The Physiological Functions Of The Amyloid Precursor Protein Gene Family

Author : Ulrike C. Müller,Thomas Deller
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
Page : 295 pages
File Size : 47,7 Mb
Release : 2017-12-28
Category : Electronic book
ISBN : 9782889453559

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The Physiological Functions of the Amyloid Precursor Protein Gene Family by Ulrike C. Müller,Thomas Deller Pdf

The amyloid precursor protein APP plays a key role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), as proteolytical cleavage of APP gives rise to the Aβ peptide which is deposited in the brains of Alzheimer patients. Despite this, our knowledge of the normal cell biological and physiological functions of APP and the closely related APLPs is limited. This may have hampered our understanding of AD, since evidence has accumulated that not only the production of the Aβ peptide but also the loss of APP-mediated functions may contribute to AD pathogenesis. Thus, it appears timely and highly relevant to elucidate the functions of the APP gene family from the molecular level to their role in the intact organism, i.e. in the context of nervous system development, synapse formation and adult synapse function, as well as neural homeostasis and aging. Why is our understanding of the APP functions so limited? APP and the APLPs are multifunctional proteins that undergo complex proteolytical processing. They give rise to an almost bewildering array of different fragments that may each subserve specific functions. While Aβ is aggregation prone and neurotoxic, the large secreted ectodomain APPsα - produced in the non-amyloidogenic α-secretase pathway - has been shown to be neurotrophic, neuroprotective and relevant for synaptic plasticity, learning and memory. Recently, novel APP cleavage pathways and enzymes have been discovered that have gained much attention not only with respect to AD but also regarding their role in normal brain physiology. In addition to the various cleavage products, there is also solid evidence that APP family proteins mediate important functions as transmembrane cell surface molecules, most notably in synaptic adhesion and cell surface signaling. Elucidating in more detail the molecular mechanisms underlying these divers functions thus calls for an interdisciplinary approach ranging from the structural level to the analysis in model organisms. Thus, in this research topic of Frontiers we compile reviews and original studies, covering our current knowledge of the physiological functions of this intriguing and medically important protein family.

Author : Jolanta Dorszewska,Wojciech Kozubski
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
Page : 164 pages
File Size : 46,5 Mb
Release : 2018-07-18
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781789234626

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Alzheimer's Disease by Jolanta Dorszewska,Wojciech Kozubski Pdf

Alzheimer's disease was discovered over 100 years ago and still belongs to incurable neurological diseases; its pharmacotherapy is considered to be ineffective. This book presents contemporary views on the genetic, biochemical, and immunological determinants of this disease. This book also concerns the issue of Alzheimer's disease prevention through lifestyle and physical activity. Moreover, it describes the therapies used in Alzheimer's disease to slow the progression of the disease and delay its onset. Subsequently, the authors discuss experimental and clinical trials used now and in the near future. We hope that this book will help the readers to understand the complex mechanism leading to the development of Alzheimer's disease and indicate effective ways to prevent this disorder.

Author : Abel Lajtha,Regino Perez-Polo,Steffen Roßner
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 332 pages
File Size : 53,8 Mb
Release : 2008-06-06
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780387326702

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Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology by Abel Lajtha,Regino Perez-Polo,Steffen Roßner Pdf

The nervous system is highly fragile, especially during aging, illness and trauma. This book addresses a small sampling of major constituents of neural function at the cellular and molecular level that play crucial roles in development and aging.

Author : Jesus Avila,Naruhiko Sahara
Publisher : Frontiers E-books
Page : 114 pages
File Size : 45,6 Mb
Release : 2014-08-18
Category : Medicine (General)
ISBN : 9782889192618

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Tau oligomers by Jesus Avila,Naruhiko Sahara Pdf

Neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) composed of intracellular aggregates of tau protein are a key neuropathological feature of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases, collectively termed tauopathies. The abundance of NFTs has been reported to correlate positively with the severity of cognitive impairment in AD. However, accumulating evidences derived from studies of experimental models have identified that NFTs themselves may not be neurotoxic. Now, many of tau researchers are seeking a “toxic” form of tau protein. Moreover, it was suggested that a “toxic” tau was capable to seed aggregation of native tau protein and to propagate in a prion-like manner. However, the exact neurotoxic tau species remain unclear. Because mature tangles seem to be non-toxic component, “tau oligomers” as the candidate of “toxic” tau have been investigated for more than one decade. In this topic, we will discuss our consensus of “tau oligomers” because the term of “tau oligomers” [e.g. dimer (disulfide bond-dependent or independent), multimer (more than dimer), granular (definition by EM or AFM) and maybe small filamentous aggregates] has been used by each researchers definition. From a biochemical point of view, tau protein has several unique characteristics such as natively unfolded conformation, thermo-stability, acid-stability, and capability of post-translational modifications. Although tau protein research has been continued for a long time, we are still missing the mechanisms of NFT formation. It is unclear how the conversion is occurred from natively unfolded protein to abnormally mis-folded protein. It remains unknown how tau protein can be formed filaments [e.g. paired helical filament (PHF), straight filament and twisted filament] in cells albeit in vitro studies confirmed tau self-assembly by several inducing factors. Researchers are still debating whether tau oligomerization is primary event rather than tau phosphorylation in the tau pathogenesis. Inhibition of either tau phosphorylation or aggregation has been investigated for the prevention of tauopathies, however, it will make an irrelevant result if we don’t know an exact target of neurotoxicity. It is a time to have a consensus of definition, terminology and methodology for the identification of “tau oligomers”.

Author : Robert Vink,Mihai Nechifor
Publisher : University of Adelaide Press
Page : 354 pages
File Size : 54,8 Mb
Release : 2011
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780987073051

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Magnesium in the Central Nervous System by Robert Vink,Mihai Nechifor Pdf

The brain is the most complex organ in our body. Indeed, it is perhaps the most complex structure we have ever encountered in nature. Both structurally and functionally, there are many peculiarities that differentiate the brain from all other organs. The brain is our connection to the world around us and by governing nervous system and higher function, any disturbance induces severe neurological and psychiatric disorders that can have a devastating effect on quality of life. Our understanding of the physiology and biochemistry of the brain has improved dramatically in the last two decades. In particular, the critical role of cations, including magnesium, has become evident, even if incompletely understood at a mechanistic level. The exact role and regulation of magnesium, in particular, remains elusive, largely because intracellular levels are so difficult to routinely quantify. Nonetheless, the importance of magnesium to normal central nervous system activity is self-evident given the complicated homeostatic mechanisms that maintain the concentration of this cation within strict limits essential for normal physiology and metabolism. There is also considerable accumulating evidence to suggest alterations to some brain functions in both normal and pathological conditions may be linked to alterations in local magnesium concentration. This book, containing chapters written by some of the foremost experts in the field of magnesium research, brings together the latest in experimental and clinical magnesium research as it relates to the central nervous system. It offers a complete and updated view of magnesiums involvement in central nervous system function and in so doing, brings together two main pillars of contemporary neuroscience research, namely providing an explanation for the molecular mechanisms involved in brain function, and emphasizing the connections between the molecular changes and behavior. It is the untiring efforts of those magnesium researchers who have dedicated their lives to unraveling the mysteries of magnesiums role in biological systems that has inspired the collation of this volume of work.

Author : Thimmaiah Govindaraju
Publisher : Royal Society of Chemistry
Page : 695 pages
File Size : 54,6 Mb
Release : 2022-01-04
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781839162749

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Alzheimer's Disease by Thimmaiah Govindaraju Pdf

Alzheimer’s disease is an increasingly common form of dementia and despite rising interest in discovery of novel treatments and investigation into aetiology, there are no currently approved treatments that directly tackle the causes of the condition. Due to its multifactorial pathogenesis, current treatments are directed against symptoms and even precise diagnosis remains difficult as the majority of cases are diagnosed symptomatically and usually confirmed only by autopsy. Alzheimer’s Disease: Recent Findings in Pathophysiology, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Modalities provides a comprehensive overview from aetiology and neurochemistry to diagnosis, evaluation and management of Alzheimer's disease, and latest therapeutic approaches. Intended to provide an introduction to all aspects of the disease and latest developments, this book is ideal for students, postgraduates and researchers in neurochemistry, neurological drug discovery and Alzheimer’s disease.

Author : Andrew Baird,Michael Klagsbrun
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 542 pages
File Size : 53,7 Mb
Release : 1991
Category : Medical
ISBN : STANFORD:36105041417119

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The Fibroblast Growth Factor Family by Andrew Baird,Michael Klagsbrun Pdf

Author : Jonathan Pevsner
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 792 pages
File Size : 47,6 Mb
Release : 2005-03-04
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780471459170

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Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics by Jonathan Pevsner Pdf

Wiley is proud to announce the publication of the first ever broad-based textbook introduction to Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics by a trained biologist, experienced researcher, and award-winning instructor. In this new text, author Jonathan Pevsner, winner of the 2001 Johns Hopkins University "Teacher of the Year" award, explains problem-solving using bioinformatic approaches using real examples such as breast cancer, HIV-1, and retinal-binding protein throughout. His book includes 375 figures and over 170 tables. Each chapter includes: Problems, discussion of Pitfalls, Boxes explaining key techniques and math/stats principles, Summary, Recommended Reading list, and URLs for freely available software. The text is suitable for professionals and students at every level, including those with little to no background in computer science.

Author : Uday Kishore
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
Page : 642 pages
File Size : 40,5 Mb
Release : 2013-05-15
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9789535110880

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Neurodegenerative Diseases by Uday Kishore Pdf

This book highlights the pathophysiological complexities of the mechanisms and factors that are likely to be involved in a range of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease, other Dementia, Parkinson Diseases and Multiple Sclerosis. The spectrum of diverse factors involved in neurodegeneration, such as protein aggregation, oxidative stress, caspases and secretase, regulators, cholesterol, zinc, microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, etc, have been discussed in the context of disease progression. In addition, novel approaches to therapeutic interventions have also been presented. It is hoped that students, scientists and clinicians shall find this very informative book immensely useful and thought-provoking.

Author : Edward D. Levin,Jerry J. Buccafusco
Publisher : CRC Press
Page : 395 pages
File Size : 40,5 Mb
Release : 2006-06-22
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781420004335

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Animal Models of Cognitive Impairment by Edward D. Levin,Jerry J. Buccafusco Pdf

The costs associated with a drug's clinical trials are so significant that it has become necessary to validate both its safety and efficacy in animal models prior to the continued study of the drug in humans. Featuring contributions from distinguished researchers in the field of cognitive therapy research, Animal Models of Cognitive Impairmen

Author : Nancy Y. Ip,Li-Huei Tsai
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 326 pages
File Size : 52,5 Mb
Release : 2009-02-28
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780387788876

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Cyclin Dependent Kinase 5 (Cdk5) by Nancy Y. Ip,Li-Huei Tsai Pdf

Cyclin Dependent Kinase 5 provides a comprehensive and up-to-date collection of reviews on the discovery, signaling mechanisms and functions of Cdk5, as well as the potential implication of Cdk5 in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Since the identification of this unique member of the Cdk family, Cdk5 has emerged as one of the most important signal transduction mediators in the development, maintenance and fine-tuning of neuronal functions and networking. Further studies have revealed that Cdk5 is also associated with the regulation of neuronal survival during both developmental stages and in neurodegenerative diseases. These observations indicate that precise control of Cdk5 is essential for the regulation of neuronal survival. The pivotal role Cdk5 appears to play in both the regulation of neuronal survival and synaptic functions thus raises the interesting possibility that Cdk5 inhibitors may serve as therapeutic treatment for a number of neurodegenerative diseases.

Author : A.D. Roses,K.H. Weisgraber,Y. Christen
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 208 pages
File Size : 45,6 Mb
Release : 2012-12-06
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9783642801099

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Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer’s Disease by A.D. Roses,K.H. Weisgraber,Y. Christen Pdf

There is now considerable genetic evidence that the type 4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene is a major susceptibility factor associated with late-onset Alzheimer's disease, the common form of the disease defined as starting after sixty years of age. The role of apolipoprotein E in normal brain metabolism and in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease are new and exciting avenues of research. This book, written by the most outstanding scientists in this new filed, is the first presentation of results concerning the implications of apolipoprotein E on the genetics, cell biology, neuropathology, biochemistry, and therapeutic management of Alzheimer's disease.

Author : J. Robin Harris
Publisher : Springer
Page : 650 pages
File Size : 42,6 Mb
Release : 2012-12-06
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9400754159

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Protein Aggregation and Fibrillogenesis in Cerebral and Systemic Amyloid Disease by J. Robin Harris Pdf

This volume of the Subcellular Biochemistry series is the result of the long-standing research interest of the editor in the molecular mechanism underlying Alzheimer’s disease and other amyloid diseases, indicated also by the earlier book in the series (Volume 38), devoted to Alzheimer’s disease. The broad coverage within the present amyloidogenesis book represents an attempt to collate current knowledge relating to the proteins and peptides involved in most of the known amyloid diseases, together with some amyloid/fibril-forming proteins and peptides that are not involved in diseases. Thus, the range of topics included is comprehensive and furthermore it was thought appropriate to include both basic science and clinical presentation of the subjects under discussion.

Author : Xuhua Xia
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 280 pages
File Size : 49,5 Mb
Release : 2007-05-08
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780306468933

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Data Analysis in Molecular Biology and Evolution by Xuhua Xia Pdf

Data Analysis in Molecular Biology and Evolution introduces biologists to DAMBE, a proprietary, user-friendly computer program for molecular data analysis. The unique combination of this book and software will allow biologists not only to understand the rationale behind a variety of computational tools in molecular biology and evolution, but also to gain instant access to these tools for use in their laboratories. Data Analysis in Molecular Biology and Evolution serves as an excellent resource for advanced level undergraduates or graduates as well as for professionals working in the field.

Author : Thomas Lehner,Bruce L. Miller,Matthew W. State
Publisher : Academic Press
Page : 796 pages
File Size : 49,7 Mb
Release : 2016-06-07
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780128005309

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Genomics, Circuits, and Pathways in Clinical Neuropsychiatry by Thomas Lehner,Bruce L. Miller,Matthew W. State Pdf

This foundational work comprehensively examines the current state of the genetics, genomics and brain circuitry of psychiatric and neurological disorders. It consolidates discoveries of specific genes and genomic regions associated with these conditions, the genetic and anatomic architecture of these syndromes, and addresses how recent advances in genomics are leading to a reappraisal of the biology underlying clinical neuroscience. In doing so, it critically examines the promise and limitations of these discoveries toward treatment, and to the interdisciplinary nature of understanding brain and behavior. Coverage includes new discoveries regarding autism, epilepsy, intellectual disability, dementias, movement disorders, language impairment, disorders of attention, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder. Genomics, Circuits, and Pathways in Clinical Neuropsychiatry focuses on key concepts, challenges, findings, and methods in genetics, genomics, molecular pathways, brain circuitry, and related neurobiology of neurologic and psychiatric disorders. Provides interdisciplinary appeal in psychiatry, neurology, neuroscience, and genetics Identifies key concepts, methods, and findings Includes coverage of multiple disorders from autism to schizophrenia Reviews specific genes associated with disorders Discusses the genetic architecture of these syndromes Explains how recent findings are influencing the understanding of biology Clarifies the promise of these findings for future treatment