African American Soldiers In The National Guard

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African American Soldiers in the National Guard

Charles Johnson
African American Soldiers in the National Guard Book PDF

Author : Charles Johnson
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
Page : 232 pages
File Size : 46,5 Mb
Release : 1992-08-21
Category : History
ISBN : 9780313064739

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African American Soldiers in the National Guard by Charles Johnson Pdf

Little is known about the many achievements of African American guardsmen in U.S. history from the late nineteenth to the mid-twentieth centuries. This detailed account thus fills an important gap in our knowledge about the establishment of African American militias in 1877 and their service in wartime and peacetime until the integration of the National Guard in 1950. This careful study of extensive primary and secondary sources is intended for military historians and for all who want to know more about African American contributions to the defense of our nation. Following a short introduction providing some historical background, the study launches into a description of the establishment of African American militia organizations in and about 1877 and their involvement in the Spanish American War and in quelling civil disturbances and disasters up to 1914. The history deals next with the service of African American guardsmen units in World War I, their work in the years between the wars, and their involvement in World War II. The story ends with a description of the initial reorganization of these units and their integration into the National Guard in 1949 and 1950. A lengthy bibliography of primary and secondary sources is useful as well in pointing to the role of African American militias and guardsmen in the history of this important period.

Black Soldiers of New York State

Anthony F. Gero
Black Soldiers of New York State Book PDF

Author : Anthony F. Gero
Publisher : State University of New York Press
Page : 191 pages
File Size : 52,7 Mb
Release : 2012-07-26
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9781438426372

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Black Soldiers of New York State by Anthony F. Gero Pdf

Concise history of the valiant service of New York’s African American soldiers.

The African American Soldier:

Michael L. Lanning
The African American Soldier Book PDF

Author : Michael L. Lanning
Publisher : Kensington Publishing Corp.
Page : 344 pages
File Size : 54,5 Mb
Release : 2012-08-24
Category : Biography & Autobiography
ISBN : 9780806536606

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The African American Soldier: by Michael L. Lanning Pdf

More than five thousand blacks joined the rebel Americans in the war as soldiers, sailors, and marines; many more supported the rebellion as laborers. Their service went largely unrecognized and unrecorded. Few letters, journals, or other narratives by blacks about the Revolution exist because whites had denied most African Americans an education. White historians of the period, and for years after the war, ignored the contributions and impact of thousands of blacks participants for several reasons. First of all, prejudices were so deeply ingrained that it did not even occur to most whites of the time that blacks had played a significant role either as individuals who fought or labored or as a segment of the population that affected decisions. Prejudices also prevented some who did witness the contributions of African Americans from honestly reporting that blacks could perform equally with whites on the battlefield if given the opportunity. Others did not mention blacks because of the difficulty of explaining why the United States kept half a million men, women, and children enslaved while fighting for independence and liberty." From Defenders of Liberty, by Lt. Col. Michael Lee Lanning (Ret.)

Harlem's Rattlers and the Great War

Jeffrey T. Sammons,John H. Morrow, Jr.
Harlem s Rattlers and the Great War Book PDF

Author : Jeffrey T. Sammons,John H. Morrow, Jr.
Publisher : University Press of Kansas
Page : 630 pages
File Size : 52,6 Mb
Release : 2015-09-26
Category : History
ISBN : 9780700621385

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Harlem's Rattlers and the Great War by Jeffrey T. Sammons,John H. Morrow, Jr. Pdf

When on May 15, 1918 a French lieutenant warned Henry Johnson of the 369th to move back because of a possible enemy raid, Johnson reportedly replied: "I'm an American, and I never retreat." The story, even if apocryphal, captures the mythic status of the Harlem Rattlers, the African-American combat unit that grew out of the 15th New York National Guard, who were said to have never lost a man to capture or a foot of ground that had been taken. It also, in its insistence on American identity, points to a truth at the heart of this book--more than fighting to make the world safe for democracy, the black men of the 369th fought to convince America to live up to its democratic promise. It is this aspect of the storied regiment's history--its place within the larger movement of African Americans for full citizenship in the face of virulent racism--that Harlem's Rattlers and the Great War brings to the fore. With sweeping vision, historical precision, and unparalleled research, this book will stand as the definitive study of the 369th. Though discussed in numerous histories and featured in popular culture (most famously the film Stormy Weather and the novel Jazz), the 369th has become more a matter of mythology than grounded, factually accurate history--a situation that authors Jeffrey T. Sammons and John H. Morrow, Jr. set out to right. Their book--which eschews the regiment's famous nickname, the "Harlem Hellfighters," a name never embraced by the unit itself--tells the full story of the self-proclaimed Harlem Rattlers. Combining the "fighting focus" of military history with the insights of social commentary, Harlem's Rattlers and the Great War reveals the centrality of military service and war to the quest for equality as it details the origins, evolution, combat exploits, and postwar struggles of the 369th. The authors take up the internal dynamics of the regiment as well as external pressures, paying particular attention to the environment created by the presence of both black and white officers in the unit. They also explore the role of women--in particular, the Women's Auxiliary of the 369th--as partners in the struggle for full citizenship. From its beginnings in the 15th New York National Guard through its training in the explosive atmosphere in the South, its singular performance in the French army during World War I, and the pathos of postwar adjustment--this book reveals as never before the details of the Harlem Rattlers' experience, the poignant history of some of its heroes, its place in the story of both World War I and the African American campaign for equality--and its full i

Strength for the Fight

Bernard C. Nalty
Strength for the Fight Book PDF

Author : Bernard C. Nalty
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
Page : 436 pages
File Size : 44,5 Mb
Release : 1989
Category : United States
ISBN : 9780029224113

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Strength for the Fight by Bernard C. Nalty Pdf

Surveys the history of blacks in the armed forces from the 1600s to the 1980s.

The Exclusion of Black Soldiers from the Medal of Honor in World War II

Elliott Vanveltner Converse
The Exclusion of Black Soldiers from the Medal of Honor in World War II Book PDF

Author : Elliott Vanveltner Converse
Publisher : McFarland
Page : 212 pages
File Size : 53,7 Mb
Release : 1997-01-01
Category : History
ISBN : 0786402776

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The Exclusion of Black Soldiers from the Medal of Honor in World War II by Elliott Vanveltner Converse Pdf

The purpose of this study, commissioned by the Army, was to document the process by which the Congressional Medal of Honor was awarded from December 7, 1941, through September 1, 1948; to identify units in which African Americans served; to identify by name all black soldiers whose names were submitted for the medal and to document any errors in the processing of their nominations; and to compile a list of all black soldiers who received the Distinguished Service Cross, the second highest award. Based on this work, in January 1997 President Clinton awarded seven African Americans the Medal of Honor. The authors were selected by Shaw University of Raleigh, North Carolina, to conduct this study under a United States Army contract.

Blacks and the Military

Martin Binkin
Blacks and the Military Book PDF

Author : Martin Binkin
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
Page : 212 pages
File Size : 54,5 Mb
Release : 2011-02-01
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 0815705662

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Blacks and the Military by Martin Binkin Pdf

For much of the nation's history, the participation of blacks in the armed forces was approximately in line with their proportion in the total population. This changed during the 1970s: by 1980 one of every three Army GIs and one of every five marines were black. The reaction has been mixed. Many Americans look with approval on the growth of black participation in military service, since it often affords young blacks educational, social, and financial opportunities that constitute a bridge to a better life not otherwise available to them. But for other Americans, the opportunities are outweighed by the disproportionate imposition of the burden of defense on a segment of the population that has not enjoyed a fair share of the benefits that society confers. From this perspective, the likelihood that blacks would suffer at least a third—and perhaps a half—of the combat fatalities in the initial stages of conflict is considered immoral, unethical, or otherwise contrary to the percepts of democratic institutions. Some also worry that military forces with such a high fraction of blacks entail risks to U.S. national security, A socially unrepresentative force, it is argued, may lack the cohesion considered vital to combat effectiveness. Others fear that such a force would be unreliable if it were deployed in situations that would test the alliance of its minority members. And some have even expressed concern that a large proportion of blacks may raise questions about the status of U.S. fighting forces, as judged by the American public, that nation's allies, and its adversaries. The authors of this book examine evidence on both sides of the issue in an effort to bring objective scrutiny to bear on questions that for many years have been loaded with emotion and subjective reactions. They also discuss the implications for the military’s racial composition of demographic, economic, and technological trends and the possible effects of returning to some form of conscription. Brookings Studies in Defense Policy

The African American Experience in Vietnam

James E. Westheider
The African American Experience in Vietnam Book PDF

Author : James E. Westheider
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers
Page : 218 pages
File Size : 49,6 Mb
Release : 2007-07-20
Category : History
ISBN : 9780742569515

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The African American Experience in Vietnam by James E. Westheider Pdf

In this book James E. Westheider explores the social and professional paradoxes facing African-American soldiers in Vietnam. Service in the military started as a demonstration of the merits of integration as blacks competed with whites on a near equal basis for the first time. Military service, especially service in Vietnam, helped shape modern black culture and fostered a sense of black solidarity in the Armed Forces. But as the war progressed, racial violence became a major problem for the Armed Forces as they failed to keep pace with the sweeping changes in civilian society. Despite the boasts of the Department of Defense, personal and institutional racism remained endemic to the system. Westheider tells this story expertly and accessibly by providing the history and background of African American participation in the U.S. Armed Forces then following all the way through to the experience of African Americans returning home from the Vietnam war.

Arkansas National Guard African American Pioneers Untold Stories

Arkansas National Guard Museum
Arkansas National Guard African American Pioneers Untold Stories Book PDF

Author : Arkansas National Guard Museum
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 45,6 Mb
Release : 2023-02-03
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 9798987527207

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Arkansas National Guard African American Pioneers Untold Stories by Arkansas National Guard Museum Pdf

For much of the military history of the United States, African Americans were discouraged from joining the military or relegated to segregated units. The Arkansas Militia/ National Guard was no different. In 1948, President Truman officially desegregated the Armed Forces, but it took several years before the process was complete. In 1964, the Arkansas National Guard allowed its first African American to enlist. Gradually, more African Americans joined the Arkansas Army and Air Guard. However, African Americans in the Arkansas Guard faced many obstacles. Discrimination was rampant and slowed their advancement in the organization. This book investigates the issues of discrimination experienced by the African American pioneers in the Arkansas National Guard. In addition, a large portion of this book is dedicated to the first African Americans to achieve ranks, command, and other achievements in the Arkansas National Guard.

A Historic Context for the African-American Military Experience - Covering Before the Civil War, Blacks in Union and Confederate Army, Buffalo Soldier, Scouts, Spanish-American War, World War I and II

U. S. Military,Department of Defense (DoD),U. S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE),U. S. Government
A Historic Context for the African American Military Experience Covering Before the Civil War Blacks in Union and Confederate Army Buffalo Soldier Scouts Spanish American War World War I and II Book PDF

Author : U. S. Military,Department of Defense (DoD),U. S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE),U. S. Government
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 221 pages
File Size : 47,5 Mb
Release : 2017-10-30
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 1973182270

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A Historic Context for the African-American Military Experience - Covering Before the Civil War, Blacks in Union and Confederate Army, Buffalo Soldier, Scouts, Spanish-American War, World War I and II by U. S. Military,Department of Defense (DoD),U. S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE),U. S. Government Pdf

This important work by the Army recognizes and highlights the contributions of African Americans to the military history of the United States. This is accomplished by providing a historic context on the African American military experience for use by Department of Defense (DoD) cultural resource managers. Managers can use this historic context, to recognize significant sites, buildings, and objects on DoD property related to African American military history by nominating them for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places. In this manner, civilian and military personnel currently serving in all major services will be made aware of the contributions of African Americans to our military heritage. While the focus of this work is on all-black military units, significant individuals will be recognized also. Chapter 1 - Introduction * By Steven D. Smith * Background * Objective * Historic Context Research Design * Project Scope * Methods * Report Organization * Summary * Chapter 2 - African American Soldiers Before the Civil War * By Elizabeth Arnett Fields * Early Colonial Conflicts * Service in Non-English Colonies * American Revolution * Blacks in the Armed Forces, 1783-1812 * War of 1812 * Black Soldiers in the Antebellum Period * Summary * Chapter 3 - African Americans in the Civil War * By Keith Krawczynski and Steven D. Smith * Introduction * Northern Attitudes Toward Arming the Black Man * Service in the Union Navy * Blacks in the Confederate Army * Blacks in the Union Army * Confederate Response to the Union Enlistment of African Americans * Black Soldiers Life and Labor * The Martial Spirit * Summary * Chapter 4 - The West 1865-1897 * By Elizabeth Arnett Fields * Introduction * The Creation of Black Regiments * Origin of the Term "Buffalo Soldier" * Cavalry Regiments * Infantry Regiments * Seminole Negro-Indian Scouts * Service in Other Branches of the Army * First Black Cadets at West Point * Problems Faced by the Black Troops In the West * Qualities of the Buffalo Soldiers * Summary * Chapter 5 - The Spanish American War and Aftermath * By Keith Krawczynski * Spanish American War * African American Attitudes Towards War with Spain * Black Regular Army Cavalry and Infantry Units * State Volunteer Units In the War * Immune Regiments * The Philippines * Reactions to Increased Racial Discrimination * Punitive Expedition * African Americans in the National Guard * Naval Service, 1865-1917 * Summary * Chapter 6 - World War I * By Keith Krawczynski * Declaration of War * African American Call to Arms * Recruitment * Appeasement of African Americans * Creation of Black Units * Demands for African American Officers * Training in the United States * Labor Battalions Overseas * Combat in France * Postwar 1918-1940 * Summary * Chapter 7 - African American Navy, Marine, Women's Reserves, and Coast Guard Service During World War II * By Keith Krawczynski * Introduction * Dorie Miller * U.S. Navy * Marine Corps * Coast Guard * Merchant Marine * Women's Reserve Corps * Summary * Chapter 8 - African Americans in the U.S. Army During World War II * By Robert F. Jefferson * Introduction * Quotas: Linkages of Black Intelligence and Combat Efficiency and Discrimination, 1920-1941 * Black Response to War and War Department Intransigence * The Stateside Employment and Training of Black Personnel and Units at Regular Army Facilities: 1941-1944 * Race, Labor, and War: The Employment of Black Troops in the African, Pacific, and European Theaters * Summary * Chapter 9 - Victory and Context: Recognition of African American Contributions to American Military History * By Steven D. Smith, Keith Krawczynski, and Robert F. Jefferson * The Integration of the Armed Forces 1946-1954 * Historic Context: Themes and Sites * Installation Survey * Summary

Scott's Official History of the American Negro in the World War

Emmett Jay Scott
Scott s Official History of the American Negro in the World War Book PDF

Author : Emmett Jay Scott
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 610 pages
File Size : 48,9 Mb
Release : 1919
Category : African American soldiers
ISBN : STANFORD:36105035349658

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Scott's Official History of the American Negro in the World War by Emmett Jay Scott Pdf

"A complete account from official sources of the participation of African Americans in World War I including their involvement in war work organizations like the Red Cross, YMCA, and the war camp community service. The text includes an official summary of the treaty of peace and League of Nations covenant. With the entry of the United States into the Great War in 1917, African Americans were eager to show their patriotism in hopes of being recognized as full citizens. However, they were barred from the Marines, the Aviation unit of the Army, and served only in menial roles in the Navy. Despite their poor treatment, African-American soldiers provided much support overseas to the European Allies as well as at home" -- Bookseller's description.

Men of Color to Arms!: Black Soldiers, Indian Wars, and the Quest for Equality

Elizabeth D. Leonard
Men of Color to Arms Black Soldiers Indian Wars and the Quest for Equality Book PDF

Author : Elizabeth D. Leonard
Publisher : W. W. Norton & Company
Page : 336 pages
File Size : 54,9 Mb
Release : 2010-08-23
Category : History
ISBN : 9780393079159

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Men of Color to Arms!: Black Soldiers, Indian Wars, and the Quest for Equality by Elizabeth D. Leonard Pdf

The story of the black soldiers who helped save the Union, conquer the West, and build the nation. In 1863, at the height of the Civil War, Frederick Douglass promised African Americans that serving in the military offered a sure path to freedom. Once a black man became a soldier, Douglass declared, “there is no power on earth or under the earth which can deny that he has earned the right to citizenship in the United States.” More than 180,000 black men heeded his call to defend the Union—only to find the path to equality would not be so straightforward. In this sharply drawn history, Professor Elizabeth D. Leonard reveals the aspirations and achievements as well as the setbacks and disappointments of African American soldiers. Drawing on eye-opening firsthand accounts, she restores black soldiers to their place in the arc of American history, from the Civil War and its promise of freedom until the dawn of the 20th century and the full retrenchment of Jim Crow. Along the way, Leonard offers a nuanced account of black soldiers’ involvement in the Indian Wars, their attempts to desegregate West Point and gain proper recognition for their service, and their experience of Reconstruction nationally, as blacks worked to secure their place in an ever-changing nation. With abundant primary research, enlivened by memorable characters and vivid descriptions of army life, Men of Color to Arms! is an illuminating portrait of a group of men whose contributions to American history need to be further recognized.

Harlem’s Hell Fighters

Stephen L. Harris
Harlem s Hell Fighters Book PDF

Author : Stephen L. Harris
Publisher : Potomac Books, Inc.
Page : 414 pages
File Size : 50,7 Mb
Release : 2003-06-30
Category : World War, 1914-1918
ISBN : 9781597974486

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Harlem’s Hell Fighters by Stephen L. Harris Pdf

When the United States entered World War I in 1917, thousands of African-American men volunteered to fight for a country that granted them only limited civil rights. Many from New York City joined the 15th N.Y. Infantry, a National Guard regiment later designated the 369th U.S. Infantry. Led by mostly inexperienced white and black officers, these men not only received little instruction at their training camp in South Carolina but were frequent victims of racial harassment from both civilians and their white comrades. Once in France, they initially served as laborers, all while chafing to prove their worth as American soldiers. Then they got their chance. The 369th became one of the few U.S. units that American commanding general John J. Pershing agreed to let serve under French command. Donning French uniforms and taking up French rifles, the men of the 369th fought valiantly alongside French Moroccans and held one of the widest sectors on the Western Front. The entire regiment was awarded the Croix de Guerre, the French government s highest military honor. Stephen L. Harris s accounts of the valor of a number of individual soldiers make for exciting reading, especially that of Henry Johnson, who defended himself against an entire German squad with a large knife. After reading this book, you will know why the Germans feared the black men of the 369th and why the French called them hell fighters. "

Black Soldiers in Blue

John David Smith
Black Soldiers in Blue Book PDF

Author : John David Smith
Publisher : Univ of North Carolina Press
Page : 478 pages
File Size : 42,5 Mb
Release : 2005-10-12
Category : History
ISBN : 9780807875995

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Black Soldiers in Blue by John David Smith Pdf

Inspired and informed by the latest research in African American, military, and social history, the fourteen original essays in this book tell the stories of the African American soldiers who fought for the Union cause. An introductory essay surveys the history of the U.S. Colored Troops (USCT) from emancipation to the end of the Civil War. Seven essays focus on the role of the USCT in combat, chronicling the contributions of African Americans who fought at Port Hudson, Milliken's Bend, Olustee, Fort Pillow, Petersburg, Saltville, and Nashville. Other essays explore the recruitment of black troops in the Mississippi Valley; the U.S. Colored Cavalry; the military leadership of Colonels Thomas Higginson, James Montgomery, and Robert Shaw; African American chaplain Henry McNeal Turner; the black troops who occupied postwar Charleston; and the experiences of USCT veterans in postwar North Carolina. Collectively, these essays probe the broad military, political, and social significance of black soldiers' armed service, enriching our understanding of the Civil War and African American life during and after the conflict. The contributors are Anne J. Bailey, Arthur W. Bergeron Jr., John Cimprich, Lawrence Lee Hewitt, Richard Lowe, Thomas D. Mays, Michael T. Meier, Edwin S. Redkey, Richard Reid, William Glenn Robertson, John David Smith, Noah Andre Trudeau, Keith Wilson, and Robert J. Zalimas Jr.

Records of Military Agencies Relating to African Americans from the Post-World War I Period to the Korean War

Anonim
Records of Military Agencies Relating to African Americans from the Post World War I Period to the Korean War Book PDF

Author : Anonim
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 170 pages
File Size : 42,5 Mb
Release : 2000
Category : African American sailors
ISBN : PURD:32754071814093

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Records of Military Agencies Relating to African Americans from the Post-World War I Period to the Korean War by Anonim Pdf

Guide to records of the Air Force, Army, Navy (including the Marine Corps) and Department of Defense relating to African Americans in the armed forces, from 1915 to 1950, with some records as late as 1964.