Analysis And Comparison Of Chinese And German Business Culture With Special Focus On Effective Leadership In China

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Analysis and Comparison of Chinese and German Business Culture with Special Focus on Effective Leadership in China

Anonim
Analysis and Comparison of Chinese and German Business Culture with Special Focus on Effective Leadership in China Book PDF

Author : Anonim
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
Page : 18 pages
File Size : 52,7 Mb
Release : 2016-12-28
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9783668369740

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Analysis and Comparison of Chinese and German Business Culture with Special Focus on Effective Leadership in China by Anonim Pdf

Seminar paper from the year 2015 in the subject Business economics - Business Management, Corporate Governance, grade: 1,7, University of Applied Sciences Essen, language: English, abstract: Economic relations between China and Germany have a long historical tradition. However, during the last two decades trade has increased significantly. From a German point of view high potential growth opportunities and untapped market niches attracted companies to enter the Chinese market. Nevertheless, those entries did not occur without difficulties for business leaders and their workforce due to cultural differences and thus, diverging styles of doing business. As a result, channelling knowledge of the two leadership cultures has become a relevant field to discover helpful aspects of interaction when managing Chinese operations or negotiations as well as cross-border mergers, acquisitions and alliances in China. Against this background, this paper aims for a description of both Chinese and German business culture with a specific focus on leadership in order to improve current understanding of effective leadership in China. In this context, this paper builds on findings of the GLOBE study, which serves as the main scientific basis. First, it will be reasoned why GLOBE study establishes a reasonable fundament for the subject at hand. Second, German and Chinese business and leadership culture will be presented. Third, based on this description a comparison will be drawn in order to reveal applied learning potentials, which will be the fourth part of this paper preceding the conclusion.

A comparison of management styles in China and Germany

Anonim
A comparison of management styles in China and Germany Book PDF

Author : Anonim
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
Page : 17 pages
File Size : 46,7 Mb
Release : 2020-02-26
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9783346120656

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A comparison of management styles in China and Germany by Anonim Pdf

Seminar paper from the year 2018 in the subject Business economics - Business Management, Corporate Governance, grade: 1,9, University of Cooperative Education Villingen-Schwenningen, language: English, abstract: In the following paper, important factors necessary to excel in international management with a clear focus on China will be discussed, while drawing a comparison to Germany. Throughout the examination, the way of approaching the Chinese market is described. Afterwards, culture is considered with relevant factors like power distance and the leader-follower relationship. Then, values are described with important topics like the decision making processes, meetings and negotiations and conflicts. Afterwards, key factors to success will be mentioned, including personal relationships and the feedback culture. Before drawing a conclusion, challenges likely to occur will be mentioned. Due to the increasing importance of globalization and the emergence of many competitors, management structures have become dramatically different in China. Behaviors, dynamics and team conformations change rapidly, requiring organizations to react respectively to stay competitive. Managers face the challenge to compromise different cultures within the workplace. Practical management techniques of one country cannot be easily adapted in another. They differ greatly depending on the culture. To what extent the organization benefits from a culturally diverse workforce is controversial. National values and culture are the biggest obstacle when it comes to achieving management excellence. It requires culture proficiency and responsiveness to meaningful differences in the working environment. But also other factors like the organization’s strategy, economic conditions or the labor market of the host country have an influence on how management practices should be applied. Thus, developing the ability to manage in a cross-cultural context is a prerequisite in doing business successfully in today’s world.

Managerial Styles

Veronika Minkova
Managerial Styles Book PDF

Author : Veronika Minkova
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
Page : 41 pages
File Size : 52,5 Mb
Release : 2011-11
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 9783656047605

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Managerial Styles by Veronika Minkova Pdf

Essay from the year 2009 in the subject Communications - Intercultural Communication, grade: 1,3, Furtwangen University; Villingen-Schwenningen, language: English, abstract: The paramount goal of intercultural management is to revise organizational patterns in order to provide an understanding of the different approaches used by managers worldwide. Identifying significant differences in management in Germany and China is established through comparison of socio-cultural and managerial variables. Chinese leadership is characterized by more authorial rather than participative management style. This is explained by Chinese historical and cultural background. The Confucius heritage, legacy of communism, synthetic view of the world and interrelatedness of life in China are some of the essential determinants of managerial styles and social roles at all. Rationalism and objectivism, search for certainty, traditional individualism and analytical thinking are some of the key variables to shape the German managerial styles. Socio-cultural differences are examined in terms of way of thinking and perception of the world; contextual meaning and degree of group-orientation. Managerial differences are divided into three categories: organizational structure, managing processes and interpersonal relations.

Business Cultural Differences between China and Germany

Tom Praxenthaler
Business Cultural Differences between China and Germany Book PDF

Author : Tom Praxenthaler
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
Page : 14 pages
File Size : 47,7 Mb
Release : 2018-04-20
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 9783668687271

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Business Cultural Differences between China and Germany by Tom Praxenthaler Pdf

Seminar paper from the year 2018 in the subject Communications - Intercultural Communication, grade: 1,7, Fresenius University of Applied Sciences Munich, language: English, abstract: China is one of the biggest markets worldwide and thus the objective of many expanding German companies. In order to enter a new market, socio-cultural conditions always have to be taken into consideration. Chinese particularities in the context of communication, relationships or Guanxi and social reputation were observed in this work. Subsequently, cultural differences between China and Germany were compared according to Hofstede’s cultural dimensions Power Distance, Individualism vs. Collectivism, Masculinity vs. Femininity, Uncertainty Avoidance and Long-Term vs. Short-Term Orientation. As shown in the course of this work, there are multiple differences in every dimension between these two cultures. In order to perform business in China, German companies have to adapt to the given circumstances. Only with careful handling of the cultural differences, economic success can be achieved.

Culturally Provoked Issues. The Influence of Cultural Differences on the Effectiveness of GLOBE’s Leadership Styles in China and Germany

Jasmin Armbruster
Culturally Provoked Issues The Influence of Cultural Differences on the Effectiveness of GLOBE s Leadership Styles in China and Germany Book PDF

Author : Jasmin Armbruster
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
Page : 34 pages
File Size : 49,7 Mb
Release : 2021-02-04
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9783346340993

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Culturally Provoked Issues. The Influence of Cultural Differences on the Effectiveness of GLOBE’s Leadership Styles in China and Germany by Jasmin Armbruster Pdf

Seminar paper from the year 2020 in the subject Leadership and Human Resources - Management Styles, grade: 1,7, University of Applied Sciences Münster, language: English, abstract: This paper focuses on the scope of leadership in China and Germany. This intensive investigation will be used in this paper to research Chinese and German leadership preferences and challenges that may occur when working cross-culturally in one of the two countries. Leaders must understand the differences of cultures and learn how to successfully adapt and chose adequate leadership styles since ideas of leadership differ across cultures. It is getting even more critical due to the boosted global integration and the evolving challenges of international corporation and collaboration. If international businesses ignore culturally specific needs, corporations fail because of intercultural misinterpretations. The challenges of international collaboration can be solved by addressing culturally necessary actions and managing cross-cultural relationships with suitable sets of behavioral and emotional approaches. Therefore, this paper will firstly focus on different approaches and models that compare cultures. The Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) Project and its specific cultural dimensions will be introduced afterward. Secondly, leadership will be defined and viewed from the perspective of GLOBE. Thirdly, the cultural dimensions and leadership styles of GLOBE, will be applied to China and Germany. Possible issues when working in these countries, as well as proposals to prevent these obstacles, will be discussed lastly.

Culturally Provoked Issues. The Influence of Cultural Differences on the Effectiveness of GLOBE's Leadership Styles in China and Germany

Jasmin Armbruster
Culturally Provoked Issues The Influence of Cultural Differences on the Effectiveness of GLOBE s Leadership Styles in China and Germany Book PDF

Author : Jasmin Armbruster
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 34 pages
File Size : 41,9 Mb
Release : 2021-01-03
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 3346341003

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Culturally Provoked Issues. The Influence of Cultural Differences on the Effectiveness of GLOBE's Leadership Styles in China and Germany by Jasmin Armbruster Pdf

Seminar paper from the year 2020 in the subject Leadership and Human Resource Management - Management Styles, grade: 1,7, University of Applied Sciences Münster, language: English, abstract: This paper focuses on the scope of leadership in China and Germany. This intensive investigation will be used in this paper to research Chinese and German leadership preferences and challenges that may occur when working cross-culturally in one of the two countries. Leaders must understand the differences of cultures and learn how to successfully adapt and chose adequate leadership styles since ideas of leadership differ across cultures. It is getting even more critical due to the boosted global integration and the evolving challenges of international corporation and collaboration. If international businesses ignore culturally specific needs, corporations fail because of intercultural misinterpretations. The challenges of international collaboration can be solved by addressing culturally necessary actions and managing cross-cultural relationships with suitable sets of behavioral and emotional approaches. Therefore, this paper will firstly focus on different approaches and models that compare cultures. The Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) Project and its specific cultural dimensions will be introduced afterward. Secondly, leadership will be defined and viewed from the perspective of GLOBE. Thirdly, the cultural dimensions and leadership styles of GLOBE, will be applied to China and Germany. Possible issues when working in these countries, as well as proposals to prevent these obstacles, will be discussed lastly.

Analysis and comparison of German and Japanese culture with special focus on leadership

Andreas Schmidt
Analysis and comparison of German and Japanese culture with special focus on leadership Book PDF

Author : Andreas Schmidt
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
Page : 23 pages
File Size : 52,5 Mb
Release : 2018-08-23
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9783668781405

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Analysis and comparison of German and Japanese culture with special focus on leadership by Andreas Schmidt Pdf

Seminar paper from the year 2017 in the subject Business economics - Business Management, Corporate Governance, grade: 2,0, University of applied sciences, Munich, language: English, abstract: The aim of this paper is to analyze the differences in business leadership in Germany and Japan, based on widely known and academically respected cultural frameworks. This is particularly important for globally operating firms in order to have the greatest possible success, to motivate the employees, and avoid business failure due to cultural clashes. The intention of chapter 2 is to provide the reader with an understanding of the terms culture and leadership. Furthermore, this chapter focuses on the description and explanation of the cultural theories of Edward T. Hall, Fons Trompenaars and Charles Hampden-Turner, as well as the Globe Study. Chapter 3 focuses on the description of Geert Hofstede’s cultural dimensions theory. In order to distinguish the German and Japanese culture and its leadership styles, two selected dimensions of his theory will be applied. At the end of this chapter, both cultures are differentiated again, and it is determined which style of leadership suits to which culture. Finally, the term work in chapter 4 comes to a conclusion that refers to the gained knowledge of the previous chapters.

Cultural Differences in Managing Cross-Cultural Interaction between German and Chinese Employees

Laura Schiffner
Cultural Differences in Managing Cross Cultural Interaction between German and Chinese Employees Book PDF

Author : Laura Schiffner
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
Page : 25 pages
File Size : 51,5 Mb
Release : 2013-01-21
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9783656355663

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Cultural Differences in Managing Cross-Cultural Interaction between German and Chinese Employees by Laura Schiffner Pdf

Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2012 im Fachbereich BWL - Unternehmensführung, Management, Organisation, Note: 2,0, Technische Universität Carolo-Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig, Veranstaltung: Topics in Intercultural Communication, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: The Chinese market is one of the most successful developing regions of the world. Today, it offers enormous possibilities for (German) companies to invest in this market i. a. though the delegation employees to China as well as the integration of Chinese employees in Germany. Due to the skill shortages it will become more necessary than ever to recruit high potentials, to transfer and to share knowledge about a certain business unit.Integrity and commitment are the most essential factors for a successful cooperation and teamwork within the company as well as for company`s success. Therefore it will be necessary to have a cooperative atmosphere with a mutual cultural understanding. Every employee “must use cross-cultural skills” (Adler 2002: 136). As Adler mentioned, organizations consist of work groups which form the organization structure. The quality of these teams depends on cultural heterogeneities and its productivity and performance “depends on how well the team works together and uses its resources to accomplish the task” (Adler 2002: 139). This goal can only be reached by understanding foreign cultures and using diversity. Diversity implies differences in “preferences, habits, languages and cultures” (Guirdham 2005: 305). Multinational working groups und cultural diversity can be the key for a much higher effectiveness and success than homogenous teams. To develop an understanding for this purpose, Hofstede`s dimensions will be considered and analyzed, esp. against the background of Doing Business. Although, Hofstede`s concept of culture will be the basis for this work but moreover, the works of Adler, Guirdham, Beamer/Varner and Hall/Hall will play an additional role in this paper. This work will focus on multinational companies only, since the importance of intercultural business and cultural diversity is very high in contrast to domestic, multidomestic or multinational companies (cf. Adler 2002: 134). The following work shows the different cultural concepts in China and Germany and its relevance for a successful business, good collaboration and teamwork. Hofstede`s dimensions will be explained and applied in different contexts, by way of using different examples of employee participation, work-related behavioral patterns and conflict solving in organizations of different cultures. The examples refer to settings in organizations in Germany and China.

German Companies in China

Jian-Ping Qin
German Companies in China Book PDF

Author : Jian-Ping Qin
Publisher : tredition
Page : 75 pages
File Size : 52,8 Mb
Release : 2020-07-24
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9783347111899

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German Companies in China by Jian-Ping Qin Pdf

The book "German companies in China" describes the business experience of a German company in China. The author was the general manager and founded the company and ran it for 20 years. Under his leadership, the Chinese subsidiary developed successfully and grew from small to large, from a sales company to an all-round company with around 300 employees, including almost all functional departments. There are approximately 8,000 German companies in China. Not all are successful for various reasons. The differences in the social system, economic system and market characteristics, culture and customs as well as company management between China and Germany have had a significant impact on the management of German companies in China. Most problems with different processes are due to a simple copy of the German processes in China, regardless of the difference in the living environment. The focus of this book is the adjustment of the management of German companies in China to the Chinese environment. The author personally accompanied the development of a German company in China for 20 years and experienced many good and bad things. In this book, the author wants to objectively analyse the general problems that arise in all processes and to make suggestions for improving the processes from his own experience. With this book, the author would like to offer a reference for German companies in China and open a window for those interested to understand the special features of the Chinese market.

China and Germany. Business Cultural Differences based on Hostede and Trompenaars

Lucy Ter-Minassian
China and Germany Business Cultural Differences based on Hostede and Trompenaars Book PDF

Author : Lucy Ter-Minassian
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
Page : 22 pages
File Size : 43,8 Mb
Release : 2019-07-12
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 9783668980051

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China and Germany. Business Cultural Differences based on Hostede and Trompenaars by Lucy Ter-Minassian Pdf

Seminar paper from the year 2019 in the subject Communications - Intercultural Communication, grade: 1,0, Fresenius University of Applied Sciences Hamburg, language: English, abstract: The following work aims to highlight cultural differences between Germany and China and their relevance for international relations. It will also give recommendations for business negotiations between German and Chinese parties. After this introduction a definition of culture follows and the reader is introduced to two different models that help develop an understanding of cultural differences. The first one is the model of cultural dimensions by Geert Hofstede, the second one is the model of cultural dimensions by Fons Trompenaars.

Comparison of Germany-China on the Basis of Geert Hofstede's Dimensions of National Culture

Madeline Gremme
Comparison of Germany China on the Basis of Geert Hofstede s Dimensions of National Culture Book PDF

Author : Madeline Gremme
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
Page : 22 pages
File Size : 53,7 Mb
Release : 2015-05-21
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9783656964834

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Comparison of Germany-China on the Basis of Geert Hofstede's Dimensions of National Culture by Madeline Gremme Pdf

Seminar paper from the year 2013 in the subject Sociology - Culture, Technology, Peoples / Nations, grade: 3,0, University of applied sciences Dortmund, course: Interkulturelle Kompetenzen, language: English, abstract: Coming across the term culture it is most certain that people tend to think immediately of the picture they have already created in mind towards the other culture. Comparing east to west while talking to other people within my family and my class I got usually the same answers: “China – isn’t it the country were lots of people live like ants, drinking tea and eating almost everything, mostly rice and even your dog – with chopsticks, driving with their bicycle through the streets smiling all the time; no matter what weather they have?” Unfortunately I do not know any Chinese people but the prejudices about Germany are widely known. Germany is the country with less people than China. Germans love to grump about the weather when it is raining, they love to drink beer and eat Bavarian veal sausages. In fact the prejudices of Germany mostly deal with the Bavarian part of Germany leaving the impression within peoples mind that all Germans are wearing a Dirndl all day and are distinct individuals. Having a look at the above mentioned images, illustrating people’s usual thoughts of the other culture towards a certain topic it is more a generalized attitude towards a certain country or culture. Today people define the term culture very differently. If they are asked “What does the term culture mean?” we can hardly get exact answers. In fact culture can be expressed in different ways. It can be seen in the language of a country, in its history and art but also in food, music and education. These things are all visible for our eyes but what about cultural behavior and ways of thinking? How do different cultures express their emotions and how are they living together? All these factors in one are illustrating a certain view on a culture for us.

Chinese Business Culture

Hannes Mungenast
Chinese Business Culture Book PDF

Author : Hannes Mungenast
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
Page : 29 pages
File Size : 43,6 Mb
Release : 2007-09
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 9783638793889

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Chinese Business Culture by Hannes Mungenast Pdf

Seminar paper from the year 2007 in the subject South Asian Studies, South-Eastern Asian Studies, grade: 96, Dongbei University of Finance and Economics (School of International Business), course: Chinese History and Culture, 15 entries in the bibliography, language: English, abstract: China has become a global business power and therefore it is important for Western people to know about China and the way they do business. This paper is written preliminarily for Western people who want to know how to do business with Chinese. The paper puts much emphasis on comparing the different cultures. Therefore it is also interesting for Chinese who want to know more about the differences between their and Western culture. A mutual understanding of the different cultures can help to reduce misunderstandings and communicate more effectively. First of all, it is important to give a brief overview of the country. To get a better understanding of the information, China will be compared with the European Union (EU). Chapter 3 will give an overview of Chinese culture in general using Hofstede's and Hall's approach to describe culture. It is important to understand Chinese culture in general to understand Chinese business culture. Then chapter 4 deals with some important aspects of Chinese Business culture. Besides that learning the Chinese language can be a complementary part of getting a better understanding of Chinese business culture and Chinese culture in general. This paper does not deal with studying the Chinese language. If the business language in your special case is not English, it is advised to use an interpreter unless you speak Chinese fluently. However, just knowing the basics of the Chinese language can impress your business partner and shows the seriousness of your business relation.

Cultural differences between Germany and China in Corporations. A case study of Bayer AG

Michelle Herzig
Cultural differences between Germany and China in Corporations A case study of Bayer AG Book PDF

Author : Michelle Herzig
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
Page : 22 pages
File Size : 51,6 Mb
Release : 2023-04-17
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9783346856920

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Cultural differences between Germany and China in Corporations. A case study of Bayer AG by Michelle Herzig Pdf

Seminar paper from the year 2021 in the subject Economics - International Economic Relations, grade: 1,0, Cologne University of Applied Sciences, language: English, abstract: This case study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of cultural diversity management, including its epistemology and associated opportunities and risks. The study intends to explore various options for addressing different dimensions of diversity, draw insightful conclusions relevant to corporate entities, and analyze the significance of cultural diversity for companies. Moreover, the study will examine the differences between Chinese and German cultures and their implications for businesses. By accomplishing these objectives, this case study seeks to equip companies with the knowledge needed to make informed decisions about managing cultural diversity.

How to Manage a Successful Business in China

Johan Bjorksten,Anders Hägglund
How to Manage a Successful Business in China Book PDF

Author : Johan Bjorksten,Anders Hägglund
Publisher : World Scientific
Page : 235 pages
File Size : 54,8 Mb
Release : 2010
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9789814287838

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How to Manage a Successful Business in China by Johan Bjorksten,Anders Hägglund Pdf

Introduction : why we wrote this book. 1. Understanding and managing China-specific issues. 2. China holds lessons for a globalized world -- ch. 1. Chinese business climate. 1.1. Land of golden opportunity or corporate quagmire? 1.2. From manufacturing base to competitive market. 1.3. More demanding head offices. 1.4. A welcoming business climate ... 1.5. ... Or the heavy hand of the state? 1.6. The wild east. 1.7. What you as a manager can influence -- ch. 2. Differences and similarities. 2.1. Sources of some differences from other markets. 2.2. Some "China" factors with global relevance. 2.3. Common myths about China. 2.4. A diverse and heterogeneous market. 2.5. Do You really need to be in China? 2.6. Common sense solutions -- ch. 3. Key concepts of Chinese business culture. 3.1. Face - making other people look good. 3.2. Giving, and saving, face. 3.3. Guanxi - business relationships. 3.4. Government relations. 3.5. Business etiquette. 3.6. Negotiating in China -- ch. 4. The language challenge. 4.1. Language is and will remain an issue. 4.2. Make sure your interpreter understands the business. 4.3. Beware of the "confidant trap". 4.4. Checklist for non-Chinese speakers -- ch. 5. Qualities of the right expatriate manager. 5.1. Send your best people. 5.2. Professional qualities. 5.3. Personal qualities. 5.4. Long-term commitment -- ch. 6. Company setup. 6.1. Geographic considerations. 6.2. Development zones. 6.3. Legal structure. 6.4. Finding and managing business partner relationships. 6.5. Due diligence. 6.6. Consultants -- ch. 7. A winning local team. 7.1. A human resource-scare enviroment. 7.2. Characteristics of the Chinese workforce. 7.3. Find the best candidates, trust them, train them, and promote them -- ch. 8. The right corporate culture. 8.1. You cannot fake it. 8.2. Culture is especially important in China. 8.3. Invest heavily upfront. 8.4. Actively develop the culture. 8.5. Do not rush localization. 8.6. Guard against corruption. 8.7. Culture and corporate brand. 8.8. Security. 8.9. IPR protection -- ch. 9. Right business focus. 9.1. Clear business focus drives a strong corporate culture. 9.2. Market size and maturity. 9.3. Speed of change - Peter's story. 9.4. Distribution is a major bottleneck -- ch. 10. Support your frontline sales organization. 10.1. Production with or without local sales? 10.2. Establishing a sales organization. 10.3. Recruiting frontline sales people. 10.4. Training, developing, and retaining sales people. 10.5. Point-of-sales promoters. 10.6. Motivating the sales organization. 10.7. Getting paid. 10.8. Checklist for collecting payments -- ch. 11. Marketing to China. 11.1. The ear to the ground - understanding Chinese customers. 11.2. Product portfolio. 11.3. "Very cheap, very cheap"--Pricing strategies. 11.4. Why brand is so important. 11.5. PR and advertising. 11.6. Public relations. 11.7. Guanxi and marketing in China. 11.8. Branding with Chinese characters. 11.9. Brand names make a difference. 11.10. Chinese is unique. 11.11. Mainland China, Taiwan, and HK. 11.12. A few steps to successful marketing in China -- ch. 12. Successful execution demands top management attention. 12.1. Execution requires high-level, hands-on senior management attention, and follow-up. 12.2. You need to create a trusting and accepting culture. 12.3. Attaining hands-off. 12.4. Managing in downturns -- ch. 13. Dealing with head office. 13.1. Managing expectations. 13.2. Ensuring support. 13.3. Communicating and educating

Chinese and Western Business Cultures

Michael B. Hinner
Chinese and Western Business Cultures Book PDF

Author : Michael B. Hinner
Publisher : Peter Lang Pub Incorporated
Page : 168 pages
File Size : 53,7 Mb
Release : 2005-01-01
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 0820476994

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Chinese and Western Business Cultures by Michael B. Hinner Pdf

The series seeks to illuminate, highlight, and spotlight (intercultural) communication in the world of business. This second volume focuses on China in an intercultural business context. Due to China's growing importance in today's world, it is imperative to obtain some insights into Chinese culture in order to begin to understand Chinese business practices. By examining the issue from a Western and a Chinese perspective, a more comprehensive view becomes possible. What appears baffling to Western managers may become understandable after a comparison with and contrast to the Chinese perspective. This is what this volume accomplishes: Shed light on misperceived aspects of intercultural business encounters.