Thinking About Reasons

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Thinking About Reasons

David Bakhurst,Brad Hooker,Margaret Olivia Little
Thinking About Reasons Book PDF

Author : David Bakhurst,Brad Hooker,Margaret Olivia Little
Publisher : OUP Oxford
Page : 360 pages
File Size : 47,5 Mb
Release : 2013-08-01
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9780191669132

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Thinking About Reasons by David Bakhurst,Brad Hooker,Margaret Olivia Little Pdf

Thinking about Reasons is a collection of fourteen new essays on topics in ethics and the philosophy of action, inspired in one way or another by the work of Jonathan Dancy—one of his generation's most influential moral philosophers. Many of the most influential living thinkers in the area are contributors to this collection, which also contains an autobiographical afterword by Dancy himself. Topics discussed in this volume include: · the idea that the facts that explain action are non-psychological ones · buck passing theories of goodness and rightness · the idea that some moral reasons justify action without requiring it · the particularist idea that there are no true informative moral principles · the idea that egoism and impartial consequentialism are self-defeating · the idea that moral reasons are dependent on either impersonal value, or benefits to oneself, or benefits to those with whom one has some special connection, but not on deontological constraints · the idea that we must distinguish between reasons and enablers, disablers, intensifiers, and attenuators of reasons · the idea that, although the lived ethical life is shaped by standing commitments, uncodifable judgement is at least sometimes needed to resolve what to do when these commitments conflict · the idea that the value of a whole need not be a mathematical function of the values of the parts of that whole · the idea that practical reasoning is based on inference the idea that there cannot be irreducibly normative properties.

Re-Thinking Reason

Kerry S. Walters
Re Thinking Reason Book PDF

Author : Kerry S. Walters
Publisher : State University of New York Press
Page : 296 pages
File Size : 50,9 Mb
Release : 1994-09-08
Category : Education
ISBN : 9781438423180

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Re-Thinking Reason by Kerry S. Walters Pdf

For two decades, colleges and universities have regularly offered, and in some cases required, courses in thinking skills. Such courses generally have focused on training students in the basics of informal and formal logic, the assumption being that good thinking is logical thinking, and that instruction in critical or "good" thinking consequently should emphasize logical procedures. This "logistic" assumption is clearly reflected in both critical thinking textbooks as well as in the professional literature. Recently, however, the epistemic and pedagogical identification of critical thinking and logical thinking has been questioned by educators from a wide diversity of disciplines. Many of these critics argue that a richer, more comprehensive model of thinking itself is needed, one that acknowledges the importance of traditionally downplayed faculties such as empathy, imagination, and insight. Others contend that thinking skills theory and pedagogy must take into consideration the contextual and sometimes political influences upon not just content but also styles of thinking. finally still other critics of the conventional model of critical thinking argue that recent research in feminist studies sheds a great deal of light upon the directions in which critical thinking instruction should go. The fourteen essays in this anthology all illustrate this new way of thinking about critical thinking. Each of them is critical of the received model, and each of them argues for one that goes beyond the conventional reduction of thinking skills to logical expertise. But each approaches the issue from a different angle, thereby providing the reader with a diversity of perspectives and accents. Re-Thinking Reason is an invaluable resource tool, research guide, and supplemental textbook, for educators across the disciplines who are concerned with incorporating thinking skills instruction in their classes.

Giving Reasons

David R. Morrow
Giving Reasons Book PDF

Author : David R. Morrow
Publisher : Hackett Publishing
Page : 98 pages
File Size : 46,8 Mb
Release : 2017-09-01
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9781624666230

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Giving Reasons by David R. Morrow Pdf

Giving Reasons prepares students to think independently, evaluate information, and reason clearly across disciplines. Accessible to students and effective for instructors, it provides plain-English exercises, helpful appendices, and a variety of online supplements.

Moral Reasons

Charles K. Fink
Moral Reasons Book PDF

Author : Charles K. Fink
Publisher : Hamilton Books
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 48,5 Mb
Release : 2016-11-15
Category : Ethics
ISBN : 0761868429

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Moral Reasons by Charles K. Fink Pdf

Distinguished by its readability and scope, Moral Reasons analyzes issues in moral and political philosophy with careful attention to the role of argumentation in the study of ethics. After a comprehensive overview of moral reasoning including dozens of examples and exercises Charles K. Fink guides readers through the theories and arguments of philosophers from Plato to Peter Singer, covering such diverse topics as moral skepticism, abortion, euthanasia, political authority, punishment and war. Ideal as a main text for courses on applied ethics or as a supplemental text for courses on social and political philosophy, this book offers one of the most diverse investigations of moral philosophy there is to date. -- Provided by publisher.

Critical Thinking

Peg Tittle
Critical Thinking Book PDF

Author : Peg Tittle
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 456 pages
File Size : 42,9 Mb
Release : 2011-02-21
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9781136899959

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Critical Thinking by Peg Tittle Pdf

In Critical Thinking: An Appeal to Reason, Peg Tittle empowers students with a solid grounding in the lifelong skills of considered analysis and argumentation that should underpin every student’s education. Starting with the building blocks of a good argument, this comprehensive new textbook offers a full course in critical thinking. It includes chapters on the nature and structure of argument, the role of relevance, truth and generalizations, and the subtleties of verbal and visual language. Special features include: • an emphasis on the constructive aspect of critical thinking—strengthening the arguments of others and constructing sound arguments of your own—rather than an exclusive focus on spotting faulty arguments • actual questions from standardized reasoning tests like the LSAT, GMAT, MCAT, and GRE • graduated end-of-chapter exercises, asking students to think critically about what they see, hear, read, write, and discuss • numerous sample arguments from books, magazines, television, and the Internet for students to analyze • many images for critical analysis • analyzed arguments that help students to read critically and actively • an extensive companion website for instructors and students A companion website features: • for instructors: an extensive instructor’s manual; a test bank; and PowerPoint slides • for students: extended answers, explanations, and analyses for the exercises and arguments in the book; supplementary chapters on logic and ethics; downloadable MP3 study guides; interactive flash cards; and thinking critically audio exercises. www.routledge.com/textbooks/tittle

Why I Write

George Orwell
Why I Write Book PDF

Author : George Orwell
Publisher : Renard Press Ltd
Page : 15 pages
File Size : 41,7 Mb
Release : 2021-01-01
Category : Literary Collections
ISBN : 9781913724269

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Why I Write by George Orwell Pdf

George Orwell set out ‘to make political writing into an art’, and to a wide extent this aim shaped the future of English literature – his descriptions of authoritarian regimes helped to form a new vocabulary that is fundamental to understanding totalitarianism. While 1984 and Animal Farm are amongst the most popular classic novels in the English language, this new series of Orwell’s essays seeks to bring a wider selection of his writing on politics and literature to a new readership. In Why I Write, the first in the Orwell’s Essays series, Orwell describes his journey to becoming a writer, and his movement from writing poems to short stories to the essays, fiction and non-fiction we remember him for. He also discusses what he sees as the ‘four great motives for writing’ – ‘sheer egoism’, ‘aesthetic enthusiasm’, ‘historical impulse’ and ‘political purpose’ – and considers the importance of keeping these in balance. Why I Write is a unique opportunity to look into Orwell’s mind, and it grants the reader an entirely different vantage point from which to consider the rest of the great writer’s oeuvre. 'A writer who can – and must – be rediscovered with every age.' — Irish Times

Educating Reason

Harvey Siegel
Educating Reason Book PDF

Author : Harvey Siegel
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 208 pages
File Size : 53,9 Mb
Release : 2013-09-27
Category : Education
ISBN : 9781136085086

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Educating Reason by Harvey Siegel Pdf

First Published in 1988. The critical thinking movement is increasingly important in the philosophy of education. Beginning from the generally accepted view that children should be taught to reason, not simply to repeat what they have been told, it tries to establish whether it is in fact possible to teach children a set of skills which add up to thinking. Siegel here examines three major conceptions of critical thinking and then puts forward his own definition of the critical thinker as one who is appropriately moved by reasons'. He argues that critical thinking is a fundamental educational ideal, and defends the ideal against charges of indoctrination. Chapters on science education and minimum competency testing highlight its practical implications for education policy and curriculum. This book should be of interest to lecturers and students of education and philosophy.

Thinking and Reasoning

K. I. Manktelow
Thinking and Reasoning Book PDF

Author : K. I. Manktelow
Publisher : Psychology Press
Page : 330 pages
File Size : 44,5 Mb
Release : 2012
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9781841697413

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Thinking and Reasoning by K. I. Manktelow Pdf

This completely rewritten textbook reflects on the revolutionary changes that have occurred in the field of Thinking and Reasoning in recent years.

Concussion

Jeanne Marie Laskas
Concussion Book PDF

Author : Jeanne Marie Laskas
Publisher : Random House
Page : 288 pages
File Size : 51,5 Mb
Release : 2015-11-24
Category : Sports & Recreation
ISBN : 9780812998085

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Concussion by Jeanne Marie Laskas Pdf

NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER • NOW A MAJOR MOTION PICTURE • Dr. Bennet Omalu discovered something he could not ignore. The NFL tried to silence him. His courage would change everything. “A gripping medical mystery and a dazzling portrait of the young scientist no one wanted to listen to . . . a fabulous, essential read.”—Rebecca Skloot, author of The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks Jeanne Marie Laskas first met the young forensic pathologist Dr. Bennet Omalu in 2009, while reporting a story for GQ that would go on to inspire the movie Concussion. Omalu told her about a day in September 2002, when, in a dingy morgue in downtown Pittsburgh, he picked up a scalpel and made a discovery that would rattle America in ways he’d never intended. Omalu was new to America, chasing the dream, a deeply spiritual man escaping the wounds of civil war in Nigeria. The body on the slab in front of him belonged to a fifty-year-old named Mike Webster, aka “Iron Mike,” a Hall of Fame center for the Pittsburgh Steelers, one of the greatest ever to play the game. After retiring in 1990, Webster had suffered a dizzyingly steep decline. Toward the end of his life, he was living out of his van, tasering himself to relieve his chronic pain, and fixing his rotting teeth with Super Glue. How did this happen?, Omalu asked himself. How did a young man like Mike Webster end up like this? The search for answers would change Omalu’s life forever and put him in the crosshairs of one of the most powerful corporations in America: the National Football League. What Omalu discovered in Webster’s brain—proof that Iron Mike’s mental deterioration was no accident but a disease caused by blows to the head that could affect everyone playing the game—was the one truth the NFL wanted to ignore. Taut, gripping, and gorgeously told, Concussion is the stirring story of one unlikely man’s decision to stand up to a multibillion-dollar colossus, and to tell the world the truth.

Reason in the Balance

Sharon Bailin,Mark Battersby
Reason in the Balance Book PDF

Author : Sharon Bailin,Mark Battersby
Publisher : Hackett Publishing
Page : 510 pages
File Size : 53,6 Mb
Release : 2016-02-11
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9781624664793

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Reason in the Balance by Sharon Bailin,Mark Battersby Pdf

Unlike most texts in critical thinking, Reason in the Balance focuses broadly on the practice of critical inquiry, the process of carefully examining an issue in order to come to a reasoned judgment. Although analysis and critique of individual arguments have an important role to play, this text goes beyond that dimension to emphasize the various aspects that go into the practice of inquiry, including identifying issues and relevant contexts, understanding competing cases, and making a comparative judgment. Distinctive Features of the Text: Emphasis on applying critical thinking to complex issues with competing arguments Inclusion of chapters on inquiry in specific contexts Attention to the dialogical aspects of inquiry, including sample dialogues Emphasis on the spirit of inquiry The Second Edition Features: Updated examples and items of current interest New dialogues on vaccination, prostitution, and climate change New material on biases in reasoning, including emotional, psychological, social, and cognitive The Reason in the Balance Website includes: An Appendix on Logic Exercises Quizzes

The New Critical Thinking

Jack Lyons,Barry Ward
The New Critical Thinking Book PDF

Author : Jack Lyons,Barry Ward
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 607 pages
File Size : 51,6 Mb
Release : 2017-08-09
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9781134881888

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The New Critical Thinking by Jack Lyons,Barry Ward Pdf

Why is it so hard to learn critical thinking skills? Traditional textbooks focus almost exclusively on logic and fallacious reasoning, ignoring two crucial problems. As psychologists have demonstrated recently, many of our mistakes are not caused by formal reasoning gone awry, but by our bypassing it completely. We instead favor more comfortable, but often unreliable, intuitive methods. Second, the evaluation of premises is of fundamental importance, especially in this era of fake news and politicized science. This highly innovative text is psychologically informed, both in its diagnosis of inferential errors, and in teaching students how to watch out for and work around their natural intellectual blind spots. It also incorporates insights from epistemology and philosophy of science that are indispensable for learning how to evaluate premises. The result is a hands-on primer for real world critical thinking. The authors bring over four combined decades of classroom experience and a fresh approach to the traditional challenges of a critical thinking course: effectively explaining the nature of validity, assessing deductive arguments, reconstructing, identifying and diagramming arguments, and causal and probabilistic inference. Additionally, they discuss in detail, important, frequently neglected topics, including testimony, the nature and credibility of science, rhetoric, and dialectical argumentation. Key Features and Benefits: Uses contemporary psychological explanations of, and remedies for, pervasive errors in belief formation. There is no other critical thinking text that generally applies this psychological approach. Assesses premises, notably premises based on the testimony of others, and evaluation of news and other information sources. No other critical thinking textbook gives detailed treatment of this crucial topic. Typically, they only provide a few remarks about when to accept expert opinion / argument from authority. Carefully explains the concept of validity, paying particular attention in distinguishing logical possibility from other species of possibility, and demonstrates how we may mistakenly judge invalid arguments as valid because of belief bias. Instead of assessing an argument’s validity using formal/mathematical methods (i.e., truth tables for propositional logic and Venn diagrams for categorical logic), provides one technique that is generally applicable: explicitly showing that it is impossible to make the conclusion false and the premises true together. For instructors who like the more formal approach, the text also includes standard treatments using truth tables and Venn diagrams. Uses frequency trees and the frequency approach to probability more generally, a simple method for understanding and evaluating quite complex probabilistic information Uses arguments maps, which have been shown to significantly improve students’ reasoning and argument evaluation

Think Again

Walter Sinnott-Armstrong
Think Again Book PDF

Author : Walter Sinnott-Armstrong
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 257 pages
File Size : 49,9 Mb
Release : 2018
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9780190627126

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Think Again by Walter Sinnott-Armstrong Pdf

Subtitle in pre-publication: How to reason and argue--and why.

Giving Reasons

David R. Morrow
Giving Reasons Book PDF

Author : David R. Morrow
Publisher : Hackett Publishing Company
Page : 82 pages
File Size : 43,7 Mb
Release : 2017
Category : Critical thinking
ISBN : 1624666221

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Giving Reasons by David R. Morrow Pdf

Giving Reasons prepares students to think independently, evaluate information, and reason clearly across disciplines. Accessible to students and effective for instructors, it provides plain-English exercises, helpful appendices, and a variety of online supplements.

Come, Let Us Reason

Norman L. Geisler,Ronald M. Brooks
Come Let Us Reason Book PDF

Author : Norman L. Geisler,Ronald M. Brooks
Publisher : Baker Academic
Page : 232 pages
File Size : 54,5 Mb
Release : 1990-08-01
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 0801038367

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Come, Let Us Reason by Norman L. Geisler,Ronald M. Brooks Pdf

The perfect introductory textbook, this simplified study of logic prepares readers to reason thoughtfully and to spot illogic in an argument.

Thinking 101

Woo-kyoung Ahn
Thinking 101 Book PDF

Author : Woo-kyoung Ahn
Publisher : Flatiron Books
Page : 190 pages
File Size : 54,8 Mb
Release : 2022-09-13
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781250805966

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Thinking 101 by Woo-kyoung Ahn Pdf

“An INVALUABLE RESOURCE to anyone who wants to think better.” —Gretchen Rubin Award-winning YALE PROFESSOR Woo-kyoung Ahn delivers “A MUST-READ—a smart and compellingly readable guide to cutting-edge research into how people think.” (Paul Bloom) “A FUN exploration.” —Dax Shepard Psychologist Woo-kyoung Ahn devised a course at Yale called “Thinking” to help students examine the biases that cause so many problems in their daily lives. It quickly became one of the university’s most popular courses. Now, for the first time, Ahn presents key insights from her years of teaching and research in a book for everyone. She shows how “thinking problems” stand behind a wide range of challenges, from common, self-inflicted daily aggravations to our most pressing societal issues and inequities. Throughout, Ahn draws on decades of research from other cognitive psychologists, as well as from her own groundbreaking studies. And she presents it all in a compellingly readable style that uses fun examples from pop culture, anecdotes from her own life, and illuminating stories from history and the headlines. Thinking 101 is a book that goes far beyond other books on thinking, showing how we can improve not just our own daily lives through better awareness of our biases but also the lives of everyone around us. It is, quite simply, required reading for everyone who wants to think—and live—better.