Coca And Cocaine In The Andes

Author : Robert Mihelli
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
Page : 21 pages
File Size : 49,8 Mb
Release : 2003-11-28
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9783638236065

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Coca and Cocaine in the Andes by Robert Mihelli Pdf

Seminar paper from the year 2002 in the subject Geography / Earth Science - Economic Geography, grade: 1,2 (A+), RWTH Aachen University (Geography Institute), 15 entries in the bibliography, language: English, abstract: Andean farmers have good financial reasons for continuing to grow coca, and it is unlikely that theeconomic equation can be substantially altered. Cocaine is as cheap and plentiful as ever on U.S.streets, the biggest market for cocaine; the State Department estimates that 1999 coca productionincreased. The current U.S. retail cocaine market is somewhere between $30 billion and $150 billion. Efforts at interdiction and crop substitution have failed, the former because the amounts of cocaineimported are so large that seizures have little overall impact, the latter both because alternative cropsare intrinsically less lucrative and because there is no infrastructure to bring such crops to market. TheU.S. General Accounting Office report to Congress argued that crop substitution was unlikely tosucceed, and the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration has calculated the cost of raw coca as makingup less than 1 percent of the retail cost of refined cocaine in the U.S. The latter statistic means thattraffickers could easily afford to increase what they pay for raw coca if a shortage occurred, therebystimulating production. In order to explain why the andean Countries prefer to grow coca, it is important to understand that thecoca plant is a part of the culture, as history shows and there is a difference between the existence ofcoca and cocaine. The usage and the production of the coca plant changed in the last hundred years,and the monocultural development carry tremendous illegal capacities. But on the other hand, it isoriginally a cultural heritage. To explain this issue one must know where it is cultivated, why and whatproblems it causes for the Andean Countries, and not only for these countries, but on a globalscale.

Author : Paul Gootenberg
Publisher : Univ of North Carolina Press
Page : 464 pages
File Size : 51,5 Mb
Release : 2009-06-01
Category : History
ISBN : 080788779X

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Andean Cocaine by Paul Gootenberg Pdf

Illuminating a hidden and fascinating chapter in the history of globalization, Paul Gootenberg chronicles the rise of one of the most spectacular and now illegal Latin American exports: cocaine. Gootenberg traces cocaine's history from its origins as a medical commodity in the nineteenth century to its repression during the early twentieth century and its dramatic reemergence as an illicit good after World War II. Connecting the story of the drug's transformations is a host of people, products, and processes: Sigmund Freud, Coca-Cola, and Pablo Escobar all make appearances, exemplifying the global influences that have shaped the history of cocaine. But Gootenberg decenters the familiar story to uncover the roles played by hitherto obscure but vital Andean actors as well--for example, the Peruvian pharmacist who developed the techniques for refining cocaine on an industrial scale and the creators of the original drug-smuggling networks that decades later would be taken over by Colombian traffickers. Andean Cocaine proves indispensable to understanding one of the most vexing social dilemmas of the late twentieth-century Americas: the American cocaine epidemic of the 1980s and, in its wake, the seemingly endless U.S. drug war in the Andes.

Author : United States. Congress. House. Select Committee on Narcotics Abuse and Control
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 134 pages
File Size : 46,5 Mb
Release : 1989
Category : Cocaine industry
ISBN : LOC:00020258019

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Cocaine Production in the Andes by United States. Congress. House. Select Committee on Narcotics Abuse and Control Pdf

Author : Rensselaer W. Lee,Patrick Clawson
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 82 pages
File Size : 48,6 Mb
Release : 1993
Category : Andes Region
ISBN : IND:30000044926925

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Crop Substitution in the Andes by Rensselaer W. Lee,Patrick Clawson Pdf

Author : Asociación Peruana de Estudios e Investigaciones para la Paz
Publisher : Praeger
Page : 176 pages
File Size : 48,6 Mb
Release : 1993-03-24
Category : Medical
ISBN : STANFORD:36105004439068

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Coca and Cocaine by Asociación Peruana de Estudios e Investigaciones para la Paz Pdf

"Political and economic aspects of cocaine in Peru, Colombia, and Bolivia from the perspective of individuals from those countries"--Handbook of Latin American Studies, v. 57

Author : Paul Gootenberg,Liliana M. Dávalos
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 231 pages
File Size : 41,6 Mb
Release : 2018-06-18
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9780429951732

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The Origins of Cocaine by Paul Gootenberg,Liliana M. Dávalos Pdf

In the 1960s, the governments of Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia launched agricultural settlement programs in each country’s vast Amazonian frontier lowlands. Two decades later, these exact same zones had transformed into the centers of the illicit cocaine boom of the Americas. Drawing on concepts from both history and anthropology, The Origins of Cocaine explores how three countries with divergent different mid-century political trajectories ended up with parallel outcomes in illicit frontier economies and cocalero cultures. Bringing together transnational, national, and local analyses, the volume provides an in-depth examination of the deep origins of drug economics in the Americas. As the first substantial study on the shift from agrarian colonization to narcotization, The Origins of Cocaine will appeal to scholars and postgraduate students of Latin American history, anthropology, globalization, development and environmental studies.

Author : P. Clawson,R. Lee
Publisher : Springer
Page : 282 pages
File Size : 51,5 Mb
Release : 2016-04-30
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781349609789

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The Andean Cocaine Industry by P. Clawson,R. Lee Pdf

It is commonly known that the Andean nations of Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia are the international centers of cocaine production. But until now, there has been no comprehensive view of this billion dollar industry. Using never-before unearthed information culled from their extensive field research, Patrick Clawson and Rensselaer Lee reveal the configuration of the drug industry, from the original cultivation of coca in the fields of South America to the sale of cocaine on the streets of the United States. The authors analyze the economic and political impact of the drug business on the Andean nations, including such problems as violence and the undermining of legitimate business. Through the ground-breaking work of Clawson and Lee, The Andean Cocaine Industry illuminates one of the most pervasive problems facing the world today.

Author : Clare Hargreaves
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 232 pages
File Size : 44,5 Mb
Release : 1992
Category : Social Science
ISBN : UTEXAS:059173000127345

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Snowfields by Clare Hargreaves Pdf

British journalist Hargreaves examines the cocaine industry in Bolivia, which has tripled since the US instigated drug-war against Colombians. She interviews dealers, growers, addicts, and officials of both the Bolivian and US government, and concludes that the trade must be stopped at the demand end, not the supply end. Paper edition (unseen), $16.95. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR

Author : P. Clawson,R. Lee
Publisher : Palgrave Macmillan
Page : 276 pages
File Size : 49,9 Mb
Release : 1996-08-12
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 0312124007

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The Andean Cocaine Industry by P. Clawson,R. Lee Pdf

It is commonly known that the Andean nations of Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia are the international centers of cocaine production. But until now, there has been no comprehensive view of this billion dollar industry. Using never-before unearthed information culled from their extensive field research, Patrick Clawson and Rensselaer Lee reveal the configuration of the drug industry, from the original cultivation of coca in the fields of South America to the sale of cocaine on the streets of the United States. The authors analyze the economic and political impact of the drug business on the Andean nations, including such problems as violence and the undermining of legitimate business. Through the ground-breaking work of Clawson and Lee, The Andean Cocaine Industry illuminates one of the most pervasive problems facing the world today.

Author : Richard Kernaghan
Publisher : Stanford University Press
Page : 320 pages
File Size : 54,5 Mb
Release : 2009-06-12
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9780804771290

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Coca's Gone by Richard Kernaghan Pdf

In a valley in the eastern foothills of the central Peruvian Andes, a wealth of cocaine once flowed. From the mid-1970s to the mid-1990s, this valley experienced abrupt rises in fortune, reckless corruption, and the brutality of those who sought to impress their own brand of order. When this era of cocaine came to a close, the legacy of its violence continued to mold people's perceptions of time through local storytelling practices. Coca's Gone examines the tense, depressed social terrain of Peru's Upper Huallaga Valley in the wake of a twenty-year cocaine boom. This compelling book conveys stories of the lived reality of jolted social worlds and weaves a fascinating meditation on the complex interrelationships between violence, law, and time.

Author : William Alfred Reid
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 32 pages
File Size : 54,8 Mb
Release : 1936
Category : Coca
ISBN : PSU:000043539932

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Coca, a Plant of the Andes by William Alfred Reid Pdf

Author : W. GOLDEN MORTIMER, M.D.
Publisher : Ronin Publishing
Page : 257 pages
File Size : 46,7 Mb
Release : 2017-11-15
Category : Cooking
ISBN : 9781579512156

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Coca by W. GOLDEN MORTIMER, M.D. Pdf

Coca is a plant with a complex array of mineral nutrients, essential oils, and varied compounds with greater or lesser pharmacological effects – one of which happens to be the alkaloid cocaine, which in its concentrated, synthesized form is a stimulant drug with possible addictive properties. Of all the plants introduced to the world by American Indian societies, few have been as controversial as the coca bush. Part of the Erythroxylum genus, the coca plant, whose leaves were first consumed by Andean Indians, is the source of the raw alkaloids that are refined to make cocaine. In Coca: The Divine Plant of the Incas, W. Golden Mortimer, M.D. presents an exhaustive, encyclopedic look at the plant’s history and pharmacology. He traces its origins among the Native American peoples, who chewed the plant leaves for their stimulating and analgesic properties. From there, he examines the early European colonists’ first encounters with the plant, how it became an object of intense study among naturalists and scientists, and how chemists first used it to create cocaine extract. Coca: The Divine Plant of the Incas includes: • Traditional Indian uses for coca • Early European explorers’ impressions of the plant, first damned as an immoral intoxicant, and then praised as a stimulant for work and travel • The story of Angelo Mariani’s coca-leaf wine, which won accolades from European royalty and the Pope • Botanical aspects of the coca plant varietals • Soil, humidity, elevation, latitude, and other factors necessary for the plant’s growth • How to grow and harvest the plant, and cure and store coca leaf • Chemistry of the leaf, its alkaloids, and its extracts • How to extract cocaine from coca leaf • How to determine the purity and strength of coca extract • Coca and muscular energy, exercise, diet, and fatigue • Coca’s effects on the body, the brain, and the nervous system • The pathology of cocaine use and addiction Filled with rare illustrations and diagrams, Coca: The Divine Plant of the Incas is a thorough historical and scientific examination of this little-understood plant and its products. It belongs in the library of anyone interested in pharmacology, botany, natural studies, or the history and culture of indigenous Americans. Coca explores the fascinating history of Coca, know as the Divine Plant of the Incas. The coca leaf has been chewed and brewed for tea traditionally for centuries among its indigenous peoples in the Andean region – and does not cause any harm and is beneficial to human health when the leaf is chewed. When chewed, coca is a mild stimulant and suppresses hunger, thirst, pain, and fatigue. It helps overcome altitude sickness, which is helpful in the Andes Mountains. It covers the Incan empire, its conquest by the Spaniards, the existence of coca within Incan society, early use of the drug, and the "present day" Indians of Peru. Coca chewing and drinking of coca tea is carried out daily by millions of people in the Andes without problems, and is considered sacred by indigenous cultures. Coca tea is widely used, even outside the Andean Amazon region. Coca leaf was originally used in the soft drink Coca Cola for its stimulant effect, but was removed in 1903 it was removed and replaced by a decocainized coca extract. Traditional medical uses of coca are foremost as a stimulant to overcome fatigue, hunger, and thirst. It also is used as an anesthetic to alleviate the pain of headache and sores. Before stronger anesthetics were available, coca leaves were used for broken bones, childbirth, and during operations on the skull. Coca leaves have been used for centuries as a stimulant. Coca is traditionally cultivated in the lower altitudes of the eastern slopes of the Andes, or the highlands depending on the species grown. Since ancient times, its leaves have been an important trade commodity between the lowlands where it is grown and the higher altitudes where it is widely consumed by the Andean peoples of Peru, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, and Bolivia.

Author : Catherine J. Allen
Publisher : Smithsonian Institution
Page : 296 pages
File Size : 47,5 Mb
Release : 2012-01-11
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9781588343598

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The Hold Life Has by Catherine J. Allen Pdf

This second edition of Catherine J. Allen's distinctive ethnography of the Quechua-speaking people of the Andes brings their story into the present. She has added an extensive afterword based on her visits to Sonqo in 1995 and 2000 and has updated and revised parts of the original text. The book focuses on the very real problem of cultural continuity in a changing world, and Allen finds that the hold life has in 2002 is not the same as it was in 1985.

Author : Sewall Menzel
Publisher : University Press of America
Page : 308 pages
File Size : 48,8 Mb
Release : 1997-12-11
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 0761810013

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Fire in the Andes by Sewall Menzel Pdf

Fire in the Andes is a trenchant comparative analysis of why the U.S. drug wars in Bolivia and Peru are failing. While frequent anti-drug battles are won, a flawed policy analysis and strategy have led to strategic foreign policy defeat in the region. This book fills an important gap in our in-depth knowledge of U.S. foreign policy and its application in the drug wars of the high Andes region of South America. Written from the perspective of a former active participant in the U.S. anti-drug policy formulation and implementation efforts, the study uses an in-depth comparative approach to evaluate the effectiveness of the U.S. anti-drug foreign policy in Bolivia and Peru which currently comprise the primary focus of the Clinton Administration's counter-drug efforts to combat narcotrafficking at the source in Latin America today.

Author : Francisco E. Thoumi
Publisher : Woodrow Wilson Center Press
Page : 442 pages
File Size : 47,8 Mb
Release : 2003
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 0801878543

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Illegal Drugs, Economy, and Society in the Andes by Francisco E. Thoumi Pdf

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