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Author : Benjamin Shwadran
Publisher : Westview Press
Page : 656 pages
File Size : 44,7 Mb
Release : 1985-09-03
Category : History
ISBN : IND:39000000846415
Author : Benjamin Shwadran
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 40,6 Mb
Release : 1956
Category : Electronic
ISBN : OCLC:1424020297
Author : Israel Stockman-Shomron
Publisher : Transaction Publishers
Page : 428 pages
File Size : 52,9 Mb
Release : 2024-06-28
Category : History
ISBN : 1412826721
Israel, The Middle East and the Great Powers presents the Israel-Arab conflict to the general public in a uniquely comprehensive and interdisciplinary format. Its form and content reflect the most serious efforts of Israel's intellectual community to analyze the conflict situation in which they live, objectively and honestly. The book argues that recent events have reduced the U.S. role, and changed the policy parameters in the region. A broad cross-section of Israel's foremost orientalists, historians, juridicists and political scientists have contributed a selection of articles and lexicons which embody the essential aspects of the conflict in its broadest sense. Each key element is analyzed within a number of categories: the ideological-theological plane (Judaism, Zionism, the Holocaust, Jerusalem and the three monotheistic religions); the Palestinian sphere (PLO ideology, Jordon and the Judea & Samaria Region, the PLO and the war in lebanon); the superpowers and the wider region (Iran-Iraq, the Islamic resurgence, oil, the Soviet Union and the Middle East, the United States and Israel), etc. Detailed lexicons offer concise factual breakdowns of both the Middle East (inter-Arab aspects, key Arab countries, conventional and nuclear Arab armaments) and the Arab-Israel context (chronology of the conflict, key events and personalities in Zionism, UN involvement, international legal aspects).
Author : Anand Toprani
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 320 pages
File Size : 43,8 Mb
Release : 2019-04-04
Category : History
ISBN : 9780192571595
The history of oil is a chapter in the story of Europe's geopolitical decline in the twentieth century. During the era of the two world wars, a lack of oil constrained Britain and Germany from exerting their considerable economic and military power independently. Both nations' efforts to restore the independence they had enjoyed during the Age of Coal backfired by inducing strategic over-extension, which served only to hasten their demise as great powers. Having fought World War I with oil imported from the United States, Britain was determined to avoid relying upon another great power for its energy needs ever again. Even before the Great War had ended, Whitehall implemented a strategy of developing alternative sources of oil under British control. Britain's key supplier would be the Middle East - already a region of vital importance to the British Empire - whose oil potential was still unproven. As it turned out, there was plenty of oil in the Middle East, but Italian hostility after 1935 threatened transit through the Mediterranean. A shortage of tankers ruled out re-routing shipments around Africa, forcing Britain to import oil from US-controlled sources in the Western Hemisphere and depleting its foreign exchange reserves. Even as war loomed in 1939, therefore, Britain's quest for independence from the United States had failed. Germany was in an even worse position than Britain. It could not import oil from overseas in wartime due to the threat of blockade, while accumulating large stockpiles was impossible because of the economic and financial costs. The Third Reich went to war dependent on petroleum synthesized from coal, domestic crude oil, and overland imports, primarily from Romania. German leaders were confident, however, that they had enough oil to fight a series of short campaigns that would deliver to them the mastery of Europe. This plan derailed following the victory over France, when Britain continued to fight. This left Germany responsible for Europe's oil requirements while cut off from world markets. A looming energy crisis in Axis Europe, the absence of strategic alternatives, and ideological imperatives all compelled Germany in June 1941 to invade the Soviet Union and fulfill the Third Reich's ultimate ambition of becoming a world power - a decision that ultimately sealed its fate.
Author : Benjamin Shwadran
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 552 pages
File Size : 50,6 Mb
Release : 1959
Category : Middle East
ISBN : STANFORD:36105002504889
Author : Barry Rubin
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 219 pages
File Size : 46,6 Mb
Release : 2013-11-05
Category : History
ISBN : 9781135168773
First Published in 1981. The objective of this study is to reconstruct the difficulty faced by American and British policy-makers in ‘determining the capabilities and intentions’ of their two main wartime allies regarding the Middle East. Specifically, it seeks to explore the role of great power relations in the Middle East in the breakdown of the wartime alliance and in the origins of the Cold War.
Author : Steven Cook
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 45,5 Mb
Release : 2021-03-31
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 0876093624
Author : Peter Mangold
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 210 pages
File Size : 42,8 Mb
Release : 2013-10-14
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9781135046828
Strategically placed on the global chess board, as well as controlling vast oil resources, the Middle East was one of the main theatres of Cold War. In the 1950s the Soviet Union had taken advantage of Arab Nationalists’ disillusion with British and French Imperialism, along with the emerging Arab-Israeli conflict, to establish relations with Egypt, Syria and Iraq. The United States responded by moving in to shore up the Western position. Confrontation was inevitable. Superpower Intervention in the Middle East was written in 1978, when this confrontation was at its height. The book’s main theme focuses on how the superpowers became competitively involved in local Middle East conflicts over which they could exercise only limited control, and the risks of nuclear confrontation of the kind which occurred at the end of the 1973 Arab-Israeli war. The threat to Western oil supplies is also examined. This is a fascinating work, of great relevance to scholars and students of Middle Eastern history and political diplomacy, as well as those with an interest in the relationship between the Western superpowers and this volatile region.
Author : Markus Kaim
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 290 pages
File Size : 54,5 Mb
Release : 2016-04-22
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781317124849
Great Powers and Regional Orders explores the manifestations of US power in the Persian Gulf and the limits of American influence. Significantly, this volume explores both the impact of US domestic politics and the role played by the region itself in terms of regional policy, order and stability. Well organized and logically structured, Markus Kaim and contributors have produced a new and unique contribution to the field that is applicable not only to US policy in the Persian Gulf but also to many other regional contexts. This will interest anyone working or researching within foreign policy, US and Middle Eastern politics.
Author : Tore T. Petersen
Publisher : Fagbokforlaget
Page : 134 pages
File Size : 52,7 Mb
Release : 2006
Category : History
ISBN : IND:30000111075341
This collection of essays by a distinguished group of scholars - based on lectures presented at a conference on the Anglo-American Middle East in Trondheim, Norway during May 2005 - discusses how the different great powers have, not always successfully, tried to control the Middle East. Contributor Edward Ingram compares with a grand sweep the British and the American imperial experience in the Middle East. He notes that too many scholars exaggerate the power of 19th-century Great Britain in order to compare it with the present day 'US paramountcy.' Alan Milward is on a different tack, explaining how the oil crisis and oil embargo forced the European Common Market to take a new approach towards the Arabs, and in the process cutting loose from the American embrace and laying the foundation for a common EU foreign policy. Douglas Little deepens our understanding of his concept American Orientalism - "the tendency to dismiss Muslims as backward, decadent and evil" - ending his essay with a withering criticism of George W. Bush who has rejected the doctrine of containment in favor of preventive war when invading Iraq, needlessly creating the current imbroglio there. Peter Hahn discusses American-Israeli relations in the period 1945-1961, showing that Israeli and American officials were often at loggerheads on the future of the Jewish state. Rounding off the essays is Mary Ann Heiss' account of key episodes of American oil policy since 1945. Even with the importance of oil, as Heiss explains, the balance of power had by 1974 shifted in favor of the oil producers that had "shrewdly divided the Atlantic Alliance, pitting the Western Europeans against both the Americans and each other."
Author : Benjamin Shwadran
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 270 pages
File Size : 50,6 Mb
Release : 2019-06-07
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 0367005964
The production and consumption of oil has emerged as a major factor in international economics in general and in regional and national development in particular. The struggle for access to oil and gas resources has become even more fierce, affecting the long-range strategic planning of the superpowers and causing a shift in the world balance of trade. Middle East Oil Crises Since 1973 is the logical sequel to Dr. Shwadran's classic, The Middle East, Oil and the Great Powers. In this new work, Dr. Shwadran delineates the changes in the power equation, the political atmosphere, and the resources of the participants since 1973. He marshals persuasive evidence to show that economic forces, narrow vision, and the absence of strategic planning were the major contributing factors for the oil crises of the past decade, rather than the Arab-Israeli war.
Author : Matthieu Auzanneau
Publisher : Chelsea Green Publishing
Page : 674 pages
File Size : 51,5 Mb
Release : 2020-02-20
Category : History
ISBN : 9781603589789
The story of oil is one of hubris, fortune, betrayal, and destruction. It is the story of a resource that has been undeniably central to the creation of our modern culture, and ever-present during the darkest exploits of empire the world over. For the past 150 years, oil has become the most essential ingredient for economic, military, and political power. And it has brought us to our present moment in which political leaders and the fossil-fuel industry consider extraordinary, and extraordinarily dangerous, policy on a world stage marked by shifting power bases. Upending the conventional wisdom by crafting a “people’s history,” award-winning journalist Matthieu Auzanneau deftly traces how oil became a national and then global addiction, outlines the enormous consequences of that addiction, sheds new light on major historical and contemporary figures, and raises new questions about stories we thought we knew well: What really sparked the oil crises in the 1970s, the shift away from the gold standard at Bretton Woods, or even the financial crash of 2008? How has oil shaped the events that have defined our times: two world wars, the Cold War, the Great Depression, ongoing wars in the Middle East, the advent of neoliberalism, and the Great Recession, among them? With brutal clarity, Oil, Power, and War exposes the heavy hand oil has had in all of our lives—and illustrates how much heavier that hand could get during the increasingly desperate race to control the last of the world’s easily and cheaply extractable reserves.
Author : Yezid Sayigh,Avi Shlaim
Publisher : Clarendon Press
Page : 322 pages
File Size : 50,6 Mb
Release : 1997-05-22
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 9780191571510
The Cold War has been researched in minute detail and written about at great length but it remains one of the most elusive and enigmatic conflicts of modern times. With the ending of the Cold War, it is now possible to review the entire post-war period, to examine the Cold War as history. The Middle East occupies a special place in the history of the Cold War. It was critical to its birth, its life and its demise. In the aftermath of the Second World War, it became one of the major theatres of the Cold War on account of its strategic importance and its oil resources. The key to the international politics of the Middle East during the Cold War era is the relationship between external powers and local powers. Most of the existing literature on the subject focuses on the policies of the Great Powers towards the local region. The Cold War and the Middle East redresses the balance by concentrating on the policies of the local actors. It looks at the politics of the region not just from the outside in but from the inside out. The contributors to this volume are leading scholars in the field whose interests combine International Relations and Middle Eastern Studies.
Author : AA.VV
Publisher : Ledizioni
Page : 173 pages
File Size : 41,9 Mb
Release : 2019-10-01
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9788855260732
The volume deals with competition among regional and external players for the redistribution of power and international status in the Middle East and North Africa, with a focus on Russia’s renewed role and the implications for US interests. Over the last few years, a crisis of legitimacy has beset the liberal international order. In this context, the configuration of regional orders has come into question, as in the extreme case of the current collapse in the Middle East. The idea of a “Russian resurgence” in the Middle East set against a perceived American withdrawal has captured the attention of policymakers and scholars alike, warranting further examination. This volume, a joint publication by ISPI and the Atlantic Council, gathers analysis on Washington’s and Moscow’s policy choices in the MENA region and develops case studies of the two powers’ engagament in the countries beset by major crises.
Author : T. Petersen
Publisher : Springer
Page : 170 pages
File Size : 47,5 Mb
Release : 2000-05-26
Category : History
ISBN : 9780230599093
Anglo-American rivalry in Egypt, Iran and the Persian Gulf in the period 1952 to 1957 represented the transfer of power in the Middle East from Great Britain to the United States. As Britain's influence in Egypt and Iran declined, its determination to hold on to the Persian Gulf increased, at one point threatening to kill any Americans found in the hotly contested Buraimi oasis. The episode is little examined by historians but played a large role in the ensuing Suez crisis.
