Will Covid 19 Have Long Lasting Effects On Inequality Evidence From Past Pandemics

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Will COVID-19 Have Long-Lasting Effects on Inequality? Evidence from Past Pandemics

Davide Furceri,Mr. Prakash Loungani,Mr. Jonathan David Ostry,Pietro Pizzuto
Will COVID 19 Have Long Lasting Effects on Inequality Evidence from Past Pandemics Book PDF

Author : Davide Furceri,Mr. Prakash Loungani,Mr. Jonathan David Ostry,Pietro Pizzuto
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 46 pages
File Size : 50,9 Mb
Release : 2021-05
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781513582375

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Will COVID-19 Have Long-Lasting Effects on Inequality? Evidence from Past Pandemics by Davide Furceri,Mr. Prakash Loungani,Mr. Jonathan David Ostry,Pietro Pizzuto Pdf

This paper provides evidence on the impact of major epidemics from the past two decades on income distribution. The pandemics in our sample, even though much smaller in scale than COVID-19, have led to increases in the Gini coefficient, raised the income share of higher-income deciles, and lowered the employment-to-population ratio for those with basic education compared to those with higher education. We provide some evidence that the distributional consequences from the current pandemic may be larger than those flowing from the historical pandemics in our sample, and larger than those following typical recessions and financial crises.

The Rise in Inequality After Pandemics: Can Fiscal Support Play a Mitigating Role?

Davide Furceri,Mr. Prakash Loungani,Mr. Jonathan David Ostry,Pietro Pizzuto
The Rise in Inequality After Pandemics Can Fiscal Support Play a Mitigating Role Book PDF

Author : Davide Furceri,Mr. Prakash Loungani,Mr. Jonathan David Ostry,Pietro Pizzuto
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 26 pages
File Size : 49,5 Mb
Release : 2021-04-30
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781513582405

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The Rise in Inequality After Pandemics: Can Fiscal Support Play a Mitigating Role? by Davide Furceri,Mr. Prakash Loungani,Mr. Jonathan David Ostry,Pietro Pizzuto Pdf

Major epidemics of the last two decades (SARS, H1N1, MERS, Ebola and Zika) have been followed by increases in inequality (Furceri, Loungani, Ostry and Pizzuto, 2020). In this paper, we show that the extent of fiscal consolidation in the years following the onset of these pandemics has played an important role in determining the extent of the increase in inequality. Episodes marked by extreme austerity—measured using either the government’s fiscal balance, health expenditures or redistribution—have been associated with an increase in the Gini measure of inequality three times as large as in episodes where fiscal policy has been more supportive. We survey the evidence thus far on the distributional impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, which suggests that inequality is likely to increase in the absence of strong policy actions. We review the case made by many observers (IMF 2020; Stiglitz 2020; Sandbu 2020b) that fiscal support should not be withdrawn prematurely despite understandable concerns about high public debt-to-GDP ratios.

The Aggregate and Distributional Effects of Financial Globalization: Evidence from Macro and Sectoral Data

Davide Furceri,Mr.Prakash Loungani,Mr.Jonathan David Ostry
The Aggregate and Distributional Effects of Financial Globalization Evidence from Macro and Sectoral Data Book PDF

Author : Davide Furceri,Mr.Prakash Loungani,Mr.Jonathan David Ostry
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 61 pages
File Size : 46,8 Mb
Release : 2018-04-06
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781484350898

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The Aggregate and Distributional Effects of Financial Globalization: Evidence from Macro and Sectoral Data by Davide Furceri,Mr.Prakash Loungani,Mr.Jonathan David Ostry Pdf

We take a fresh look at the aggregate and distributional effects of policies to liberalize international capital flows—financial globalization. Both country- and industry-level results suggest that such policies have led on average to limited output gains while contributing to significant increases in inequality—that is, they pose an equity–efficiency trade-off. Behind this average lies considerable heterogeneity in effects depending on country characteristics. Liberalization increases output in countries with high financial depth and those that avoid financial crises, while distributional effects are more pronounced in countries with low financial depth and inclusion and where liberalization is followed by a crisis. Difference-indifference estimates using sectoral data suggest that liberalization episodes reduce the share of labor income, particularly for industries with higher external financial dependence, those with a higher natural propensity to use layoffs to adjust to idiosyncratic shocks, and those with a higher elasticity of substitution between capital and labor. The sectoral results underpin a causal interpretation of the findings using macro data.

Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (Volume 9)

Dean T. Jamison,Hellen Gelband,Susan Horton,Prabhat Jha,Charles N. Mock,Rachel Nugent
Disease Control Priorities Third Edition Volume 9 Book PDF

Author : Dean T. Jamison,Hellen Gelband,Susan Horton,Prabhat Jha,Charles N. Mock,Rachel Nugent
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 426 pages
File Size : 50,5 Mb
Release : 2017-12-06
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781464805288

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Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (Volume 9) by Dean T. Jamison,Hellen Gelband,Susan Horton,Prabhat Jha,Charles N. Mock,Rachel Nugent Pdf

As the culminating volume in the DCP3 series, volume 9 will provide an overview of DCP3 findings and methods, a summary of messages and substantive lessons to be taken from DCP3, and a further discussion of cross-cutting and synthesizing topics across the first eight volumes. The introductory chapters (1-3) in this volume take as their starting point the elements of the Essential Packages presented in the overview chapters of each volume. First, the chapter on intersectoral policy priorities for health includes fiscal and intersectoral policies and assembles a subset of the population policies and applies strict criteria for a low-income setting in order to propose a "highest-priority" essential package. Second, the chapter on packages of care and delivery platforms for universal health coverage (UHC) includes health sector interventions, primarily clinical and public health services, and uses the same approach to propose a highest priority package of interventions and policies that meet similar criteria, provides cost estimates, and describes a pathway to UHC.

The Unequal Pandemic

Bambra, Clare,Lynch, Julia,Katherine E. Smith
The Unequal Pandemic Book PDF

Author : Bambra, Clare,Lynch, Julia,Katherine E. Smith
Publisher : Policy Press
Page : 200 pages
File Size : 48,8 Mb
Release : 2021-06-15
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781447361251

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The Unequal Pandemic by Bambra, Clare,Lynch, Julia,Katherine E. Smith Pdf

Rated as a top 10 book about the COVID-19 pandemic by New Statesman: https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/2021/07/best-books-about-covid-19-pandemic EPDF and EPUB available Open Access under CC-BY-NC- ND It has been claimed that we are ‘all in it together’ and that the COVID-19 virus ‘does not discriminate’. This accessible, yet authoritative book dispels this myth of COVID-19 as an ‘equal opportunity’ disease, by showing how the pandemic is a syndemic of disease and inequality. Drawing on international data and accounts, it argues that the pandemic is unequal in three ways: it has killed unequally, been experienced unequally and will impoverish unequally. These inequalities are a political choice: with governments effectively choosing who lives and who dies, we need to learn from COVID-19 quickly to prevent growing inequality and to reduce health inequalities in the future. COVID-19 is an unequal pandemic.

Will the Economic Impact of COVID-19 Persist? Prognosis from 21st Century Pandemics

Johannes Emmerling,Davide Furceri,Francisco Líbano Monteiro,Mr. Prakash Loungani,Mr. Jonathan David Ostry,Pietro Pizzuto,Massimo Tavoni
Will the Economic Impact of COVID 19 Persist Prognosis from 21st Century Pandemics Book PDF

Author : Johannes Emmerling,Davide Furceri,Francisco Líbano Monteiro,Mr. Prakash Loungani,Mr. Jonathan David Ostry,Pietro Pizzuto,Massimo Tavoni
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 38 pages
File Size : 46,6 Mb
Release : 2021-04-30
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781513582351

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Will the Economic Impact of COVID-19 Persist? Prognosis from 21st Century Pandemics by Johannes Emmerling,Davide Furceri,Francisco Líbano Monteiro,Mr. Prakash Loungani,Mr. Jonathan David Ostry,Pietro Pizzuto,Massimo Tavoni Pdf

COVID-19 has had a disruptive economic impact in 2020, but how long its impact will persist remains unclear. We offer a prognosis based on an analysis of the effects of five previous major epidemics in this century. We find that these pandemics led to significant and persistent reductions in disposable income, along with increases in unemployment, income inequality and public debt-to-GDP ratios. Energy use and CO2 emissions dropped, but mostly because of the persistent decline in the level of economic activity rather than structural changes in the energy sector. Applying our empirical estimates to project the impact of COVID-19, we foresee significant scarring in economic performance and income distribution through 2025, which be associated with an increase in poverty of about 75 million people. Policy responses more effective than those in the past would be required to forestall these outcomes.

Investing in the Health and Well-Being of Young Adults

National Research Council,Institute of Medicine,Board on Children, Youth, and Families,Committee on Improving the Health, Safety, and Well-Being of Young Adults
Investing in the Health and Well Being of Young Adults Book PDF

Author : National Research Council,Institute of Medicine,Board on Children, Youth, and Families,Committee on Improving the Health, Safety, and Well-Being of Young Adults
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 502 pages
File Size : 49,8 Mb
Release : 2015-01-27
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780309309981

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Investing in the Health and Well-Being of Young Adults by National Research Council,Institute of Medicine,Board on Children, Youth, and Families,Committee on Improving the Health, Safety, and Well-Being of Young Adults Pdf

Young adulthood - ages approximately 18 to 26 - is a critical period of development with long-lasting implications for a person's economic security, health and well-being. Young adults are key contributors to the nation's workforce and military services and, since many are parents, to the healthy development of the next generation. Although 'millennials' have received attention in the popular media in recent years, young adults are too rarely treated as a distinct population in policy, programs, and research. Instead, they are often grouped with adolescents or, more often, with all adults. Currently, the nation is experiencing economic restructuring, widening inequality, a rapidly rising ratio of older adults, and an increasingly diverse population. The possible transformative effects of these features make focus on young adults especially important. A systematic approach to understanding and responding to the unique circumstances and needs of today's young adults can help to pave the way to a more productive and equitable tomorrow for young adults in particular and our society at large. Investing in The Health and Well-Being of Young Adults describes what is meant by the term young adulthood, who young adults are, what they are doing, and what they need. This study recommends actions that nonprofit programs and federal, state, and local agencies can take to help young adults make a successful transition from adolescence to adulthood. According to this report, young adults should be considered as a separate group from adolescents and older adults. Investing in The Health and Well-Being of Young Adults makes the case that increased efforts to improve high school and college graduate rates and education and workforce development systems that are more closely tied to high-demand economic sectors will help this age group achieve greater opportunity and success. The report also discusses the health status of young adults and makes recommendations to develop evidence-based practices for young adults for medical and behavioral health, including preventions. What happens during the young adult years has profound implications for the rest of the life course, and the stability and progress of society at large depends on how any cohort of young adults fares as a whole. Investing in The Health and Well-Being of Young Adults will provide a roadmap to improving outcomes for this age group as they transition from adolescence to adulthood.

A Vicious Cycle: How Pandemics Lead to Economic Despair and Social Unrest

Tahsin Saadi Sedik,Rui Xu
A Vicious Cycle How Pandemics Lead to Economic Despair and Social Unrest Book PDF

Author : Tahsin Saadi Sedik,Rui Xu
Publisher : INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND
Page : 22 pages
File Size : 52,8 Mb
Release : 2020-10-16
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 1513559168

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A Vicious Cycle: How Pandemics Lead to Economic Despair and Social Unrest by Tahsin Saadi Sedik,Rui Xu Pdf

In this paper we analyze the dynamics among past major pandemics, economic growth, inequality, and social unrest. We provide evidence that past major pandemics, even though much smaller in scale than COVID-19, have led to a significant increase in social unrest by reducing output and increasing inequality. We also find that higher social unrest, in turn, is associated with lower ourput and higher inequality, pointing to a vicious cycle. Our results suggest that without policy measures, the COVID-19 pandemic will likely increase inequality, trigger social unrest, and lower future output in the years to come.

The Great Divide

Joseph E. Stiglitz
The Great Divide Book PDF

Author : Joseph E. Stiglitz
Publisher : Viking
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 47,8 Mb
Release : 2016
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 0141981229

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The Great Divide by Joseph E. Stiglitz Pdf

Why has inequality increased in the Western world - and what can we do about it? In The Great Divide, Joseph E. Stiglitz expands on the diagnosis he offered in his best-selling book The Price of Inequality and suggests ways to counter this growing problem. With his characteristic blend of clarity and passion, Stiglitz argues that inequality is a choice - the cumulative result of unjust policies and misguided priorities. In these essays, articles and reflections, Stiglitz fully exposes the inequality - from its dimensions and its causes to its consequences for the world - that is afflicting America and other Western countries in thrall to neoliberalism. From Reagan-era policies to the Great Recession and its long aftermath, Stiglitz delves into the processes and irresponsible policies - deregulation, tax cuts for the rich, the corruption of the political process - that are leaving many people further and further behind and turning the dream of a socially mobile society into an ever more unachievable myth. With formidable yet accessible economic insight, he urges us to embrace real solutions: increasing taxes on corporations and the wealthy; investing in education, science, and infrastructure; helping homeowners instead of banks; and, most importantly, doing more to restore the economy to full employment. Stiglitz's analysis reaches beyond America - the inequality leader of the developed world - to draw lessons from Scandinavia, Singapore, and Japan, and he argues against the tide of unnecessary, destructive austerity that is sweeping across Europe. Ultimately, Stiglitz believes our choice is not between growth and fairness; with the right policies, we can choose both.

Primary and Secondary Education During Covid-19

Fernando M. Reimers
Primary and Secondary Education During Covid 19 Book PDF

Author : Fernando M. Reimers
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 467 pages
File Size : 54,8 Mb
Release : 2021-09-14
Category : Education
ISBN : 9783030815004

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Primary and Secondary Education During Covid-19 by Fernando M. Reimers Pdf

This open access edited volume is a comparative effort to discern the short-term educational impact of the covid-19 pandemic on students, teachers and systems in Brazil, Chile, Finland, Japan, Mexico, Norway, Portugal, Russia, Singapore, Spain, South Africa, the United Kingdom and the United States. One of the first academic comparative studies of the educational impact of the pandemic, the book explains how the interruption of in person instruction and the variable efficacy of alternative forms of education caused learning loss and disengagement with learning, especially for disadvantaged students. Other direct and indirect impacts of the pandemic diminished the ability of families to support children and youth in their education. For students, as well as for teachers and school staff, these included the economic shocks experienced by families, in some cases leading to food insecurity and in many more causing stress and anxiety and impacting mental health. Opportunity to learn was also diminished by the shocks and trauma experienced by those with a close relative infected by the virus, and by the constrains on learning resulting from students having to learn at home, where the demands of schoolwork had to be negotiated with other family necessities, often sharing limited space. Furthermore, the prolonged stress caused by the uncertainty over the resolution of the pandemic and resulting from the knowledge that anyone could be infected and potentially lose their lives, created a traumatic context for many that undermined the necessary focus and dedication to schoolwork. These individual effects were reinforced by community effects, particularly for students and teachers living in communities where the multifaceted negative impacts resulting from the pandemic were pervasive. This is an open access book.

Health at a Glance: Europe 2020 State of Health in the EU Cycle

OECD,European Union
Health at a Glance Europe 2020 State of Health in the EU Cycle Book PDF

Author : OECD,European Union
Publisher : OECD Publishing
Page : 230 pages
File Size : 47,9 Mb
Release : 2020-11-19
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 9789264811942

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Health at a Glance: Europe 2020 State of Health in the EU Cycle by OECD,European Union Pdf

The 2020 edition of Health at a Glance: Europe focuses on the impact of the COVID‐19 crisis. Chapter 1 provides an initial assessment of the resilience of European health systems to the COVID-19 pandemic and their ability to contain and respond to the worst pandemic in the past century.

International Health Regulations (2005)

World Health Organization
International Health Regulations 2005 Book PDF

Author : World Health Organization
Publisher : World Health Organization
Page : 82 pages
File Size : 53,8 Mb
Release : 2008-12-15
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9789241580410

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International Health Regulations (2005) by World Health Organization Pdf

In response to the call of the 48th World Health Assembly for a substantial revision of the International Health Regulations, this new edition of the Regulations will enter into force on June 15, 2007. The purpose and scope of the Regulations are "to prevent, protect against, control and provide a public health response to the international spread of disease in ways that are commensurate with and restricted to public health risks, and which avoid unnecessary interference with international traffic and trade." The Regulations also cover certificates applicable to international travel and transport, and requirements for international ports, airports and ground crossings.

The Work of the Future

David H. Autor,David A. Mindell,Elisabeth Reynolds
The Work of the Future Book PDF

Author : David H. Autor,David A. Mindell,Elisabeth Reynolds
Publisher : MIT Press
Page : 189 pages
File Size : 43,6 Mb
Release : 2023-10-03
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780262547307

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The Work of the Future by David H. Autor,David A. Mindell,Elisabeth Reynolds Pdf

Why the United States lags behind other industrialized countries in sharing the benefits of innovation with workers and how we can remedy the problem. The United States has too many low-quality, low-wage jobs. Every country has its share, but those in the United States are especially poorly paid and often without benefits. Meanwhile, overall productivity increases steadily and new technology has transformed large parts of the economy, enhancing the skills and paychecks of higher paid knowledge workers. What’s wrong with this picture? Why have so many workers benefited so little from decades of growth? The Work of the Future shows that technology is neither the problem nor the solution. We can build better jobs if we create institutions that leverage technological innovation and also support workers though long cycles of technological transformation. Building on findings from the multiyear MIT Task Force on the Work of the Future, the book argues that we must foster institutional innovations that complement technological change. Skills programs that emphasize work-based and hybrid learning (in person and online), for example, empower workers to become and remain productive in a continuously evolving workplace. Industries fueled by new technology that augments workers can supply good jobs, and federal investment in R&D can help make these industries worker-friendly. We must act to ensure that the labor market of the future offers benefits, opportunity, and a measure of economic security to all.

Why Some Don’t Belong—The Distributional Effects of Natural Disasters

Mrs. Nina Budina,Lixue Chen,Laura Nowzohour
Why Some Don t Belong The Distributional Effects of Natural Disasters Book PDF

Author : Mrs. Nina Budina,Lixue Chen,Laura Nowzohour
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 49 pages
File Size : 55,5 Mb
Release : 2023-01-06
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9798400229428

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Why Some Don’t Belong—The Distributional Effects of Natural Disasters by Mrs. Nina Budina,Lixue Chen,Laura Nowzohour Pdf

When and how do natural disasters worsen within-country income inequality? We highlight the channels through which natural disasters may have distributional effects and empirically analyze when and which type of disasters affect inequality in advanced economies (AEs) and in emerging and developing economies (EMDEs). We find that in AEs inequality increases after severe disasters. We also find that inequality increases if severe disasters are associated with growth slowdowns or there are multiple disasters in a year in AEs and in EMDEs. Descriptive evidence for the US also suggests that adverse labor market effects of disasters are likely to fall on vulnerable groups.

Reflections on the Complexities of the Covid-19 Pandemic

Shadrack B. Ramokgadi,Mbekezeli C. Mkhize
Reflections on the Complexities of the Covid 19 Pandemic Book PDF

Author : Shadrack B. Ramokgadi,Mbekezeli C. Mkhize
Publisher : African Sun Media
Page : 340 pages
File Size : 50,9 Mb
Release : 2022-12-31
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9781991201935

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Reflections on the Complexities of the Covid-19 Pandemic by Shadrack B. Ramokgadi,Mbekezeli C. Mkhize Pdf

This book offers an original and timeous snapshot of contemporary lines of argument from various authors in the Global South on the Covid-19 pandemic as a complex emergency at the height of the pandemic. At the time of writing, there were various levels of uncertainties from different countries, citizens, the public and private sectors, industries and economies who were in disarray. The book traces the origins of the Covid-19 pandemic in the province of Wuhan in China, the challenges, and the responses from a multiplicity of countries particularly from the Global South. Of particular importance, the book notes that vaccine uncertainty, limiting the spread of the virus and loss of life and employment, were some of the major challenges that these governments and citizens were confronted with. Also, the sizes of various economies lead to various challenges that the abovementioned governments shouldered. The contributors shed light on various aspects related to the Covid-19 pandemic from various countries in the Global South and include, but were not limited to securitised lockdowns, the use of militaries and complete closures of national (and sometimes fragile) economies, as well as overburdened health systems. These are just some dire consequences of Covid-19 on the public and private sector, industries and economy. The book emphasises that despite myriad challenges reported, there are various lessons that can be learnt in terms of how the countries responded to the pandemic, and in terms of how future pandemics can be handled. Finally, this is an interesting piece of work wherein contributors, as a collective, seek to shed light with regards to the unique perspectives from the Global South and at the same time give some guidance, related to their specific areas of focus.