Agricultural Trade Policy Responses During The First Wave Of The Covid 19 Pandemic In 2020

Author : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
Page : 1 pages
File Size : 51,8 Mb
Release : 2021-05-06
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9789251343661

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Agricultural trade & policy responses during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Pdf

Measures adopted around the world to contain the COVID-19 outbreak helped curb the spread of the virus and lowered the pressure on health systems. However, they also affected the global trading system, and the supply and demand of agricultural and food products. In response to concerns over food security and food safety worldwide, many countries reacted immediately to apply policy measures aiming to limit potentially adverse impacts on domestic markets. Covering the first half of 2020, the report provides an overview of short-term changes in trade patterns and policy measures related to agricultural trade that countries adopted in response to the pandemic.Despite the shocks caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and containment measures, the efforts of governments and agricultural sector stakeholders to keep agricultural markets open and trade flowing smoothly contributed to remarkably resilient value chains. Effects on global trade in food and agriculture remained limited to short-term disruptions at the very beginning of the pandemic.Governments’ policy responses covered a wide range of measures, including export restrictions, lowering of import barriers, and domestic measures. Most of the trade restricting measures were short-lived. International political commitments were pivotal in the coordination of a global response to the crisis and in deterring countries from taking unilateral measures that could have harmed food security in other parts of the world.However, COVID-19 is still spreading and may entail severe implications for access to food and longer-term shifts in global demand and supply of food and agricultural commodities.

Author : Laborde Debucquet, David,Mamun, Abdullah,Parent, Marie
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 16 pages
File Size : 41,9 Mb
Release : 2020-05-01
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Documentation for the COVID-19 food trade policy tracker: Tracking government responses affecting global food markets during the COVID-19 crisis by Laborde Debucquet, David,Mamun, Abdullah,Parent, Marie Pdf

In response to the COVID-19 crisis, some governments have implemented export restrictions and other trade policy measures to secure their food supply. This behavior can increase global food prices, with consequences including the exacerbation of hunger and income losses for producers in export-restrict-ing countries. Intergovernmental organizations and other actors need current information on food trade policy to curb detrimental reactive policy and enable cooperation. To address this need, we provide the COVID-19 Food Trade Policy Tracker. Gathering data from sources including the media, national gov-ernments, expert input, the OECD, and the IMF, we provide up-to-date information on food trade poli-cies implemented during the COVID-19 crisis and the likely magnitude of their effects.

Author : Consoli, S., Egas Yerovi, J.J., Morales Opazo, C.
Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
Page : 44 pages
File Size : 55,5 Mb
Release : 2022-08-03
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9789251358917

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Realigning policy interventions on agricultural prices by Consoli, S., Egas Yerovi, J.J., Morales Opazo, C. Pdf

COVID-19 has resulted in a shock to agrifood systems around the world, with the potential for low- and middle-income countries to be particularly affected. Although policy responses were more muted than during the 2007–2008 world food crisis, efforts to insulate from supply shocks and ensure local availability during COVID-19 have generally included export restrictions and import tariff reductions, among other responses. In an effort to enable rapid market monitoring and realignment, we develop a new indicator defined as a monthly nominal rate of protection “express” which seeks to isolate as much as possible the effect of trade and market policies on domestic prices in real-time in order to understand how they responded. This analysis examines changes to this indicator during the first wave of the pandemic in 27 low- and middle-income countries for the most-consumed staple cereals of the poor and food insecure. We show that agricultural price incentives declined by 12.6 percentage points compared to the same months in previous years, suggesting that retail domestic price spikes may have largely been mitigated or avoided. However, impacts varied across countries and commodities, and this indicator can serve as a tool for examining primary drivers of changes and conducting causal analysis to facilitate adequate agrifood policy responses to support economic recovery in the post-COVID-19 era.

Author : Nodir Djanibekov,Thomas Herzfeld,Pedro Marcelo Arias
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 41,5 Mb
Release : 2021
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 3959921276

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Food Policy Measures in Response to COVID-19 in Central Asia and the Caucasus by Nodir Djanibekov,Thomas Herzfeld,Pedro Marcelo Arias Pdf

Despite initial concerns of catastrophic outcomes, the COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting lockdown measures did not severely affect regional agriculture in Central Asia and the Caucasus. They did, however, affect food supply chains in terms of demand and logistics. Food prices were volatile throughout 2020 and particularly high in countries with currency depreciation. However, the on-going COVID-19 pandemic as a human and health crisis presents an ever increasing risk to the economies of Central Asia and the Caucasus. The global implications of the pandemic, combined with a decline in oil and gas exports and migrant remittances, could impede recovery and undermine economic stability in the region. Policymakers should avoid disrupting domestic food supply chains and placing barriers to trade through export bans and quotas. At the same time, they must ensure food security and reduced price volatility through diversified trade networks. Deeper domestic value chains and efficient management of public and private food stock reserves will better prepare countries to face the continuing effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Better-informed and targeted policy responses to a pandemic require improved national systems of nutrition research and monitoring, and timely availability of data not only relating to production but also to other levels of the agrifood chain.

Author : McDermott, John,Swinnen, Johan
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 200 pages
File Size : 51,6 Mb
Release : 2022-03-07
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9780896294226

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COVID-19 and global food security: Two years later by McDermott, John,Swinnen, Johan Pdf

Two years after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the health, economic, and social disruptions caused by this global crisis continue to evolve. The impacts of the pandemic are likely to endure for years to come, with poor, marginalized, and vulnerable groups the most affected. In COVID-19 & Global Food Security: Two Years Later, the editors bring together contributions from new IFPRI research, blogs, and the CGIAR COVID-19 Hub to examine the pandemic’s effects on poverty, food security, nutrition, and health around the world. This volume presents key lessons learned on food security and food system resilience in 2020 and 2021 and assesses the effectiveness of policy responses to the crisis. Looking forward, the authors consider how the pandemic experience can inform both recovery and longer-term efforts to build more resilient food systems.

Author : Elbehri, A., Temel, T., Burcu Ceylan, F., Mittal, S., Kularatne, D., Dawe, D.
Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
Page : 124 pages
File Size : 46,7 Mb
Release : 2022-02-14
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9789251357521

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COVID-19 pandemic impacts on Asia and the Pacific by Elbehri, A., Temel, T., Burcu Ceylan, F., Mittal, S., Kularatne, D., Dawe, D. Pdf

The COVID-19 health crisis has turned into a global economic crisis, putting at risk the health, jobs and incomes of millions of people across the world. The pandemic is becoming persistent and seemingly slow to eradicate, with medium and long-term consequences affecting the trajectories of the SDG (Sustainable Development Goal) targets across the countries. Better understanding of the implications of COVID-19 containment these measures for food systems, food insecurity and malnutrition is vital to prevent this global health crisis from becoming a food crisis and to rebuilt resilient food systems. The regional review presented in this report is broad-based but provisional since we are still dealing with an active pandemic having just moved past the fourth wave (dominated by Delta variant) and now facing a new variant, Omicron (whose real impact is still under review). As we approach 2022, the world is learning to live with COVID-19 and its variants for longer than initially believed. So the numbers related to COVID-19 infections and vaccination rates are only provisional and reflect the situation as of the time of writing.

Author : Canada. Department of Finance,James Michael Flaherty
Publisher : Canadian Museum of Civilization/Musee Canadien Des Civilisations
Page : 364 pages
File Size : 49,8 Mb
Release : 2009
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : MINN:31951D03160170Z

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Canada's Economic Action Plan by Canada. Department of Finance,James Michael Flaherty Pdf

Issued also in French under title: Le plan d'action economique du Canada, le budget de 2009.

Author : Ruchir Agarwal,Ms. Gita Gopinath
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 54 pages
File Size : 51,7 Mb
Release : 2021-05-19
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781513577609

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A Proposal to End the COVID-19 Pandemic by Ruchir Agarwal,Ms. Gita Gopinath Pdf

Urgent steps are needed to arrest the rising human toll and economic strain from the COVID-19 pandemic that are exacerbating already-diverging recoveries. Pandemic policy is also economic policy as there is no durable end to the economic crisis without an end to the health crisis. Building on existing initiatives, this paper proposes pragmatic actions at the national and multilateral level to expeditiously defeat the pandemic. The proposal targets: (1) vaccinating at least 40 percent of the population in all countries by the end of 2021 and at least 60 percent by the first half of 2022, (2) tracking and insuring against downside risks, and (3) ensuring widespread testing and tracing, maintaining adequate stocks of therapeutics, and enforcing public health measures in places where vaccine coverage is low. The benefits of such measures at about $9 trillion far outweigh the costs which are estimated to be around $50 billion—of which $35 billion should be paid by grants from donors and the residual by national governments potentially with the support of concessional financing from bilateral and multilateral agencies. The grant funding gap identified by the Access to COVID-19 Tools (ACT) Accelerator amounts to about $22 billion, which the G20 recognizes as important to address. This leaves an estimated $13 billion in additional grant contributions needed to finance our proposal. Importantly, the strategy requires global cooperation to secure upfront financing, upfront vaccine donations, and at-risk investment to insure against downside risks for the world.

Author : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,International Fund for Agricultural Development,United Nations Children's Fund,World Food Programme,World Health Organization,United Nations Economic and Social Commission for West Asia
Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
Page : 184 pages
File Size : 44,8 Mb
Release : 2023-03-29
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9789251377116

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Near East and North Africa – Regional Overview of Food Security and Nutrition, 2022 by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,International Fund for Agricultural Development,United Nations Children's Fund,World Food Programme,World Health Organization,United Nations Economic and Social Commission for West Asia Pdf

This year’s report presents evidence that Arab States face significant challenges in achieving Sustainable Development Goal 2 targets related to hunger, food security, and nutrition, as undernourishment, moderate or severe food insecurity, and malnourishment are increasing. Child wasting and overweight are higher, and adult obesity is double the global average. LDCs and conflict-affected countries suffer from even more severe hunger and malnutrition, including child stunting, wasting, and women’s anaemia. The report also provides the first assessment of the cost and affordability of a healthy diet since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, which shows a growing trend in the price of nutritious diets in recent years and that more than half the Arab population cannot afford a healthy diet. The Ukraine crisis, which has triggered food shortages and increased food price inflation, further adds to the burden on the region. This year, the report focuses on how trade can enable regional food security and nutrition. Arab countries rely significantly on imports for the essential food items necessary for diverse and healthy diets that they cannot locally produce in sufficient quantities due to limited natural resource endowments. It discusses the role of trade and trade facilitation as essential enablers of all four dimensions of food security and nutrition. It also underlines how tariffs and non-tariff measures influence the economic access to food in the area. On the other hand, countries that depend on trade may become more exposed to outside shocks, as the pandemic and the Ukraine crisis have highlighted. The report assesses Arab countries’ vulnerabilities, such as import dependency and lack of supplier diversification. To reduce the exposure to such external shocks, international trade must be carefully managed, sources of imports should be diversified, and international trade relations must be expanded to include new partners and markets. The report concludes with further policy recommendations that aim for the better integration of trade into food security and nutrition policies in the region.

Author : Brian Walker,David Salt
Publisher : Island Press
Page : 192 pages
File Size : 52,7 Mb
Release : 2012-06-22
Category : Nature
ISBN : 9781597266222

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Resilience Thinking by Brian Walker,David Salt Pdf

Increasingly, cracks are appearing in the capacity of communities, ecosystems, and landscapes to provide the goods and services that sustain our planet's well-being. The response from most quarters has been for "more of the same" that created the situation in the first place: more control, more intensification, and greater efficiency. "Resilience thinking" offers a different way of understanding the world and a new approach to managing resources. It embraces human and natural systems as complex entities continually adapting through cycles of change, and seeks to understand the qualities of a system that must be maintained or enhanced in order to achieve sustainability. It explains why greater efficiency by itself cannot solve resource problems and offers a constructive alternative that opens up options rather than closing them down. In Resilience Thinking, scientist Brian Walker and science writer David Salt present an accessible introduction to the emerging paradigm of resilience. The book arose out of appeals from colleagues in science and industry for a plainly written account of what resilience is all about and how a resilience approach differs from current practices. Rather than complicated theory, the book offers a conceptual overview along with five case studies of resilience thinking in the real world. It is an engaging and important work for anyone interested in managing risk in a complex world.

Author : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 51,6 Mb
Release : 2022-06-27
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9789251363737

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The State of Agricultural Commodity Markets 2022 by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Pdf

The State of Agricultural Commodity Markets 2022 (SOCO 2022) discusses how trade policies, based on both multilateral and regional approaches, can address today’s challenges for sustainable development. Trade policies in food and agriculture should aim to safeguard global food security, address the trade-offs between economic and environmental objectives, and strengthen the resilience of the global agrifood system to shocks, such as conflicts, pandemics and extreme weather. The report discusses the geography of trade, analysing food and agricultural trade and its patterns across countries and regions, its drivers and the trade policy environment. Comparative advantage, trade policies and trade costs shape the patterns of trade in food and agriculture. When comparative advantage plays out in the global market, trade benefits all countries. Lowering tariff barriers and reducing trade costs can promote trade and economic growth. Both multilateral and regional trade agreements can facilitate the process of making trade an avenue for growth but the gains of trade are distributed unevenly. When global environmental impacts, such as climate change, are considered, a multilateral approach to trade can help expand the reach of mitigation measures.

Author : Office for Budget Responsibility
Publisher : The Stationery Office
Page : 164 pages
File Size : 45,5 Mb
Release : 2010-11-29
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 0101797923

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Economic and fiscal outlook by Office for Budget Responsibility Pdf

The Office for Budget Responsibility was established to provide independent and authoritative analysis of the UK's public finances. Part of this role includes producing the official economic and fiscal forecasts. This report sets out forecasts for the period to 2015-16. The report also assesses whether the Government is on course to meet the medium-term fiscal objectives and presents preliminary observations on the long-run sustainability of the public finances. Since the June forecast, the UK economy has recovered more strongly than initially expected. The GDP growth was greater than expected in both the 2nd and 3rd quarters, but that unemployment levels have risen to levels that the June forecast did not anticipate until the middle of 2012. In general the world economy has also grown more strongly. CPI inflation has remained slightly higher than expected in June, whilst public finances have performed as forecast. The interest rates on UK debt are lower than in June. The OBR forecasts that the economy will continue to recover from the recession, but at a slower pace than the recoveries of the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s. The publication is divided into 5 chapters with two annexes.

Author : Stoian, D.,Marenya, P.,Donovan, J.,Pamerneckyte, G.
Publisher : CIFOR
Page : 32 pages
File Size : 47,9 Mb
Release : 2021-12-31
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Fractures and resilience of agri-food value chains in the context of COVID-19: A review of recent evidence by Stoian, D.,Marenya, P.,Donovan, J.,Pamerneckyte, G. Pdf

Author : Amare, Mulubrhan,Abay, Kibrom A.,Tiberti, Luca,Chamberlin, Jordan
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 43 pages
File Size : 49,7 Mb
Release : 2020-08-11
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Impacts of COVID-19 on food security: Panel data evidence from Nigeria by Amare, Mulubrhan,Abay, Kibrom A.,Tiberti, Luca,Chamberlin, Jordan Pdf

This paper combines pre-pandemic face-to-face survey data with follow up phone surveys collected in April-May 2020 to quantify the overall and differential impacts of COVID-19 on household food security, labor market participation and local food prices in Nigeria. We exploit spatial variation in exposure to COVID-19 related infections and lockdown measures along with temporal differences in our outcomes of interest using a difference-in-difference approach. We find that those households exposed to higher COVID-19 cases or mobility lockdowns experience a significant increase in measures of food insecurity. Examining possible transmission channels for this effect, we find that COVID-19 significantly reduces labor market participation and increases food prices. We find that impacts differ by economic activities and households. For instance, lockdown measures increased households' experience of food insecurity by 12 percentage points and reduced the probability of participation in non-farm business activities by 13 percentage points. These lockdown measures have smaller impacts on wage-related activities and farming activities. In terms of food security, households relying on non-farm businesses, poorer households, those with school-aged children, and those living in remote and conflicted-affected zones have experienced relatively larger deteriorations in food insecurity. These findings can help inform immediate and medium-term policy responses, including social protection policies aiming at ameliorating the impacts of the pandemic, as well as guide targeting strategies of governments and international donor agencies by identifying the most impacted sub-populations.

Author : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
Page : 116 pages
File Size : 44,7 Mb
Release : 2021-10-20
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9789251351048

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Public food stockholding by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Pdf

The paper investigates the basics of public stockholding, exploring the objectives of such programmes, the policy instruments used to achieve them, and their possible market impacts. It also synthesizes country experiences in implementing public stockholding programmes in different regions and presents the evolution of administered and international prices over the last decade. Finally, the paper highlights the main elements of the WTO negotiations on public stockholding for food security, and some of the issues that need to be resolved to help achieve consensus in this area.