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Author : Dominique Van de Walle
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 38 pages
File Size : 46,5 Mb
Release : 1996
Category : Administracion publica
ISBN : 8210379456XXX
Author : Dominique P. van de Walle
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 38 pages
File Size : 45,9 Mb
Release : 2016
Category : Electronic
ISBN : OCLC:1290705820
We must diversify and compare results from our methods of assessment, as well as broaden our definition of well-being, to see how public spending policies affect various facets of living standards. An important objective of public spending is to raise household living standards, particularly for the poor. But how can final impacts on this objective best be assessed? Evaluating a policy's impact requires assessing how different things would have been in its absence. But the counterfactual of no intervention is often tricky to quantify.Van de Walle surveys the methods most often used to assess the welfare effects of public spending. In studying the current state of the art she identifies some limitations of current practices and draws implications for best practice in future work. The methods used to assess welfare impacts broadly fall into two groups: Benefit incidence studies and behavioral approaches. Both have their strengths and weaknesses. Benefit incidence studies ignore behavioral responses and second-round effects, and simply use the cost of provision as a proxy for benefits received. Behavioral approaches present quite different drawbacks, in attempting to represent individual benefits correctly. A number of recent studies usefully combine both approaches. It is still uncertain whether behaviorally consistent methods actually point to fundamentally different policy recommendations. What can be concluded is that we need to diversify and compare results from our evaluation methods and broaden our definition of well-being, to see how various facets of living standards are affected by public spending.This paper - a product of the Public Economics Division, Policy Research Department - is part of a larger effort in the department to analyze public spending and poverty issues.
Author : Sanjay Pradhan
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 150 pages
File Size : 54,9 Mb
Release : 1996-01-01
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 0821336339
World Bank Discussion Paper No. 318. Analyzes the condition needed for achieving sustainable private sector growth in the Visegrad countries--the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and the Slovak Republic. The analysis focuses on the legal and regulatory framework and institutional capacity, the privatization of state enterprises, and private sector development.
Author : Ms.Keiko Honjo,Mr.Sanjeev Gupta,Marijn Verhoeven
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 61 pages
File Size : 52,9 Mb
Release : 1997-11-01
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781451922400
This paper assesses the efficiency of government expenditure on education and health in 38 countries in Africa in 1984-95, both in relation to each other and compared with countries in Asia and the Western Hemisphere. The results show that, on average, countries in Africa are less efficient than countries in Asia and the Western Hemisphere; however, education and health spending in Africa became more efficient during that period. The assessment further suggests that improvements in educational attainment and health output in African countries require more than just higher budgetary allocations.
Author : Dominique Van de Walle,Kimberly Nead
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 60 pages
File Size : 52,9 Mb
Release : 1995
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 8210379456XXX
The book offers a critical assessment of the state of current knowledge on the distributional impacts of public spending for developing and transition countries. It focuses on the distribution of benefits from spending categories that have traditionally been seen as pro-poor, including education and health expenditures, food subsidies, cash transfers, and public employment schemes.
Author : Santiago Herrera
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 68 pages
File Size : 55,8 Mb
Release : 2007
Category : Access to Finance
ISBN : 8210379456XXX
Abstract: Given that public spending will have a positive impact on GDP if the benefits exceed the marginal cost of public funds, the present paper deals with measuring costs and benefits of public spending. The paper discusses one cost seldom considered in the literature and in policy debates, namely, the volatility derived from additional public spending. The paper identifies a relationship between public spending volatility and consumption volatility, which implies a direct welfare loss to society. This loss is substantial in developing countries, estimated at 8 percent of consumption. If welfare losses due to volatility are this sizeable, then measuring the benefits of public spending is critical. Gauging benefits based on macro aggregate data requires three caveats: a) considering of the impact of the funding (taxation) required for the additional public spending; b) differentiating between investment and capital formation; c) allowing for heterogeneous response of output to different types of capital and differences in network development. It is essential to go beyond country-specificity to project-level evaluation of the benefits and costs of public projects. From the micro viewpoint, the rate of return of a project must exceed the marginal cost of public funds, determined by tax levels and structure. Credible evaluations require microeconomic evidence and careful specification of counterfactuals. On this, the impact evaluation literature and methods play a critical role. From individual project evaluation, the analyst must contemplate the general equilibrium impacts. In general, the paper advocates for project evaluation as a central piece of any development platform. By increasing the efficiency of public spending, the government can permanently increase the rate of productivity growth and, hence, affect the growth rate of GDP.
Author : Sanjay Pradhan
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 162 pages
File Size : 50,6 Mb
Release : 1996
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : STANFORD:36105017710695
This paper presents a framework for evaluating the level and composition of public expenditures, illustrated by sectoral and country examples. The paper illustrates how this framework can be applied to analyzing broad allocations of spending within and across sectors, drawing upon some key findings and country examples from major sectors (health, education, infrastructure). The report emphasizes six elements which should be an integral part of an ongoing exercise to evaluate public spending. Those elements include: (1) the aggregate level of public spending and deficit of the consolidated public sector must be consistent with the macroeconomic framework; (2) aggregate spending should be allocated to programs within and across sectors to maximize social welfare, including the impact on the poor; (3) the role of the government versus the private sector ought to be a principal criterion governing the choice of programs for public financing and provision--public expenditures should complement rather than substitute for private sector activities; (4) the impact of key programs on the poor, including their incidence and total costs, should be analyzed; (5) the input mix, or the allocations for capital and recurrent expenditures, should be analyzed in an integrated manner within programs and sectors; and (6) budgetary institutions should be analyzed to insure that the underlying incentive structure contributes to aggregate fiscal discipline, allocative efficiency and equity in the composition of spending, and technical efficiency in the use of budgeted resources. Fifteen tables (out of 49) and 5 appendices (out of 17) deal with education-related data. The paper should be useful to policymakers in developing countries, staff in donor organizations, as well as researchers working on public expenditure issues. (Author/EH).
Author : Ludger Schuknecht
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 305 pages
File Size : 42,8 Mb
Release : 2020-11-12
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781108496230
Up-to-date, holistic and comprehensive discussion of public expenditure, its history, value for money, risks and remedies.
Author : International Monetary Fund
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 56 pages
File Size : 41,9 Mb
Release : 2005-04-04
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781557755414
Public expenditure policy, together with efforts to raise revenue,is at the core of efficient and equitable adjustment. Public expenditureproductivity has critical implications for fiscal adjustment, particularly as the competition for limited public resources intensifies.By providing a framework for defining and analyzing public expenditureproductivity and unproductive expenditures, this pamphlet discusseshow economic policymakers may approach these issues.
Author : Vito Tanzi,Ludger Schuknecht
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 316 pages
File Size : 51,8 Mb
Release : 2000-06-05
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 0521664101
After a detailed account of reform experiences in several countries and the public debate regarding government reform, the study closes with an outlook on the future role of the state, a period when globalization may require and people may want "leaner" but not "meaner" states."--Jacket.
Author : Fan, Shenggen
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 270 pages
File Size : 41,6 Mb
Release : 2008-05-11
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780801888595
Public Expenditures, Growth, and Poverty assesses the efficacy of poverty reduction programs in Latin America, Africa, and Asia by synthesizing studies conducted by the International Food Policy Research Institute over the past ten years. Overall, the studies find that investments in agricultural research, infrastructure, and human capital are beneficial in the long term, while food aid and poverty reduction programs have little utility beyond immediately abating hunger and generating short-run income effects. The book develops a conceptual framework for analyzing public expenditures and their short- and long-run impact on poverty through various channels. It surveys spending trends and analyzes the effect of growing public investment on urban and rural poverty through case studies of India, China, Thailand, and Uganda. And it highlights the advantages of directing spending toward public works programs that engage impoverished peoples rather than using the limited aid money on food subsidies and other passive donations. Featuring discussions about the roles of various social safety net programs and a chapter devoted solely to the vexing poverty in sub-Saharan Africa, Public Expenditures, Growth, and Poverty will aid policy makers and encourage further, more analytic study of worldwide poverty reduction programs.
Author : Marco Antonio Hernández Oré,Luis à?lvaro Sánchez,Liliana D. Sousa,Leopoldo Tornarolli
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 218 pages
File Size : 40,8 Mb
Release : 2017-10-23
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781464811050
Central American countries spend approximately one percent of their aggregate gross domestic product subsidizing residential electricity consumption. This amount is comparable with what these countries spend on education and social assistance. The pressure that electricity subsidies exert on government budgets is particularly high when international energy prices rise. Electricity subsidies also provide perverse incentives for the overconsumption of electricity as households do not pay the true cost of their consumption, which in turn reduces incentives to increase energy efficiency. This book answers key questions regarding residential electricity subsidies in Central America. In particular: How do the subsidy mechanisms function in each country? What are their fiscal costs? Are these subsidies good value for the money? How efficient are subsidies in reaching households in need, and what drives this efficiency? What are the reform options? The main message of this book is that there is considerable scope for improving the efficiency of electricity subsidies in Central America by better targeting them to low-income households. The book shows that electricity subsidies help reduce the burden of electricity costs on the lowest-income groups. However, the existing electricity subsidy schemes are very inefficient at targeting resources to low-income households, with the majority of government spending going to higher-income households. Indeed, most countries in the region have the opportunity to significantly reduce the fiscal costs of electricity subsidies without imposing significant costs on households, particularly poor households. Given the limited fiscal space in the region and the major needs of the countries in terms of social services and physical infrastructure, this study seeks to provide Central American policymakers with the analytical foundations necessary to assess the costs and benefits of their electricity subsidy mechanisms, and design effective reform strategies that reflect their unique circumstances and policy priorities.
Author : Martin Ravallion,Michael Lokshin
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 43 pages
File Size : 42,6 Mb
Release : 1999
Category : Bank
ISBN : 8210379456XXX
Abstract: April 1999 - As conventionally measured, current household income relative to a poverty line can only partially explain how Russian adults perceive their economic welfare. Other factors include past incomes, individual incomes, household consumption, current unemployment, risk of unemployment, health status, education, and relative income in the area of residence. Paradoxically, when economists analyze a policy's impact on welfare they typically assume that people are the best judges of their own welfare, yet resist directly asking them if they are better off. Early ideas of utility were explicitly subjective, but modern economists generally ignore people's expressed views about their own welfare. Even using a broad set of conventional socioeconomic data may not reflect well people's subjective perceptions of their poverty. Ravallion and Lokshin examine the determinants of subjective economic welfare in Russia, including its relationship to conventional objective indicators. For data on subjective perceptions, they use survey responses in which respondents rate their level of welfare from poor to rich on a nine-point ladder. As an objective indicator of economic welfare, they use the most common poverty indicator in Russia today, in which household incomes are deflated by household-specific poverty lines. They find that Russian adults with higher family income per equivalent adult are less likely to place themselves on the lowest rungs of the subjective ladder and more likely to put themselves on the upper rungs. But current household income does not explain well self-reported assessments of whether someone is poor or rich. Expanding the set of variables to include incomes at different dates, expenditures, educational attainment, health status, employment, and average income in the area of residence doubles explanatory power. Healthier and better educated adults with jobs perceive themselves to be better off, controlling for income. The unemployed view their welfare as lower, even with full income replacement. Individual income matters independent of per capita household income. Relative income also matters. Living in a richer area lowers perceived economic welfare, controlling for income and other factors. This paper-a product of Poverty and Human Resources, Development Research Group-is part of a larger effort in the group to better understand the relationship between objective and subjective economic welfare. The study was funded by the Bank's Research Support Budget under the research project Policies for Poor Areas (RPO 681-39). The authors may be contacted at [email protected] or [email protected].
Author : François Bourguignon,World Bank, Washington, DC.,Luiz A. Pereira da Silva,World Bank Staff
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 440 pages
File Size : 53,6 Mb
Release : 2003
Category : Economic assistance
ISBN : 9780821354919
Reviews techniques and tools that can be used to evaluate the poverty and distributional impact of economic policy choices. This title describes the most robust techniques and tools, from the simplest to the most complex, and aims to identify best practices. It also addresses an evaluation technique and its applications.
Author : Quentin Wodon,Blanca Moreno-Dodson
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 504 pages
File Size : 45,8 Mb
Release : 2007-11-06
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 0821368273
This book presents some basic theoretical concepts of public finance with a particular emphasis on its impact poverty reduction. Eight case studies from Latin America and Africa illustrate how these concepts are applied in practice and the implementation issues that emerge.
