Cerebral Ischemia And Calcium

Author : Alexander Hartmann,Wolfgang Kuschinsky
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 590 pages
File Size : 49,9 Mb
Release : 2012-12-06
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9783642858635

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Cerebral Ischemia and Calcium by Alexander Hartmann,Wolfgang Kuschinsky Pdf

Although many books deal with isolated problems of calcium disturbance in relation to cardiac and cerebral function, this is the first to focus specifically on calcium metabolism and cerebral ischemia. Internationally acknowledged experts present recent data and new concepts in an interdisciplinary approach to the subject. They examine basic information on the pathophysiology of cellular events, the damage caused by excitotoxic substances, and the effects of calcium antagonistic drugs as measured in experimental animals. These contributions may help lead to possible therapeutic interference for the prevention of calcium imbalance.

Author : Wolfgang Walz
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 279 pages
File Size : 49,9 Mb
Release : 1999-03-25
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781592594795

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Cerebral Ischemia by Wolfgang Walz Pdf

The human brain represents about 2% of the body weight, yet it accounts for approximately 20% of aerobic metabolism. This high dependency on energy-consuming processes is mainly caused by the active transport of ions, which is necessary to compensate for the transmembrane ion currents that are part ofthe complex signaling processes in the brain. Ninety-five percent ofthe brain's ATP is derived from mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Since that organ' s storage capacity for oxygen is minimal, any interruption of oxygen delivery to brain cells willlead to changes in membrane excitability and, there fore, to disruption of neuronal signaling within seconds. It seems that mamma lian brain is especially vulnerable to such an interruption, since oxygen deprivation leads to activation of ion channel mechanisms in neurons that impair their communications. Thus, the function of the brain as a coordinator of vital homeostatic reflexes, and complex body reactions to external challenges, depends critically on the rate of oxygen delivery and oxygen consumption. Oxygen delivery depends on two variables described in the Fick relation ship: volume flow rate ofblood and the arterial oxygen content. A reduction in either of these two variables will have serious effects on vital brain func tions. Reduction of arterial blood flow to the brain can be caused by cardiac arrest, shock, carotid occlusion, Of hypotension (global ischemia). Oxygen content is progressively decreased in asphyxia (including drowning).

Author : Gert J. Ter Horst,Jakob Korf
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 309 pages
File Size : 54,5 Mb
Release : 1996-11-01
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781592594726

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Clinical Pharmacology of Cerebral Ischemia by Gert J. Ter Horst,Jakob Korf Pdf

A distinguished international panel of authors define our current understanding of neuronal damage after ischemia and critically review the significant recent developments and progress in cerebrovascular accident (CVA) drug trials, both in animal models and in the clinical setting. These leading basic and fundamental authorities survey such important new drugs as calcium-influx inhibitors, free-radical scavenging drugs, glutamate and glycinergic antagonists, and immune suppressors. They also evaluate all the latest findings concerning calcium homeostasis, glutamate toxicity, gene activation, and the role of free radicals, glycine, and hormones. Chapters devoted to the neuroimaging of stroke, clinical trials, and the role of cerebral immune activation complete this informative collection of cutting-edge reviews.

Author : Avital Schurr,Benjamin M. Rigor
Publisher : CRC Press
Page : 456 pages
File Size : 40,5 Mb
Release : 1990-09-24
Category : Science
ISBN : 0849367158

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Cerebral Ischemia and Resuscitation by Avital Schurr,Benjamin M. Rigor Pdf

This fascinating monograph is filled with information formerly found only in periodicals and symposia proceedings. Chapters discuss the different models of cerebral ischemia in use today, including their advantages and disadvantages. This one-of-a-kind resource also contains essential chapters on cellular mechanisms of ion and acid-base homeostases, and energy metabolism of the ischemic brain. It reviews the possible role of lipids, free fatty acids, and free radicals. Four chapters are devoted to neurotransmitters and neuroregulators in cerebral ischemia. This extraordinary work also covers aspects of protection against and resuscitation from cerebral ischemia. An extremely informative volume, this book is an absolute must for every student in the field of cerebral ischemia, as well as the clinician or scientist who is already involved with this worldwide problem.

Author : Nicolas G. Bazan,Pierre Braquet,Myron D. Ginsberg
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 378 pages
File Size : 50,9 Mb
Release : 2013-03-14
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781461533122

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Neurochemical Correlates of Cerebral Ischemia by Nicolas G. Bazan,Pierre Braquet,Myron D. Ginsberg Pdf

In this timely volume, eminent researchers provide detailed coverage of the relevant function of neurochemical correlates to cerebral ischemia as well as their pathophysiological significance.

Author : Umeo Ito,Cesare Fieschi,Francesco Orzi,Toshihiko Kuroiwa,Igor Klatzo
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 325 pages
File Size : 42,8 Mb
Release : 2012-12-06
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9783642586026

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Maturation Phenomenon in Cerebral Ischemia III by Umeo Ito,Cesare Fieschi,Francesco Orzi,Toshihiko Kuroiwa,Igor Klatzo Pdf

The Maturation Phenomenon, described by Ito et al. in 1975 [3) on the basis of his to logical observations in the hippocampus as well as other portions of the cerebral hemisphere, refers to the hours or days of delay in the development of pathological changes in various parameters of ischemic injury following the restoration of blood flow to the ischemic brain. There is a direct relationship between the intensity of ischemic insult and the speed and rate of maturation of ischemic injury, a lesser intensity being associated with slower and less severe development of the lesions. The delayed neuronal death of CAl pyramidal cells of the hippocampus [8) is a classic example. In the cerebral cortex, with increasing intensity of the ischemic insult, the maturation phenomenon of ischemic injuries intensifies, seamlessly, from less exten sive to more extensive disseminated selective neuronal necrosis (DSNN), and then further to cerebral infarction upon reaching a critical threshold [1,2,4,6,7). We also have found that following ischemic insults just under the threshold level required to induce infarction, only disseminated selective neuronal necrosis (DSNN) progresses, while following ischemic insults at the threshold level, initially only DSNN develops, followed by the evolution of a gradually enlarging infarcted focus [5, 7). The reporting of this phenomenon boosted research in the field, as it became evi dent that ischemic damage is not a sudden event, but a process potentially susceptible to therapeutic intervention.

Author : Alexander Hartmann,Frank Yatsu,Wolfgang Kuschinsky
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 447 pages
File Size : 41,9 Mb
Release : 2012-12-06
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9783642781513

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Cerebral Ischemia and Basic Mechanisms by Alexander Hartmann,Frank Yatsu,Wolfgang Kuschinsky Pdf

In this volume, one of a series of monographs devoted to the problems of cerebral ischemia and related topics, we present the proceedings of an international conference on Cerebral Ischemia and Basic Mechanisms held in Bad Schachen/Lake Constance, Germany in June 1992. The enormous progress in research recently on the basic mechanisms associated with cerebral ischemia has provided greater insight into the pathophysiological mechanisms of reduced brain perfusion and decreased cerebral metabolism. The high technology instrumentation used to unravel the intricacies of cerebral blood flow and metabolism includes positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. A description of sophisticated neurophysiological techniques will give the reader insight into new models of reversible and irreversible tissue damage and changes at the molecular level have been described. The therapeutic approaches which have developed from this re search have been or will be used in clinical trials and will open new avenues in the treatment of stroke. The organizers of the meeting would like to thank the advisory board for its helpful suggestions and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and other sponsors for their important support.

Author : Eugene I. Gusev,Veronika I. Skvortsova
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 414 pages
File Size : 49,5 Mb
Release : 2011-06-28
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781441992482

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Brain Ischemia by Eugene I. Gusev,Veronika I. Skvortsova Pdf

Ischemia is localized tissue anemia due to obstruction of the inflow of arterial blood, thus brain ischemia is the condition where insufficient blood is delivered to the brain. Many physiological processes occurring in the brain critically depend on the state of its energy metabolism. The state of brain energy metabolism in turn depends on the delivery of oxygen and glucose to the brain via the bloodstream. Although it comprises only 2% of the total body weight, the human brain consumes 20-25% of the oxygen and up to 70% of the free glucose taken in by the body. The brain respires more intensively than any other organ of the body. The intensity of oxygen consumption by cortical brain tissue much exceeds the demands of other tissues (5.43 mmol 02/g per h versus 3.06 and 4.02 mmol for heart at rest and intensively working, respectively, 2.4 mmol for kidneys, and 1.8 mmol for liver). Oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria generates 95% of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) that is formed in the brain. Thus, it is clear why insufficiency of oxygen delivery to brain cells adversely affects brain function. Glucose is the main energy-providing substrate in the brain. The basic pathway of its metabolism in neural tissue is aerobic glycolysis.

Author : Michael Pinsky
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 316 pages
File Size : 48,9 Mb
Release : 2012-12-06
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9783642560361

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Cerebral Blood Flow by Michael Pinsky Pdf

Cerebral Blood Flow: Quantifying Consciousness Although the heart may be the source of energy needed to generate blood flow,and other organs absolutely essential for normal living,the brain is the reason we are alive. The collected book chapters are aimed at addressing this most fundamental organ and its blood flow. These papers reflect detailed descriptions of similar topics presented over a two-day period as part of the 5th International Symposium on Applied Physiology of the Peripheral Circulation held in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in June 2000. The symposium and this volume were organized into four distinct groupings that follow in a logical fashion. The initial papers focus on the basic unique physiology and pathophysiology of the cerebral circulation, including a historical reviewof the means to measure cerebral blood flow and its implications of the past 30 years. Dr. Walter D. Obrist was one of the original investigators to use radiolabeled markers to assess cerebral blood flow. His equations and initial studies form an impressive introduction to where we are now. As with much of the body's special organs, the brain too has many circulatory features unique to itself.These include the unique blood-brain barrier function ofthe endothelium, local neural regulation control, and intracranial pressure effects. These special issues,plus genetic factors that may predispose individuals to developing cere bral aneurysm, make up the initial section of the monograph.

Author : Alexander Baethmann,Oliver S. Kempski,Nikolaus Plesnila,Frank Staub
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 131 pages
File Size : 44,6 Mb
Release : 2012-12-06
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9783709194652

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Mechanisms of Secondary Brain Damage in Cerebral Ischemia and Trauma by Alexander Baethmann,Oliver S. Kempski,Nikolaus Plesnila,Frank Staub Pdf

The publication of the Vth International Symposium 1995 on "Mechanisms of Secondary Brain Damage" in Mauls/ltaly is a collection of focused reviews reaching from novel molecular- and cell biological findings to aspects of clinical management in head injury and cerebral ischemia. A specific purpose of these series of meetings introduced in 1984 is for an exchange on problems of mutual interest by international high ranking experts from the basic sciences and related clinical disciplines, such as intensive care medicine, neurology, or neurosurgery. The present volume covers three major areas: (a) Molecular and cell biological mechanisms including inflammation (b) Novel findings on mechanisms and treatment in cerebral ischemia (c) Secondary processes in head injury, regeneration and treatment Molecular-and cell biology is currently attracting attention towards activation of genomic processes associated with the demise of cells referred to as "programmed cell death" and "apoptosis" which, actually, might be distinguished from each other. Thus, the phenomenon of delayed neuronal death in selectively vulnerable brain areas following brief interruption of blood flow is scrutinized as to the contribution of the activation of suicide genes. The physiological role of such a response, among others, is removal of surplus neurons during ontogenesis of the brain. Yet, evidence is accumulating that similar mechanisms playa role in cerebral ischemia, probably also trauma, where nerve-and other cells demonstrate features of apoptosis. Observations on protection of neurons by administration of protein synthesis inhibitors in cerebral ischemia provide more direct support.

Author : Noé Battistini
Publisher : Raven Press (ID)
Page : 392 pages
File Size : 44,5 Mb
Release : 1986
Category : Medical
ISBN : UOM:39015010155409

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Acute Brain Ischemia by Noé Battistini Pdf

Author : A. Baethmann,J. Eriskat,J. Lehmberg,N. Plesnila
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 126 pages
File Size : 51,9 Mb
Release : 2012-12-06
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9783709106037

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Mechanisms of Secondary Brain Damage from Trauma and Ischemia by A. Baethmann,J. Eriskat,J. Lehmberg,N. Plesnila Pdf

Top level clinical and laboratory scientists present their most recent clinical and experimental findings and concepts. The well balanced contributions illustrate the enormous significance of the dialogue between both laboratory and clinic, ultimately for the benefit of the patients, and contribute to a better understanding of secondary brain damage from trauma and ischemia as basis to develop more effective treatment including drugs.

Author : Alexander Scriabine,G.M. Teasdale,Dieter Tettenborn,Wise Young
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 384 pages
File Size : 41,9 Mb
Release : 2012-12-06
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9783642486951

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Nimodipine by Alexander Scriabine,G.M. Teasdale,Dieter Tettenborn,Wise Young Pdf

Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Nimodipine, Miami Beach, Florida, USA, April 25-28, 1990

Author : Ping-An Li
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 226 pages
File Size : 41,7 Mb
Release : 1996
Category : Acidosis
ISBN : UOM:39015041751507

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Mechanisms of Acidosis-mediated Ischemic Brain Damage by Ping-An Li Pdf

Author : Gabriel G. Haddad,Shan Ping Yu
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 268 pages
File Size : 50,5 Mb
Release : 2009-01-06
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781603275798

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Brain Hypoxia and Ischemia by Gabriel G. Haddad,Shan Ping Yu Pdf

Brain Hypoxia and Ischemia explores the various aspects of cell death and survival that are crucial for understanding the basic mechanisms underlying brain hypoxia and ischemia. Chapters focus on a panorama of issues including the role of ion channels/transporters, mitochondria and apoptotic mechanisms, the roles of glutamate/NMDA, mechanisms in penumbral cells and the importance of intermittent hypoxia and gene regulation under these stressful conditions. The volume explores findings from both mammalian and invertebrate model systems and their applicability to human systems and diseases. Careful consideration is also given to differences in hypoxia and ischemia across development. This volume aims to increase the understanding of these mechanisms and to stimulate research on better diagnosis and treatment of diseases that afflict the brain and potentially other organs when O2 levels are dysregulated. Brain Hypoxia and Ischemia is designed for neuroscientists, clinicians and medical/graduate students for use in both basic research and clinical practice.