Chromatin Transcriptional Tango On The Immune Dance Floor

Author : Ananda L Roy
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
Page : 145 pages
File Size : 55,6 Mb
Release : 2015-04-14
Category : Chromatin
ISBN : 9782889195107

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Chromatin & Transcriptional Tango on the Immune Dance Floor by Ananda L Roy Pdf

Signaling through the cell surface antigen receptor is a hallmark of various stages of lymphocyte development and adaptive immunity. Besides the adaptive immune system, the innate immunity is equally important for protection. However, the mechanistic connection between signaling, chromatin changes and downstream transcriptional pathways in both innate and adaptive immune system remains incompletely understood in hematopoiesis. A related issue is how the enhancers communicate to the promoters in a stage specific fashion and in the context of chromatin. Because the factors that regulate chromatin are generally present and active in most cell types, how could cell type and/or stage specific chromatin architecture is achieved in response to a particular immune signal? The genetic loci that encode lymphocyte cell surface receptors are in an ‘unrearranged” or “germline” configuration during the early stages of development. Thus, in addition to expressing lineage and/or stage specific transcription factors during each developmental stage, lymphocytes also need to rearrange their cognate receptor loci in a strictly ordered fashion. Hence, there must be a tightly coordinated communication between the recombination machinery and the transcriptional machinery (including chromatin regulators) at every developmental step. Mature B cells also undergo classswitch recombination and somatic hypermutation. Importantly, along the way, these cells must avoid autoimmune responses and only those cells capable of recognizing foreignantigens are preserved to reach peripheral organs where they must function. The exquisite regulation that govern chromatin accessibility, recombination and transcription regulation in response to the environmental signals in the immune system is discussed here is a series of articles.

Author : Ananda L. Roy
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 144 pages
File Size : 46,7 Mb
Release : 2015
Category : Immunology
ISBN : OCLC:1125452653

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Chromatin & Transcriptional Tango on the Immune Dance Floor by Ananda L. Roy Pdf

The process of generating differentiated cell types performing specific effector functions from their respective undifferentiated precursors is dictated by extracellular signals and the recipient cell's ability to transmit those signals to effect changes in cellular functions. One major mechanism for bringing about such changes is at the level of transcription. Thus, inducing transcription of previously silent genes and suppressing active genes in response to the extracellular signal can result in acquiring new functions by the cells. The transcriptional machinery, comprising of RNA Polymerase II and associated general transcription factors, assemble at the core promoter of eukaryotic protein coding genes. The rate and/or stability of formation of this machinery dictate the transcriptional regulation of the corresponding gene, which can be at the level of chromatin regulation as well as enhancer-promoter communication. Such coordinated temporal and spatial regulation of gene expression in response to specific signals determines lineage differentiation, cellular proliferation and development. Every event in the life cycle of a lymphocyte is modulated by the signals they receive. For instance, expression of the B cell antigen receptor (BCR) on the surface of B cells is a hallmark of various stages of B cell development--signaling via the BCR is important both during early/antigen independent (tonic) and late/antigen dependent phases of development. Despite the established requirement for BCR signaling during various phases of B cell maturation, how BCR signaling connects to chromatin changes and downstream transcriptional pathways in each step of development remains poorly understood. Similar questions also remain in other cells of the immune system. Moreover, how the enhancers communicate to the promoters in a stage specific fashion and in the context of chromatin also remain unclear. Chromatin modifiers are generally present and active in most cell types. How could then there be differences in chromatin architecture dependent on a particular stage of development? The B (and T) lymphocytes also perform a unique developmental program because they have an unparalleled genetic makeup--the genetic loci that encode their cell surface receptors are in an 'unrearranged" or "germline" configuration during the early stages of development. Thus, they not only express stage specific genes and transcription factors during each developmental stage, they need to undergo rearrangement of their cognate receptor loci in a strictly ordered fashion to generate a pool of receptor proteins, each capable of recognizing a specific antigen, which they encounter at a much later step. Hence, there must be a strict negotiation between the recombination machinery and the transcriptional machinery at every developmental step of the way. Importantly, along the way, the B cells expressing receptors capable of recognizing self-antigens must be eliminated to avoid autoimmune responses and only those cells capable of recognizing foreign-antigens are preserved to reach peripheral organs where they eventually meet pathogens. How are these processes coordinately regulated in a stage specific fashion and what role does chromatin play? Are the rules of engagement different in innate versus adaptive immune responses? Here we seek to address some of these questions and provide our current understanding of signal-induced chromatin and transcriptional regulation of the immune system

Author : Walid El-Sharoud
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 377 pages
File Size : 51,5 Mb
Release : 2007-12-07
Category : Science
ISBN : 9783540749219

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Bacterial Physiology by Walid El-Sharoud Pdf

The application of new molecular methodologies in the study of bacterial behavior and cell architecture has enabled new revolutionary insights and discoveries in these areas. This new text presents recent developments in bacterial physiology that are highly relevant to a wide range of readership including those interested in basic and applied knowledge. Its chapters are written by international scientific authorities at the forefront of the subject. The value of this recent knowledge in bacterial physiology is not only restricted to fundamental biology. It also extends to biotechnology and drug-discovery disciplines.

Author : Mariagiovanna Cantone,Giuseppe Lanza,Federico Ranieri,George M. Opie,Carmen Terranova
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
Page : 79 pages
File Size : 50,8 Mb
Release : 2021-09-03
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9782889712601

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Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation in the Study and Modulation of Metaplasticity in Neurological Disorders by Mariagiovanna Cantone,Giuseppe Lanza,Federico Ranieri,George M. Opie,Carmen Terranova Pdf

Author : Raffaele Testolin,Hong-Wen Huang,Allan Ross Ferguson
Publisher : Springer
Page : 269 pages
File Size : 44,8 Mb
Release : 2016-05-02
Category : Science
ISBN : 9783319322742

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The Kiwifruit Genome by Raffaele Testolin,Hong-Wen Huang,Allan Ross Ferguson Pdf

This book describes the basic botanical features of kiwifruit and its wild relatives, reports on the steps that led to its genome sequencing, and discusses the results obtained with the assembly and annotation. The core chapters provide essential insights into the main gene families that characterize this species as a crop, including the genes controlling sugar and starch metabolism, pigment biosynthesis and degradation, the ascorbic-acid pathway, fruit softening and postharvest metabolism, allergens, and resistance to pests and diseases. The book offers a valuable reference guide for taxonomists, geneticists and horticulturists. Further, since information gained from the genome sequence is extraordinarily useful in assessing the breeding value of individuals based on whole-genome scans, it will especially benefit plant breeders. Accordingly, chapters are included that focus on gene introgression from wild relatives and genome-based breeding.

Author : Marc Thiriet
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 1073 pages
File Size : 52,9 Mb
Release : 2012-09-26
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781461443698

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Intracellular Signaling Mediators in the Circulatory and Ventilatory Systems by Marc Thiriet Pdf

The volumes in this authoritative series present a multidisciplinary approach to modeling and simulation of flows in the cardiovascular and ventilatory systems, especially multiscale modeling and coupled simulations. The cardiovascular and respiratory systems are tightly coupled, as their primary function is to supply oxygen to and remove carbon dioxide from the body's cells. Because physiological conduits have deformable and reactive walls, macroscopic flow behavior and prediction must be coupled to phenomenological models of nano- and microscopic events in a corrector scheme of regulated mechanisms when the vessel lumen caliber varies markedly. Therefore, investigation of flows of blood and air in physiological conduits requires an understanding of the biology, chemistry, and physics of these systems together with the mathematical tools to describe their functioning. Volume 4 is devoted to major sets of intracellular mediators that transmit signals upon stimulation of cell-surface receptors. Activation of signaling effectors triggers the release of substances stored in cellular organelles and/or gene transcription and protein synthesis. Complex stages of cell signaling can be studied using proper mathematical models, once the role of each component is carefully handled. Volume 4 also reviews various categories of cytosolic and/or nuclear mediators and illustrates some major signal transduction pathways, such as NFkappaB axis, oxygen sensing, and mechanotransduction.

Author : Dobrin Nedelkov,Randall W. Nelson
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 237 pages
File Size : 48,9 Mb
Release : 2008-02-04
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781597450263

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New and Emerging Proteomic Techniques by Dobrin Nedelkov,Randall W. Nelson Pdf

Leading researchers and innovators describe in step-by-step detail the latest techniques that promise to significantly impact the practice of proteomics, as well as its success in developing novel clinical agents. The methods span the entire spectrum of top-down and bottom-up approaches, including microarrays, gels, chromatography, and affinity separations, and address every aspect of the human proteome, both quantitatively and qualitatively. The techniques of protein detection utilized are diverse and range from fluorescence and resonance light scattering to surface plasmon resonance and mass spectrometry. The protocols follow the successful Methods in Molecular BiologyTM series format, each offering step-by-step laboratory instructions, an introduction outlining the principles behind the technique, lists of the necessary equipment and reagents, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.

Author : Paul C. Guest
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 340 pages
File Size : 45,9 Mb
Release : 2020-04-17
Category : Science
ISBN : 9783030426675

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Reviews on New Drug Targets in Age-Related Disorders by Paul C. Guest Pdf

Aging is an inevitable part of life and is becoming a worldwide social, economic and health problem. This is mainly due to the fact that the increasing proportion of individuals in the advanced age category have a higher probability of developing age-related disorders, such as type II diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disorders, sarcopenia, and neurodegenerative conditions. New therapeutic approaches are still needed to decrease or slow the effects of such diseases. Advances in -omic technologies, such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics, have significantly advanced our understanding of disease in multiple medical areas, as the analysis of multiple molecular networks has simultaneously provided a more integrated view of disease pathways. It is hoped that emerging hits from these analyses might be prioritized for further screening as potential novel drug targets for increasing the human healthspan in line with the lifespan. In turn, this will lead to new therapeutic strategies as well as drug development projects by the pharmaceutical industry. This book presents a series of reviews describing studies that have resulted in identification of new potential drug targets for age-related disorders. Much of this information has come from -omic comparisons of healthy and disease states or from testing the effects of new therapeutic approaches. Authored by experts from around the globe, each chapter is presented in the context of specific chronic diseases or therapeutic strategies. This book is designed for researchers in the areas of aging and chronic disease, as well as clinical scientists, physicians and stakeholders in major drug companies.

Author : Dirk-Henner Lankenau,Jean-Nicolas Volff
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 195 pages
File Size : 52,8 Mb
Release : 2009-06-30
Category : Science
ISBN : 9783642020056

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Transposons and the Dynamic Genome by Dirk-Henner Lankenau,Jean-Nicolas Volff Pdf

This volume gives an overview on mobile DNA and how such contradiction to the obligatory stability of genomes can be understood. Obviously, an understanding can only be achieved by cutting deeply into the evolutionary history of life.

Author : J. Robin Harris,Viktor I. Korolchuk
Publisher : Springer
Page : 526 pages
File Size : 51,6 Mb
Release : 2019-02-18
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9789811328350

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Biochemistry and Cell Biology of Ageing: Part I Biomedical Science by J. Robin Harris,Viktor I. Korolchuk Pdf

This new volume in the Subcellular Biochemistry series will focus on the biochemistry and cellular biology of aging processes in human cells. The chapters will be written by experts in their respective fields and will focus on a number of the current key areas of research in subcellular aging research. Main topics for discussion are mitochondrial aging, protein homeostasis and aging and the genetic processes that are involved in aging. There will also be chapters that are dedicated to the study of the roles of a variety of vitamins and minerals on aging and a number of other external factors (microbiological, ROS, inflammation, nutrition). This book will provide the reader with a state of the art overview of the subcellular aging field. This book will be published in cooperation with a second volume that will discuss the translation of the cell biology of aging to a more clinical setting and it is hoped that the combination of these two volumes will bring a deeper understanding of the links between the cell and the body during aging.

Author : Giacinto Libertini,Graziamaria Corbi,Valeria Conti,Olga Shubernetskaya,Nicola Ferrara
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 413 pages
File Size : 49,6 Mb
Release : 2021-05-25
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9783030737740

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Evolutionary Gerontology and Geriatrics by Giacinto Libertini,Graziamaria Corbi,Valeria Conti,Olga Shubernetskaya,Nicola Ferrara Pdf

This book provides concrete scientific basis that we can conceive the possibility of modifying or even completely canceling aging process, despite the fact that aging is commonly regarded as the result of the overall effects of many uncontrollable degenerative phenomena. The authors illustrate in detail the mechanisms by which cells and the whole organism age. Actions by which it is possible, or will be possible within a limited time, to operate for modifying aging are also debated. The discussion is conducted within the frame and the concepts of evolutionary medicine, which is also indispensable for distinguishing between the manifestations of aging and: (i) diseases that worsen with age, and (ii) acceleration of normal aging rates, caused by unhealthy lifestyle habits and other avoidable factors. The book also discusses the impact of aging on overall mortality and the strange situation that, according to official statistics, aging does not exist as cause of death. This book is a turning point between a gerontology and geriatrics conceived as the study and vain treatment of an incurable condition and one in which these disciplines examine the how and why of a physiological phenomenon that can be modified up to a possible total control. This means transforming the medical prevention and treatment of physiological aging from the greatest failure to the greatest success of medicine.

Author : Beverley Henderson,Jennifer L. Dorsey
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 412 pages
File Size : 46,8 Mb
Release : 2008-11-24
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780470453322

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Medical Terminology For Dummies by Beverley Henderson,Jennifer L. Dorsey Pdf

Confused by medical terms? Don’t know a carcinoma from a hematoma? Medical Terminology For Dummies gets you up to speed quickly on medical terminology fundamentals and helps you master medical definitions, pronunciations, and applications across all health care fields. Once you understand medical prefixes, suffixes, and root words, you’ll approach even unfamiliar medical terms with confidence. This plain-English guide to language that can be just plain confusing clears up the meanings of the Greek and Latin sources of medical terms. You’ll get a handle on how these mouthfuls are constructed, and discover how to decipher any medical term, no matter how complex or unusual. You’ll also get plenty of help in pronouncing and remembering medical words, and you’ll find out how and why the terminology changes from hospital to laboratory to pharmacy. You’ll discover how to: Understand word foundations and origins Grasp the essential meanings of unfamiliar terms Define common prefixes and suffixes Identify and pronounce medical terms Deconstruct words to grasp definitions Use plurals and multiples with ease Describe medical conditions accurately Bone up on terms that describe the anatomy Use mnemonic devices to remember medical terms Know when words refer to diseases, injuries, treatments, and more Use medical terminology in the real world Complete with a list of essential references on medical terminology as well as helpful word-building activities Medical Terminology For Dummies puts you in the know in no time.

Author : Stefan Stamm,Chris Smith,Reinhard Lührmann
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 660 pages
File Size : 50,7 Mb
Release : 2012-08-01
Category : Science
ISBN : 9783527647989

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Alternative pre-mRNA Splicing by Stefan Stamm,Chris Smith,Reinhard Lührmann Pdf

This book was written for graduate and medical students, as well as clinicians and postdoctoral researchers. It describes the theory of alternative pre-mRNA splicing in twelve introductory chapters and then introduces protocols and their theoretical background relevant for experimental research. These 43 practical chapters cover: Basic methods, Detection of splicing events, Analysis of alternative pre-mRNA splicing in vitro and in vivo, Manipulation of splicing events, and Bioinformatic analysis of alternative splicing. A theoretical introduction and practical guide for molecular biologists, geneticists,clinicians and every researcher interested in alternative splicing. Website: www.wiley-vch.de/home/splicing

Author : Daniel J. Kevles,Leroy E. Hood
Publisher : Harvard University Press
Page : 420 pages
File Size : 55,6 Mb
Release : 1992
Category : Medical
ISBN : 0674136462

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The Code of Codes by Daniel J. Kevles,Leroy E. Hood Pdf

Provided by Horace Freeland Judson, author of the bestselling Eighth Day of Creation. The book's broad and balanced coverage and the expertise of its contributors make The Code of Codes the most comprehensive and compelling exploration available on this history-making project.

Author : David K. Yeates,Brian M. Wiegmann
Publisher : Columbia University Press
Page : 441 pages
File Size : 52,8 Mb
Release : 2005-06-22
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780231501705

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The Evolutionary Biology of Flies by David K. Yeates,Brian M. Wiegmann Pdf

Flies (Dipteria) have had an important role in deepening scientists'understanding of modern biology and evolution. The study of flies has figured prominently in major advances in the fields of molecular evolution, physiology, genetics, phylogenetics, and ecology over the last century. This volume, with contributions from top scientists and scholars in the field, brings together diverse aspects of research and will be essential reading for entomologists and fly researchers.