentation, the substantial differences that exist between the disciplines, and the role of domain-specific knowledge and epistemologies. Featuring chapters and commentaries by widely cited experts in the learning sciences, educational psychology, science education, history education, and cognitive science, Scientific Reasoning and Argumentation presents new perspectives on a decades-long debate about the role of domain-specific knowledge and its contribution to the development of more general reasoning abilities.

Author : Leon Chwistek
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 406 pages
File Size : 53,7 Mb
Release : 2014-06-23
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9781317829843

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The Limits of Science by Leon Chwistek Pdf

This is Volume III of eight in a series on the Philosophy of Logic and Mathematics. Originally published in 1948, this book portrays an outline of logic and of the methodology of the exact sciences.

Author : Noson S. Yanofsky
Publisher : MIT Press
Page : 419 pages
File Size : 44,6 Mb
Release : 2016-11-04
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780262529846

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The Outer Limits of Reason by Noson S. Yanofsky Pdf

This exploration of the scientific limits of knowledge challenges our deep-seated beliefs about our universe, our rationality, and ourselves. “A must-read for anyone studying information science.” —Publishers Weekly, starred review Many books explain what is known about the universe. This book investigates what cannot be known. Rather than exploring the amazing facts that science, mathematics, and reason have revealed to us, this work studies what science, mathematics, and reason tell us cannot be revealed. In The Outer Limits of Reason, Noson Yanofsky considers what cannot be predicted, described, or known, and what will never be understood. He discusses the limitations of computers, physics, logic, and our own intuitions about the world—including our ideas about space, time, and motion, and the complex relationship between the knower and the known. Yanofsky describes simple tasks that would take computers trillions of centuries to complete and other problems that computers can never solve: • perfectly formed English sentences that make no sense • different levels of infinity • the bizarre world of the quantum • the relevance of relativity theory • the causes of chaos theory • math problems that cannot be solved by normal means • statements that are true but cannot be proven Moving from the concrete to the abstract, from problems of everyday language to straightforward philosophical questions to the formalities of physics and mathematics, Yanofsky demonstrates a myriad of unsolvable problems and paradoxes. Exploring the various limitations of our knowledge, he shows that many of these limitations have a similar pattern and that by investigating these patterns, we can better understand the structure and limitations of reason itself. Yanofsky even attempts to look beyond the borders of reason to see what, if anything, is out there.

Author : John Dupré
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 212 pages
File Size : 45,8 Mb
Release : 2001
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780199248063

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Human Nature and the Limits of Science by John Dupré Pdf

Dupré warns that our understanding of human nature is being distorted by two faulty and harmful forms of pseudo-scientific thinking. He claims it is important to resist scientism - an exaggerated conception of what science can be expected to do.

Author : John D. Barrow
Publisher : Oxford University Press, UK
Page : 298 pages
File Size : 43,6 Mb
Release : 1998-03-12
Category : Fiction
ISBN : 9780195351385

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Impossibility : The Limits of Science and the Science of Limits by John D. Barrow Pdf

Are there some things we can never think, or know, let alone do? In this fascinating book, acclaimed author John Barrow reveals the often paradoxical limits on knowledge and achievement, and shows that the notion of `impossibility' has played, and continues to play, a striking role in our thinking, and in the way in which we understand the universe and ourselves. - ;What are the true limits of science and human endeavour? The end of each century leads to a stocktaking of human achievement and our expectation about the future. This new book by John D. Barrow looks at what limits there might be to human discovery and what we might find, ultimately, to be unknowable, undoable, or unthinkable. Weaving together a tapestry of surprises, Barrow explores the frontiers of knowledge, taking in surrealism, impossible figures, time travel, paradoxes of logic and perspective, theological speculations about Beings for whom nothing is impossible -- all stimulate us to contemplate something more that what is. With sufficient time and money at our disposal, why should we find anything impossible? Barrow explores the limits that may be imposed upon a full understanding of the physical Universe by constraints of technology, computes, cost, and complexity. He considers how the nature of the universe's structure prevents us from answering the deepest questions about its beginning, its structure, and its future. And he delves into the deep limits imposed by the nature of knowledge itself, which have profound implications for any quest for complete knowledge. They take us into the debates over the problems of free will and consciousness. G--ouml--;del's famous theorem about our inability to capture the truths of mathematics by rules and axioms is explored to see if it has any implications for science. Clearly and engagingly written, and using simple explanations, this book reveals that impossibility is a deep and powerful notion: that any Universe complex enough to contain conscious beings will contain limits on what those beings can know about their Universe: that what we cannot know defines reality as surely as what we can know. Impossibility is a two-edged sword: it threatens the completeness of the scientific enterprise yet without it there would be no laws of Nature, no science, and no scientists. - ;In this illuminating, well-written account of Limits (with capital L), John D. Barrow chronicles and explains the limits of science as a reality-generation mechanism and why it matters.So for about as good an account as you're going to get of where science stops, read this book. It won't tell you any final answer. But the journey is far more interesting - and important - than the destination. - Nature

Author : Ronald N. Giere
Publisher : Harcourt Brace College Publishers
Page : 342 pages
File Size : 49,5 Mb
Release : 1991
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : UOM:39015021540649

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Understanding Scientific Reasoning by Ronald N. Giere Pdf

Not everything that claims to be science is. UNDERSTANDING SCIENTIFIC REASONING shows you easy-to-use principles that let you distinguish good science from bad information you encounter in both textbooks and the popular media. And because it uses the same processes that scientists use (but simplified), you'll know you're getting the most reliable instruction around. You'll also learn how to reason through case studies using the same informal logic skills employed by scientists.

Author : Nicholas Rescher
Publisher : University of Pittsburgh Pre
Page : 297 pages
File Size : 45,7 Mb
Release : 2014-08-12
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780822972068

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The Limits Of Science by Nicholas Rescher Pdf

Perfected science is but an idealization that provides a useful contrast to highlight the limited character of what we do and can attain. This lies at the core of various debates in the philosophy of science and Rescher's discussion focuses on the question: how far could science go in principle—what are the theoretical limits on science? He concentrates on what science can discover, not what it should discover. He explores in detail the existence of limits or limitations on scientific inquiry, especially those that, in principle, preclude the full realization of the aims of science, as opposed to those that relate to economic obstacles to scientific progress. Rescher also places his argument within the politics of the day, where "strident calls of ideological extremes surround us," ranging from the exaggeration that "science can do anything"—to the antiscientism that views science as a costly diversion we would be well advised to abandon. Rescher offers a middle path between these two extremes and provides an appreciation of the actual powers and limitations of science, not only to philosophers of science but also to a larger, less specialized audience.

Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Policy and Global Affairs,Committee on Science, Engineering, Medicine, and Public Policy,Board on Research Data and Information,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Committee on Applied and Theoretical Statistics,Board on Mathematical Sciences and Analytics,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Committee on National Statistics,Board on Behavioral, Cognitive, and Sensory Sciences,Committee on Reproducibility and Replicability in Science
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 257 pages
File Size : 49,7 Mb
Release : 2019-10-20
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780309486163

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Reproducibility and Replicability in Science by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Policy and Global Affairs,Committee on Science, Engineering, Medicine, and Public Policy,Board on Research Data and Information,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Committee on Applied and Theoretical Statistics,Board on Mathematical Sciences and Analytics,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Committee on National Statistics,Board on Behavioral, Cognitive, and Sensory Sciences,Committee on Reproducibility and Replicability in Science Pdf

One of the pathways by which the scientific community confirms the validity of a new scientific discovery is by repeating the research that produced it. When a scientific effort fails to independently confirm the computations or results of a previous study, some fear that it may be a symptom of a lack of rigor in science, while others argue that such an observed inconsistency can be an important precursor to new discovery. Concerns about reproducibility and replicability have been expressed in both scientific and popular media. As these concerns came to light, Congress requested that the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine conduct a study to assess the extent of issues related to reproducibility and replicability and to offer recommendations for improving rigor and transparency in scientific research. Reproducibility and Replicability in Science defines reproducibility and replicability and examines the factors that may lead to non-reproducibility and non-replicability in research. Unlike the typical expectation of reproducibility between two computations, expectations about replicability are more nuanced, and in some cases a lack of replicability can aid the process of scientific discovery. This report provides recommendations to researchers, academic institutions, journals, and funders on steps they can take to improve reproducibility and replicability in science.

Author : Matthew Stanley
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
Page : 373 pages
File Size : 55,9 Mb
Release : 2014-11-24
Category : Religion
ISBN : 9780226164908

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Huxley's Church and Maxwell's Demon by Matthew Stanley Pdf

During the Victorian period, the practice of science shifted from a religious context to a naturalistic one. It is generally assumed that this shift occurred because naturalistic science was distinct from and superior to theistic science. Yet as Huxley’s Church and Maxwell’s Demon reveals, most of the methodological values underlying scientific practice were virtually identical for the theists and the naturalists: each agreed on the importance of the uniformity of natural laws, the use of hypothesis and theory, the moral value of science, and intellectual freedom. But if scientific naturalism did not rise to dominance because of its methodological superiority, then how did it triumph? Matthew Stanley explores the overlap and shift between theistic and naturalistic science through a parallel study of two major scientific figures: James Clerk Maxwell, a devout Christian physicist, and Thomas Henry Huxley, the iconoclast biologist who coined the word agnostic. Both were deeply engaged in the methodological, institutional, and political issues that were crucial to the theistic-naturalistic transformation. What Stanley’s analysis of these figures reveals is that the scientific naturalists executed a number of strategies over a generation to gain control of the institutions of scientific education and to reimagine the history of their discipline. Rather than a sudden revolution, the similarity between theistic and naturalistic science allowed for a relatively smooth transition in practice from the old guard to the new.

Author : John Theodore Merz
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 522 pages
File Size : 44,7 Mb
Release : 1896
Category : Philosophy, Modern
ISBN : PRNC:32101075679363

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A History of European Thought in the Nineteenth Century: Scientific thought. 2 v by John Theodore Merz Pdf

Author : Anonim
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 514 pages
File Size : 40,9 Mb
Release : 1889
Category : Apologetics
ISBN : UOM:39015067955057

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Christian Thought by Anonim Pdf

Author : Charles Force Deems
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 492 pages
File Size : 46,9 Mb
Release : 1889
Category : Electronic
ISBN : PRNC:32101063609448

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Christian Thought by Charles Force Deems Pdf

Author : Muzaffar Iqbal
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 518 pages
File Size : 52,6 Mb
Release : 2017-05-15
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9781351949156

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Contemporary Issues in Islam and Science by Muzaffar Iqbal Pdf

The articles selected for this volume explore emergent issues in the contemporary relationship between Islam and science and present studies of eight major voices in the discourse. Also included is a section on the operationalization of Islamic science in the modern world and a section on studies in traditional Islamic cosmology.

Author : Stephen Newstead,Jonathan St.B.T. Evans
Publisher : Psychology Press
Page : 321 pages
File Size : 41,9 Mb
Release : 2013-06-20
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9781134834266

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Perspectives On Thinking And Reasoning by Stephen Newstead,Jonathan St.B.T. Evans Pdf

This collection of essays focuses on three reasoning problems devised by Peter Wason - the selection task, the 2-4-6 task, and the THOG problem - which have had a considerable influence since their invention.; The reasons why people make so many errors in these seemingly simple tasks are still not fully understood. A variety of different theoretical perspectives have been used in trying to explain performance. These include the mental models approach, the pragmatic reasoning approach, and the mental logic approach. This book contains chapters which discuss all these theories. Other chapters review the literature or offer alternative theoretical perspectives. A final chapter by Peter Wason describes how he came to create the tasks discussed.