The Most Segregated City In America

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The Most Segregated City in America"

Charles E. Connerly
The Most Segregated City in America Book PDF

Author : Charles E. Connerly
Publisher : University of Virginia Press
Page : 352 pages
File Size : 55,6 Mb
Release : 2013-07-11
Category : Architecture
ISBN : 9780813935386

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The Most Segregated City in America" by Charles E. Connerly Pdf

One of Planetizen’s Top Ten Books of 2006 "But for Birmingham," Fred Shuttleworth recalled President John F. Kennedy saying in June 1963 when he invited black leaders to meet with him, "we would not be here today." Birmingham is well known for its civil rights history, particularly for the violent white-on-black bombings that occurred there in the 1960s, resulting in the city’s nickname "Bombingham." What is less well known about Birmingham’s racial history, however, is the extent to which early city planning decisions influenced and prompted the city’s civil rights protests. The first book-length work to analyze this connection, "The Most Segregated City in America": City Planning and Civil Rights in Birmingham, 1920–1980 uncovers the impact of Birmingham’s urban planning decisions on its black communities and reveals how these decisions led directly to the civil rights movement. Spanning over sixty years, Charles E. Connerly’s study begins in the 1920s, when Birmingham used urban planning as an excuse to implement racial zoning laws, pointedly sidestepping the 1917 U.S. Supreme Court Buchanan v. Warley decision that had struck down racial zoning. The result of this obstruction was the South’s longest-standing racial zoning law, which lasted from 1926 to 1951, when it was redeclared unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court. Despite the fact that African Americans constituted at least 38 percent of Birmingham’s residents, they faced drastic limitations to their freedom to choose where to live. When in the1940s they rebelled by attempting to purchase homes in off-limit areas, their efforts were labeled as a challenge to city planning, resulting in government and court interventions that became violent. More than fifty bombings ensued between 1947 and 1966, becoming nationally publicized only in 1963, when four black girls were killed in the bombing of the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church. Connerly effectively uses Birmingham’s history as an example to argue the importance of recognizing the link that exists between city planning and civil rights. His demonstration of how Birmingham’s race-based planning legacy led to the confrontations that culminated in the city’s struggle for civil rights provides a fresh lens on the history and future of urban planning, and its relation to race.

Segregation

Carl H. Nightingale
Segregation Book PDF

Author : Carl H. Nightingale
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
Page : 539 pages
File Size : 41,6 Mb
Release : 2016-07-11
Category : History
ISBN : 9780226379715

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Segregation by Carl H. Nightingale Pdf

When we think of segregation, what often comes to mind is apartheid South Africa, or the American South in the age of Jim Crow—two societies fundamentally premised on the concept of the separation of the races. But as Carl H. Nightingale shows us in this magisterial history, segregation is everywhere, deforming cities and societies worldwide. Starting with segregation’s ancient roots, and what the archaeological evidence reveals about humanity’s long-standing use of urban divisions to reinforce political and economic inequality, Nightingale then moves to the world of European colonialism. It was there, he shows, segregation based on color—and eventually on race—took hold; the British East India Company, for example, split Calcutta into “White Town” and “Black Town.” As we follow Nightingale’s story around the globe, we see that division replicated from Hong Kong to Nairobi, Baltimore to San Francisco, and more. The turn of the twentieth century saw the most aggressive segregation movements yet, as white communities almost everywhere set to rearranging whole cities along racial lines. Nightingale focuses closely on two striking examples: Johannesburg, with its state-sponsored separation, and Chicago, in which the goal of segregation was advanced by the more subtle methods of real estate markets and housing policy. For the first time ever, the majority of humans live in cities, and nearly all those cities bear the scars of segregation. This unprecedented, ambitious history lays bare our troubled past, and sets us on the path to imagining the better, more equal cities of the future.

Segregation by Design

Jessica Trounstine
Segregation by Design Book PDF

Author : Jessica Trounstine
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 287 pages
File Size : 47,5 Mb
Release : 2018-11-15
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781108429955

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Segregation by Design by Jessica Trounstine Pdf

Local governments use their control over land use to generate race and class segregation, benefitting white property owners.

Cycle of Segregation

Maria Krysan,Kyle Crowder
Cycle of Segregation Book PDF

Author : Maria Krysan,Kyle Crowder
Publisher : Russell Sage Foundation
Page : 335 pages
File Size : 45,6 Mb
Release : 2017-12-13
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9781610448697

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Cycle of Segregation by Maria Krysan,Kyle Crowder Pdf

The Fair Housing Act of 1968 outlawed housing discrimination by race and provided an important tool for dismantling legal segregation. But almost fifty years later, residential segregation remains virtually unchanged in many metropolitan areas, particularly where large groups of racial and ethnic minorities live. Why does segregation persist at such high rates and what makes it so difficult to combat? In Cycle of Segregation, sociologists Maria Krysan and Kyle Crowder examine how everyday social processes shape residential stratification. Past neighborhood experiences, social networks, and daily activities all affect the mobility patterns of different racial groups in ways that have cemented segregation as a self-perpetuating cycle in the twenty-first century. Through original analyses of national-level surveys and in-depth interviews with residents of Chicago, Krysan and Crowder find that residential stratification is reinforced through the biases and blind spots that individuals exhibit in their searches for housing. People rely heavily on information from friends, family, and coworkers when choosing where to live. Because these social networks tend to be racially homogenous, people are likely to receive information primarily from members of their own racial group and move to neighborhoods that are also dominated by their group. Similarly, home-seekers who report wanting to stay close to family members can end up in segregated destinations because their relatives live in those neighborhoods. The authors suggest that even absent of family ties, people gravitate toward neighborhoods that are familiar to them through their past experiences, including where they have previously lived, and where they work, shop, and spend time. Because historical segregation has shaped so many of these experiences, even these seemingly race-neutral decisions help reinforce the cycle of residential stratification. As a result, segregation has declined much more slowly than many social scientists have expected. To overcome this cycle, Krysan and Crowder advocate multi-level policy solutions that pair inclusionary zoning and affordable housing with education and public relations campaigns that emphasize neighborhood diversity and high-opportunity areas. They argue that together, such programs can expand the number of destinations available to low-income residents and help offset the negative images many people hold about certain neighborhoods or help introduce them to places they had never considered. Cycle of Segregation demonstrates why a nuanced understanding of everyday social processes is critical for interrupting entrenched patterns of residential segregation.

The South Side

Natalie Y. Moore
The South Side Book PDF

Author : Natalie Y. Moore
Publisher : St. Martin's Press
Page : 288 pages
File Size : 53,6 Mb
Release : 2016-03-22
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9781466878969

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The South Side by Natalie Y. Moore Pdf

**One of Buzzfeed's 18 Best Nonfiction Books Of 2016** A lyrical, intelligent, authentic, and necessary look at the intersection of race and class in Chicago, a Great American City In this intelligent and highly important narrative, Chicago-native Natalie Moore shines a light on contemporary segregation in the city's South Side; with a memoirist's eye, she showcases the lives of these communities through the stories of people who reside there. The South Side shows the impact of Chicago's historic segregation - and the ongoing policies that keep the system intact.

The Color of Law: A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America

Richard Rothstein
The Color of Law A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America Book PDF

Author : Richard Rothstein
Publisher : Liveright Publishing
Page : 246 pages
File Size : 48,5 Mb
Release : 2017-05-02
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9781631492860

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The Color of Law: A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America by Richard Rothstein Pdf

New York Times Bestseller • Notable Book of the Year • Editors' Choice Selection One of Bill Gates’ “Amazing Books” of the Year One of Publishers Weekly’s 10 Best Books of the Year Longlisted for the National Book Award for Nonfiction An NPR Best Book of the Year Winner of the Hillman Prize for Nonfiction Gold Winner • California Book Award (Nonfiction) Finalist • Los Angeles Times Book Prize (History) Finalist • Brooklyn Public Library Literary Prize This “powerful and disturbing history” exposes how American governments deliberately imposed racial segregation on metropolitan areas nationwide (New York Times Book Review). Widely heralded as a “masterful” (Washington Post) and “essential” (Slate) history of the modern American metropolis, Richard Rothstein’s The Color of Law offers “the most forceful argument ever published on how federal, state, and local governments gave rise to and reinforced neighborhood segregation” (William Julius Wilson). Exploding the myth of de facto segregation arising from private prejudice or the unintended consequences of economic forces, Rothstein describes how the American government systematically imposed residential segregation: with undisguised racial zoning; public housing that purposefully segregated previously mixed communities; subsidies for builders to create whites-only suburbs; tax exemptions for institutions that enforced segregation; and support for violent resistance to African Americans in white neighborhoods. A groundbreaking, “virtually indispensable” study that has already transformed our understanding of twentieth-century urban history (Chicago Daily Observer), The Color of Law forces us to face the obligation to remedy our unconstitutional past.

The Impacts of Racism and Bias on Black People Pursuing Careers in Science, Engineering, and Medicine

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Health and Medicine Division,Policy and Global Affairs,Roundtable on Black Men and Black Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine
The Impacts of Racism and Bias on Black People Pursuing Careers in Science Engineering and Medicine Book PDF

Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Health and Medicine Division,Policy and Global Affairs,Roundtable on Black Men and Black Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 107 pages
File Size : 51,7 Mb
Release : 2020-12-18
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9780309679541

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The Impacts of Racism and Bias on Black People Pursuing Careers in Science, Engineering, and Medicine by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Health and Medicine Division,Policy and Global Affairs,Roundtable on Black Men and Black Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine Pdf

Despite the changing demographics of the nation and a growing appreciation for diversity and inclusion as drivers of excellence in science, engineering, and medicine, Black Americans are severely underrepresented in these fields. Racism and bias are significant reasons for this disparity, with detrimental implications on individuals, health care organizations, and the nation as a whole. The Roundtable on Black Men and Black Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine was launched at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in 2019 to identify key levers, drivers, and disruptors in government, industry, health care, and higher education where actions can have the most impact on increasing the participation of Black men and Black women in science, medicine, and engineering. On April 16, 2020, the Roundtable convened a workshop to explore the context for their work; to surface key issues and questions that the Roundtable should address in its initial phase; and to reach key stakeholders and constituents. This proceedings provides a record of the workshop.

American Apartheid

Douglas S. Massey,Nancy A. Denton
American Apartheid Book PDF

Author : Douglas S. Massey,Nancy A. Denton
Publisher : Harvard University Press
Page : 312 pages
File Size : 51,6 Mb
Release : 1993
Category : History
ISBN : 0674018214

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American Apartheid by Douglas S. Massey,Nancy A. Denton Pdf

This powerful and disturbing book clearly links persistent poverty among blacks in the United States to the unparalleled degree of deliberate segregation they experience in American cities. American Apartheid shows how the black ghetto was created by whites during the first half of the twentieth century in order to isolate growing urban black populations. It goes on to show that, despite the Fair Housing Act of 1968, segregation is perpetuated today through an interlocking set of individual actions, institutional practices, and governmental policies. In some urban areas the degree of black segregation is so intense and occurs in so many dimensions simultaneously that it amounts to "hypersegregation." The authors demonstrate that this systematic segregation of African Americans leads inexorably to the creation of underclass communities during periods of economic downturn. Under conditions of extreme segregation, any increase in the overall rate of black poverty yields a marked increase in the geographic concentration of indigence and the deterioration of social and economic conditions in black communities. As ghetto residents adapt to this increasingly harsh environment under a climate of racial isolation, they evolve attitudes, behaviors, and practices that further marginalize their neighborhoods and undermine their chances of success in mainstream American society. This book is a sober challenge to those who argue that race is of declining significance in the United States today.

City of Segregation

Andrea Gibbons
City of Segregation Book PDF

Author : Andrea Gibbons
Publisher : Verso Books
Page : 257 pages
File Size : 43,8 Mb
Release : 2018-09-18
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9781786632708

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City of Segregation by Andrea Gibbons Pdf

A majestic one-hundred-year study of segregation in Los Angeles City of Segregation documents one hundred years of struggle against the enforced separation of racial groups through property markets, constructions of community, and the growth of neoliberalism. This movement history covers the decades of work to end legal support for segregation in 1948; the 1960s Civil Rights movement and CORE’s efforts to integrate LA’s white suburbs; and the 2006 victory preserving 10,000 downtown residential hotel units from gentrification enfolded within ongoing resistance to the criminalization and displacement of the homeless. Andrea Gibbons reveals the shape and nature of the racist ideology that must be fought, in Los Angeles and across the United States, if we hope to found just cities.

Race and Education in New Orleans

Walter Stern
Race and Education in New Orleans Book PDF

Author : Walter Stern
Publisher : LSU Press
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 48,5 Mb
Release : 2020-09-02
Category : Education
ISBN : 9780807173237

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Race and Education in New Orleans by Walter Stern Pdf

Surveying the two centuries that preceded Jim Crow’s demise, Race and Education in New Orleans traces the course of the city’s education system from the colonial period to the start of school desegregation in 1960. Walter C. Stern’s timely historical analysis reveals that public schools in New Orleans both suffered from and maintained the racial stratification that characterized urban areas for much of the twentieth century. By taking a long view of the interplay between education, race, and urban change, Stern underscores the fluidity of race as a social construct and the extent to which the Jim Crow system evolved through a dynamic though often improvisational process.

Some of My Best Friends Are Black

Tanner Colby
Some of My Best Friends Are Black Book PDF

Author : Tanner Colby
Publisher : National Geographic Books
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 48,8 Mb
Release : 2013-07-30
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9780143123637

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Some of My Best Friends Are Black by Tanner Colby Pdf

An irreverent, yet powerful exploration of race relations by the New York Times-bestselling author of The Chris Farley Show Frank, funny, and incisive, Some of My Best Friends Are Black offers a profoundly honest portrait of race in America. In a book that is part reportage, part history, part social commentary, Tanner Colby explores why the civil rights movement ultimately produced such little true integration in schools, neighborhoods, offices, and churches—the very places where social change needed to unfold. Weaving together the personal, intimate stories of everyday people—black and white—Colby reveals the strange, sordid history of what was supposed to be the end of Jim Crow, but turned out to be more of the same with no name. He shows us how far we have come in our journey to leave mistrust and anger behind—and how far all of us have left to go.

Socio-Economic Segregation in European Capital Cities

Tiit Tammaru,Maarten van Ham,Szymon Marcińczak,Sako Musterd
Socio Economic Segregation in European Capital Cities Book PDF

Author : Tiit Tammaru,Maarten van Ham,Szymon Marcińczak,Sako Musterd
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 390 pages
File Size : 52,8 Mb
Release : 2015-07-24
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781317637486

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Socio-Economic Segregation in European Capital Cities by Tiit Tammaru,Maarten van Ham,Szymon Marcińczak,Sako Musterd Pdf

Growing inequalities in Europe are a major challenge threatening the sustainability of urban communities and the competiveness of European cities. While the levels of socio-economic segregation in European cities are still modest compared to some parts of the world, the poor are increasingly concentrating spatially within capital cities across Europe. An overlooked area of research, this book offers a systematic and representative account of the spatial dimension of rising inequalities in Europe. This book provides rigorous comparative evidence on socio-economic segregation from 13 European cities. Cities include Amsterdam, Athens, Budapest, London, Milan, Madrid, Oslo, Prague, Riga, Stockholm, Tallinn, Vienna and Vilnius. Comparing 2001 and 2011, this multi-factor approach links segregation to four underlying universal structural factors: social inequalities, global city status, welfare regimes and housing systems. Hypothetical segregation levels derived from those factors are compared to actual segregation levels in all cities. Each chapter provides an in-depth and context sensitive discussion of the unique features shaping inequalities and segregation in the case study cities. The main conclusion of the book is that the spatial gap between the poor and the rich is widening in capital cities across Europe, which threatens to harm the social stability of European cities. This book will be a key reference on increasing segregation and will provide valuable insights to students, researchers and policy makers who are interested in the spatial dimension of social inequality in European cities. A PDF version of the introduction and conclusion are available Open Access at www.tandfebooks.com. It has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 3.0 license.

How the Suburbs Were Segregated

Paige Glotzer
How the Suburbs Were Segregated Book PDF

Author : Paige Glotzer
Publisher : Columbia University Press
Page : 189 pages
File Size : 41,5 Mb
Release : 2020-04-28
Category : History
ISBN : 9780231542494

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How the Suburbs Were Segregated by Paige Glotzer Pdf

The story of the rise of the segregated suburb often begins during the New Deal and the Second World War, when sweeping federal policies hollowed out cities, pushed rapid suburbanization, and created a white homeowner class intent on defending racial barriers. Paige Glotzer offers a new understanding of the deeper roots of suburban segregation. The mid-twentieth-century policies that favored exclusionary housing were not simply the inevitable result of popular and elite prejudice, she reveals, but the culmination of a long-term effort by developers to use racism to structure suburban real estate markets. Glotzer charts how the real estate industry shaped residential segregation, from the emergence of large-scale suburban development in the 1890s to the postwar housing boom. Focusing on the Roland Park Company as it developed Baltimore’s wealthiest, whitest neighborhoods, she follows the money that financed early segregated suburbs, including the role of transnational capital, mostly British, in the U.S. housing market. She also scrutinizes the business practices of real estate developers, from vetting homebuyers to negotiating with municipal governments for services. She examines how they sold the idea of the suburbs to consumers and analyzes their influence in shaping local and federal housing policies. Glotzer then details how Baltimore’s experience informed the creation of a national real estate industry with professional organizations that lobbied for planned segregated suburbs. How the Suburbs Were Segregated sheds new light on the power of real estate developers in shaping the origins and mechanisms of a housing market in which racial exclusion and profit are still inextricably intertwined.

The Divided City

Alan Mallach
The Divided City Book PDF

Author : Alan Mallach
Publisher : Island Press
Page : 346 pages
File Size : 49,5 Mb
Release : 2018-06-12
Category : Architecture
ISBN : 9781610917810

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The Divided City by Alan Mallach Pdf

In The Divided City, urban practitioner and scholar Alan Mallach presents a detailed picture of what has happened over the past 15 to 20 years in industrial cities like Pittsburgh and Baltimore, as they have undergone unprecedented, unexpected revival. He spotlights these changes while placing them in their larger economic, social and political context. Most importantly, he explores the pervasive significance of race in American cities, and looks closely at the successes and failures of city governments, nonprofit entities, and citizens as they have tried to address the challenges of change. The Divided City concludes with strategies to foster greater equality and opportunity, firmly grounding them in the cities' economic and political realities.

The Battle Nearer to Home

Christopher Bonastia
The Battle Nearer to Home Book PDF

Author : Christopher Bonastia
Publisher : Stanford University Press
Page : 407 pages
File Size : 52,5 Mb
Release : 2022-07-05
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9781503631984

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The Battle Nearer to Home by Christopher Bonastia Pdf

Despite its image as an epicenter of progressive social policy, New York City continues to have one of the nation's most segregated school systems. Tracing the quest for integration in education from the mid-1950s to the present, The Battle Nearer to Home follows the tireless efforts by educational activists to dismantle the deep racial and socioeconomic inequalities that segregation reinforces. The fight for integration has shifted significantly over time, not least in terms of the way "integration" is conceived, from transfers of students and redrawing school attendance zones, to more recent demands of community control of segregated schools. In all cases, the Board eventually pulled the plug in the face of resistance from more powerful stakeholders, and, starting in the 1970s, integration receded as a possible solution to educational inequality. In excavating the history of New York City school integration politics, in the halls of power and on the ground, Christopher Bonastia unearths the enduring white resistance to integration and the severe costs paid by Black and Latino students. This last decade has seen activists renew the fight for integration, but the war is still far from won.