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The Politics of Scientific Advice

Justus Lentsch,Peter Weingart

Author : Justus Lentsch,Peter Weingart
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 402 pages
File Size : 45,7 Mb
Release : 2011-06-02
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 0521177154

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The Politics of Scientific Advice by Justus Lentsch,Peter Weingart Pdf

Controversies over issues such as genetically engineered food, foot-and-mouth disease and the failure of risk models in the global financial crisis have raised concerns about the quality of expert scientific advice. The legitimacy of experts, and of the political decision-makers and policy-makers whom they advise, essentially depends on the quality of the advice. But what does quality mean in this context, and how can it be achieved? This volume argues that the quality of scientific advice can be ensured by an appropriate institutional design of advisory organisations. Using examples from a wide range of international case studies, including think tanks, governmental research institutes, agencies and academies, the authors provide a systematic guide to the major problems and pitfalls encountered in scientific advice and the means by which organisations around the world have solved these problems.

The Politics of Scientific Advice

Justus Lentsch,Peter Weingart

Author : Justus Lentsch,Peter Weingart
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 403 pages
File Size : 42,5 Mb
Release : 2011-06-02
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781139502849

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The Politics of Scientific Advice by Justus Lentsch,Peter Weingart Pdf

Controversies over issues such as genetically engineered food, foot-and-mouth disease and the failure of risk models in the global financial crisis have raised concerns about the quality of expert scientific advice. The legitimacy of experts, and of the political decision-makers and policy-makers whom they advise, essentially depends on the quality of the advice. But what does quality mean in this context, and how can it be achieved? This volume argues that the quality of scientific advice can be ensured by an appropriate institutional design of advisory organisations. Using examples from a wide range of international case studies, including think tanks, governmental research institutes, agencies and academies, the authors provide a systematic guide to the major problems and pitfalls encountered in scientific advice and the means by which organisations around the world have solved these problems.

Democratization of Expertise?

Sabine Maasen,P. Weingart

Author : Sabine Maasen,P. Weingart
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 238 pages
File Size : 42,9 Mb
Release : 2006-06-30
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9781402037542

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Democratization of Expertise? by Sabine Maasen,P. Weingart Pdf

‘Scientific advice to politics’, the ‘nature of expertise’, and the ‘relation between experts, policy makers, and the public’ are variations of a topic that currently attracts the attention of social scientists, philosophers of science as well as practitioners in the public sphere and the media. This renewed interest in a persistent theme is initiated by the call for a democratization of expertise that has become the order of the day in the legitimation of research funding. The new significance of ‘participation’ and ‘accountability’ has motivated scholars to take a new look at the science – politics interface and to probe questions such as "What is new in the arrangement of scientific expertise and political decision-making?", "How can reliable knowledge be made useful for politics and society at large, and how can epistemically and ethically sound decisions be achieved without losing democratic legitimacy?", "How can the objective of democratization of expertise be achieved without compromising the quality and reliability of knowledge?" Scientific knowledge and the ‘experts’ that represent it no longer command the unquestioned authority and public trust that was once bestowed upon them, and yet, policy makers are more dependent on them than ever before. This collection of essays explores the relations between science and politics with the instruments of the social studies of science, thereby providing new insights into their re-alignment under a new régime of governance.

Scientific Advice to Policy Making

Peter Weingart,Justus Lentsch

Author : Peter Weingart,Justus Lentsch
Publisher : Verlag Barbara Budrich
Page : 164 pages
File Size : 50,8 Mb
Release : 2009-06-17
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9783866497689

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Scientific Advice to Policy Making by Peter Weingart,Justus Lentsch Pdf

Are there connections between the structures of political systems and types of scientific advice to policymak - ing? This volume unites case studies from the Netherlands, France, the European Union and the USA that provide an overview of different institutional arrangements, focusing on issues such as the independence and balance of advice. Common to all is the question which forms of advice can increase the rationality of policymaking without loss of political legitimacy. From the Contents: Mark B. Brown: Federal Advisory Committees in the United States Paul den Hoed and Anne-Greet Keizer: The Scientific Council for Government Policy David Demortain: Designing Regulatory Tools for Pharmaceutical and Food Safety in the European Union Laurent Geffroy, Odile Piriou and Bénédicte Zimmermann: Scientific Expertise in Policy-Making: The Case of Work Policy in France Willem Halffman: The Dutch ́ ́Planning Bureaus ́ ́

The Politics of Expert Advice

Anthony Barker,B. Guy Peters

Author : Anthony Barker,B. Guy Peters
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 152 pages
File Size : 49,5 Mb
Release : 1993
Category : Anvendte videnskaber
ISBN : STANFORD:36105004079187

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The Politics of Expert Advice by Anthony Barker,B. Guy Peters Pdf

Presents a study of how scientific knowledge and opinion are transmitted to government authorities for use in public policy making. It discusses the formal and informal processes of scientific advice giving, and applies these to case studies taken from all over Europe.

Science and Environment in Chile

Javiera Barandiaran

Author : Javiera Barandiaran
Publisher : MIT Press
Page : 146 pages
File Size : 51,7 Mb
Release : 2018-07-31
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9780262347426

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Science and Environment in Chile by Javiera Barandiaran Pdf

The politics of scientific advice across four environmental conflicts in Chile, when the state acted as a “neutral broker” rather than protecting the common good. In Science and Environment in Chile, Javiera Barandiarán examines the consequences for environmental governance when the state lacks the capacity to produce an authoritative body of knowledge. Focusing on the experience of Chile after it transitioned from dictatorship to democracy, she examines a series of environmental conflicts in which the state tried to act as a “neutral broker” rather than the protector of the common good. She argues that this shift in the role of the state—occurring in other countries as well—is driven in part by the political ideology of neoliberalism, which favors market mechanisms and private initiatives over the actions of state agencies. Chile has not invested in environmental science labs, state agencies with in-house capacities, or an ancillary network of trusted scientific advisers—despite the growing complexity of environmental problems and increasing popular demand for more active environmental stewardship. Unlike a high modernist “empire” state with the scientific and technical capacity to undertake large-scale projects, Chile's model has been that of an “umpire” state that purchases scientific advice from markets. After describing the evolution of Chilean regulatory and scientific institutions during the transition, Barandiarán describes four environmental crises that shook citizens' trust in government: the near-collapse of the farmed salmon industry when an epidemic killed millions of fish; pollution from a paper and pulp mill that killed off or forced out thousands of black-neck swans; a gold mine that threatened three glaciers; and five controversial mega-dams in Patagonia.

Presidential Science Advisors

Roger Pielke,Roberta A. Klein

Author : Roger Pielke,Roberta A. Klein
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 184 pages
File Size : 49,9 Mb
Release : 2010-06-16
Category : Science
ISBN : 9789048138982

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Presidential Science Advisors by Roger Pielke,Roberta A. Klein Pdf

For the past 50 years a select group of scientists has provided advice to the US President, mostly out of the public eye, on issues ranging from the deployment of weapons to the launching of rockets to the moon to the use of stem cells to cure disease. The role of the presidential science adviser came under increasing scrutiny during the administration of George W. Bush, which was highly criticized by many for its use (and some say, misuse) of science. This edited volume includes, for the first time, the reflections of the presidential science advisers from Donald Hornig who served under Lyndon B. Johnson, to John Marburger, the previous science advisor, on their roles within both government and the scientific community. It provides an intimate glimpse into the inner workings of the White House, as well as the political realities of providing advice on scientific matters to the presidential of the United States. The reflections of the advisers are supplemented with critical analysis of the role of the science adviser by several well-recognized science policy practitioners and experts. This volume will be of interest to science policy and presidential history scholars and students.

Science in Environmental Policy

Ann Campbell Keller

Author : Ann Campbell Keller
Publisher : MIT Press
Page : 293 pages
File Size : 46,5 Mb
Release : 2009
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9780262512961

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Science in Environmental Policy by Ann Campbell Keller Pdf

In the later, more structured legislative and implementation phases, scientists--working hard to give the appearance of neutral expertise--cede the role of persuader to others.

Virtue and Responsibility in Policy Research and Advice

Berry Tholen

Author : Berry Tholen
Publisher : Springer
Page : 111 pages
File Size : 55,5 Mb
Release : 2017-09-06
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9783319652535

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Virtue and Responsibility in Policy Research and Advice by Berry Tholen Pdf

This book argues that ethical judgment by individual scientific policy advisors is more important than is often acknowledged. While many scientific policy advisors routinely present themselves as neutral or value free scientists, here is demonstrated that the ideal of scientific integrity as neutrality is misguided and that an alternative understanding is demanded. The book provides an overview of the type of social and political value decisions that have to be made in all phases of research and advice. It moves on to examine proposed procedures or guidelines for scientists and critically assesses plans for the democratization of decision making in science and scientific advice. The book offers a reflection on the practice of scientific advice that will appeal to practitioners and scholars of Public Administration, Public Management and Policy Analysis.

The Paradox of Scientific Authority

Wiebe E. Bijker,Roland Bal,Ruud Hendriks

Author : Wiebe E. Bijker,Roland Bal,Ruud Hendriks
Publisher : MIT Press
Page : 238 pages
File Size : 42,6 Mb
Release : 2009
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780262026581

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The Paradox of Scientific Authority by Wiebe E. Bijker,Roland Bal,Ruud Hendriks Pdf

Assessing the influence of scientific advice in societies that increasingly question scientific authority and expertise. Today, scientific advice is asked for (and given) on questions ranging from stem-cell research to genetically modified food. And yet it often seems that the more urgently scientific advice is solicited, the more vigorously scientific authority is questioned by policy makers, stakeholders, and citizens. This book examines a paradox: how scientific advice can be influential in society even when the status of science and scientists seems to be at a low ebb. The authors do this by means of an ethnographic study of the creation of scientific authority at one of the key sites for the interaction of science, policy, and society: the scientific advisory committee. The Paradox of Scientific Authority offers a detailed analysis of the inner workings of the influential Health Council of the Netherlands (the equivalent of the National Academy of Science in the United States), examining its societal role as well as its internal functioning, and using the findings to build a theory of scientific advising. The question of scientific authority has political as well as scholarly relevance. Democratic political institutions, largely developed in the nineteenth century, lack the institutional means to address the twenty-first century's pervasively scientific and technological culture; and science and technology studies (STS) grapples with the central question of how to understand the authority of science while recognizing its socially constructed nature.

Politics and Expertise

Zeynep Pamuk

Author : Zeynep Pamuk
Publisher : Princeton University Press
Page : 256 pages
File Size : 52,7 Mb
Release : 2021-12-21
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9780691218939

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Politics and Expertise by Zeynep Pamuk Pdf

A new model for the relationship between science and democracy that spans policymaking, the funding and conduct of research, and our approach to new technologies Our ability to act on some of the most pressing issues of our time, from pandemics and climate change to artificial intelligence and nuclear weapons, depends on knowledge provided by scientists and other experts. Meanwhile, contemporary political life is increasingly characterized by problematic responses to expertise, with denials of science on the one hand and complaints about the ignorance of the citizenry on the other. Politics and Expertise offers a new model for the relationship between science and democracy, rooted in the ways in which scientific knowledge and the political context of its use are imperfect. Zeynep Pamuk starts from the fact that science is uncertain, incomplete, and contested, and shows how scientists’ judgments about what is significant and useful shape the agenda and framing of political decisions. The challenge, Pamuk argues, is to ensure that democracies can expose and contest the assumptions and omissions of scientists, instead of choosing between wholesale acceptance or rejection of expertise. To this end, she argues for institutions that support scientific dissent, proposes an adversarial “science court” to facilitate the public scrutiny of science, reimagines structures for funding scientific research, and provocatively suggests restricting research into dangerous new technologies. Through rigorous philosophical analysis and fascinating examples, Politics and Expertise moves the conversation beyond the dichotomy between technocracy and populism and develops a better answer for how to govern and use science democratically.

A Bias Radar for Responsible Policy-Making

Lieve Van Woensel

Author : Lieve Van Woensel
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 150 pages
File Size : 49,7 Mb
Release : 2019-12-26
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9783030321260

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A Bias Radar for Responsible Policy-Making by Lieve Van Woensel Pdf

Policymakers prepare society for the future and this book provides a practical toolkit for preparing pro-active, future-proof scientific policy advice for them. It explains how to make scientific advisory strategies holistic. It also explains how and where biases, which interfere with the proper functioning of the entire science-policy ecosystem, arise and investigates how emotions and other biases affect the understanding and assessment of scientific evidence. The book advocates explorative foresight, systems thinking, interdisciplinarity, bias awareness and the anticipation of undesirable impacts in policy advising, and it offers practical guidance for them. Written in an accessible style, the book offers provocative reflections on how scientific policy advice should be sensitive to more than scientific evidence. It is both an appealing introductory text for everyone interested in science-based policy and a valuable guide for the experienced scientific adviser and policy scholar. "This book is a valuable read for all stakeholders in the scientific advisory ecosystem. Lieve Van Woensel offers concrete methods to bridge the gap between scientific advice and policy making, to assess the possible societal impacts of complex scientific and technological developments, and to support decision-makers’ more strategic understanding of the issues they have to make decisions about. I was privileged to see them proove their value as I worked with Lieve on the pilot project of the Scientific Foresight unit for The European Parliament’s STOA panel.” - Kristel Van der Elst, CEO, The Global Foresight Group; Executive Head, Policy Horizons Canada “A must-read for not only scientific policy advisers, but also those interested in the ethics of scientific advisory processes. Lieve Van Woensel walks readers through a well-structured practical toolkit that bases policy advice on more than scientific evidence by taking into account policies’ potential effects on society and the environment.” - Dr Paul Rübig, Former Member of the European Parliament and former Chair of the Panel for the Future of Science and Technology

Nutritionism

Gyorgy Scrinis

Author : Gyorgy Scrinis
Publisher : Columbia University Press
Page : 363 pages
File Size : 41,6 Mb
Release : 2013-06-18
Category : Cooking
ISBN : 9780231527149

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Nutritionism by Gyorgy Scrinis Pdf

Popularized by Michael Pollan in his best-selling In Defense of Food, Gyorgy Scrinis's concept of nutritionism refers to the reductive understanding of nutrients as the key indicators of healthy food—an approach that has dominated nutrition science, dietary advice, and food marketing. Scrinis argues this ideology has narrowed and in some cases distorted our appreciation of food quality, such that even highly processed foods may be perceived as healthful depending on their content of "good" or "bad" nutrients. Investigating the butter versus margarine debate, the battle between low-fat, low-carb, and other weight-loss diets, and the food industry's strategic promotion of nutritionally enhanced foods, Scrinis reveals the scientific, social, and economic factors driving our modern fascination with nutrition. Scrinis develops an original framework and terminology for analyzing the characteristics and consequences of nutritionism since the late nineteenth century. He begins with the era of quantification, in which the idea of protective nutrients, caloric reductionism, and vitamins' curative effects took shape. He follows with the era of good and bad nutritionism, which set nutricentric dietary guidelines and defined the parameters of unhealthy nutrients; and concludes with our current era of functional nutritionism, in which the focus has shifted to targeted nutrients, superfoods, and optimal diets. Scrinis's research underscores the critical role of nutrition science and dietary advice in shaping our relationship to food and our bodies and in heightening our nutritional anxieties. He ultimately shows how nutritionism has aligned the demands and perceived needs of consumers with the commercial interests of food manufacturers and corporations. Scrinis also offers an alternative paradigm for assessing the healthfulness of foods—the food quality paradigm—that privileges food production and processing quality, cultural-traditional knowledge, and sensual-practical experience, and promotes less reductive forms of nutrition research and dietary advice.

Science, Policy, and the Value-Free Ideal

Heather Douglas

Author : Heather Douglas
Publisher : University of Pittsburgh Pre
Page : 227 pages
File Size : 50,7 Mb
Release : 2009-07-15
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9780822973577

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Science, Policy, and the Value-Free Ideal by Heather Douglas Pdf

The role of science in policymaking has gained unprecedented stature in the United States, raising questions about the place of science and scientific expertise in the democratic process. Some scientists have been given considerable epistemic authority in shaping policy on issues of great moral and cultural significance, and the politicizing of these issues has become highly contentious. Since World War II, most philosophers of science have purported the concept that science should be “value-free.” In Science, Policy and the Value-Free Ideal, Heather E. Douglas argues that such an ideal is neither adequate nor desirable for science. She contends that the moral responsibilities of scientists require the consideration of values even at the heart of science. She lobbies for a new ideal in which values serve an essential function throughout scientific inquiry, but where the role values play is constrained at key points, thus protecting the integrity and objectivity of science. In this vein, Douglas outlines a system for the application of values to guide scientists through points of uncertainty fraught with moral valence. Following a philosophical analysis of the historical background of science advising and the value-free ideal, Douglas defines how values should-and should not-function in science. She discusses the distinctive direct and indirect roles for values in reasoning, and outlines seven senses of objectivity, showing how each can be employed to determine the reliability of scientific claims. Douglas then uses these philosophical insights to clarify the distinction between junk science and sound science to be used in policymaking. In conclusion, she calls for greater openness on the values utilized in policymaking, and more public participation in the policymaking process, by suggesting various models for effective use of both the public and experts in key risk assessments.

Scientific Advice to European Policy in a Complex World

Anonim

Author : Anonim
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 47,9 Mb
Release : 2019
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 9276125582

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Scientific Advice to European Policy in a Complex World by Anonim Pdf

We live in a complex and ambiguous world, where trust in both science and politics can be put into question - where scientific evidence is dismissed and policy decisions contested on the assumption of partiality and private interests. Nevertheless, at present the role of science is crucial to inform policy-making in order to provide clarity and assess the consequences of policy options in a systematic way. In order to ensure that trust in science is maintained, science advice needs to be provided in an impartial, reliable, relevant and transparent way, following a set of principles and building on existing best practices. This scientific opinion, informed by a scientific evidence review report by the Scientific Advice for Policy by European Academies (SAPEA) consortium, makes the following recommendations to ensure the quality and relevance of scientific advice: Engage early and regularly with policy-makers and define together the boundaries of the advice, the question and its scope, as well as the best way to address it. Involvement of stakeholders or the public in the process can also be envisaged. Improve the quality of scientific advice by rigorous synthesis of existing evidence and transparent debate. Analyse and communicate uncertainty and diverging views related to the scientific evidence and the policy options recommended.

The Politics Of Scientific Advice

The Politics of Scientific Advice by Justus Lentsch,Peter Weingart Pdf

The Politics of Scientific Advice by Justus Lentsch,Peter Weingart Pdf

Democratization of Expertise? by Sabine Maasen,P. Weingart Pdf

Scientific Advice to Policy Making by Peter Weingart,Justus Lentsch Pdf

The Politics of Expert Advice by Anthony Barker,B. Guy Peters Pdf

Science and Environment in Chile by Javiera Barandiaran Pdf

Presidential Science Advisors by Roger Pielke,Roberta A. Klein Pdf

Science in Environmental Policy by Ann Campbell Keller Pdf

Virtue and Responsibility in Policy Research and Advice by Berry Tholen Pdf

The Paradox of Scientific Authority by Wiebe E. Bijker,Roland Bal,Ruud Hendriks Pdf

Politics and Expertise by Zeynep Pamuk Pdf

A Bias Radar for Responsible Policy-Making by Lieve Van Woensel Pdf

Nutritionism by Gyorgy Scrinis Pdf

Science, Policy, and the Value-Free Ideal by Heather Douglas Pdf

Scientific Advice to European Policy in a Complex World by Anonim Pdf

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