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Detection of Nuclear Weapons and Materials by Congressional Research Service: The Libr,Jonathan Medalia Pdf
Detection of nuclear weapons and special nuclear material (SNM, certain types of uranium and plutonium) is crucial to thwarting nuclear proliferation and terrorism and to securing weapons and materials worldwide. Congress has funded a portfolio of detection R&D and acquisition programs, and has mandated inspection at foreign ports of all U.S.-bound cargo containers using two types of detection equipment. Nuclear weapons contain SNM, which produces unique or suspect signatures that can be detected. It emits radiation, notably gamma rays (high-energy photons) and neutrons. SNM is very dense, so it produces a bright image on a radiograph (a picture like a medical x-ray) when x- rays or gamma rays are beamed through a container in which it is hidden. Using lead or other shielding to attenuate gamma rays would make this image larger. Nuclear weapons produce detectable signatures, such as radiation generated by or a noticeable image on a radiograph. Other detection techniques are also available. Nine technologies illustrate the detection portfolio: (1) A new scintillator material to improve detector performance and lower cost. (2) GADRAS, an application using multiple algorithms to determine the materials in a container by analyzing gamma-ray spectra. If materials are the eyes and ears of detectors, ...
Detection of Nuclear Weapons and Materials: Science, Technologies, Observations by Jonathan Medalia Pdf
This report seeks to help Congress understand nuclear detection technology. It discusses the science of detecting nuclear weapons and materials, describes nine advanced U.S. technologies selected to illustrate the range of projects in the pipeline, and offers observations for Congress.
A Primer on the Detection of Nuclear and Radiological Weapons by Gary Phillips,David Nagel,Timothy Coffey Pdf
Terrorist use of radioactive nuclear materials is a serious threat for mass destruction or disruption of civil and military activities. Most worrisome is the use of nuclear devices to cause massive casualties to people and damage to structures. Fortunately, the procurement of adequate material and the engineering design, construction, and transportation and triggering of a nuclear weapon are all difficult problems for terrorist organizations. More likely is a device that combines radioactive materials with conventional explosives to make a radiological dispersion device, commonly called a "dirty bomb". The procurement of nuclear materials for this purpose, the construction of the bomb and its use are all easier than for a nuclear weapon. Fortunately, the effects from the use of a radiological weapon would be much smaller than from a nuclear device, although they could still be very disruptive. Thus, it is important to detect the transport of nuclear weapons and radiological dispersion devices and the materials for their construction. These materials emit gamma rays or neutrons, which can be detected to show the presence and amounts of such materials.
United States. Congress. House. Committee on Homeland Security. Subcommittee on the Prevention of Nuclear and Biological Attack
Author : United States. Congress. House. Committee on Homeland Security. Subcommittee on the Prevention of Nuclear and Biological Attack Publisher : Unknown Page : 108 pages File Size : 51,6 Mb Release : 2007 Category : Political Science ISBN : STANFORD:36105050447106
Detecting Nuclear Weapons and Radiological Materials by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Homeland Security. Subcommittee on the Prevention of Nuclear and Biological Attack Pdf
National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Committee on International Security and Arms Control
Author : National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Committee on International Security and Arms Control Publisher : National Academies Press Page : 266 pages File Size : 42,7 Mb Release : 2005-04-15 Category : Political Science ISBN : 9780309181211
Monitoring Nuclear Weapons and Nuclear-Explosive Materials by National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Committee on International Security and Arms Control Pdf
In this study, CISAC tackles the technical dimensions of a longstanding controversy: To what extent could existing and plausibly attainable measures for transparency and monitoring make possible the verification of all nuclear weaponsâ€"strategic and nonstrategic, deployed and nondeployedâ€"plus the nuclear-explosive components and materials that are their essential ingredients? The committee's assessment of the technical and organizational possibilities suggests a more optimistic conclusion than most of those concerned with these issues might have expected.
Technical Aspects of Detection and Inspection Controls of a Nuclear Weapons Test Ban by United States. Congress. Joint Committee on Atomic Energy. Special Subcommittee on Radiation Pdf
Considers technical problems of a nuclear weapons test ban, including the type of research and development programs necessary for a workable system of detection and inspection.
Analytical Methods for Nonproliferation by Edward C. Morse Pdf
This book is intended to be used as a textbook and research reference for the field of nuclear nonproliferation. The book is primarily technical and focussed on methods of detecting clandestine nuclear material that might be illicitly transported. The book also touches on nuclear forensics, i.e. methods for identification, attribution, and establishment of transport pathways for illicit nuclear material. Also covered are topics of methods used for arms control and treaty verification, and an assessment of technologies under development for all of the above. A description of the government and international agencies involved in nuclear terrorism prevention, nuclear safeguards, and arms control is also included.
Transparency in Nuclear Warheads and Materials by Nicholas Zarimpas Pdf
These studies address the technical means and procedures for establishing transparency in nuclear warheads and materials in the nuclear weapons states.
Report on the capacity to monitor and detect illicit shipments of nuclear materials at entry points into the United States and key transportation nodes overseas.
Protection, Control, and Accounting of Nuclear Materials by National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Development, Security, and Cooperation Pdf
The U.S. and Russian academies convened a workshop in 2003 for sharing best practices in nuclear materials protection, control, and accounting (MPC&A), including the status and application of remote monitoring technologies, personnel issues, and both national and international safeguards worldwide. The goals of the workshop were to identify areas in which the United States and Russia can promote best practices in MPC&A globally and expand U.S.-Russian cooperation on nuclear non-proliferation. The papers presented in the workshop and the outcomes of workshop discussions form the basis for this workshop summary.
Nuclear Security by Michael Nacht,Michael Frank,Stanley Prussin Pdf
This textbook is the first comprehensive and systematic account of the science, technology and policy issues associated with nuclear energy and nuclear weapons. Throughout their account of the evolution of nuclear policy, from its origin to the early Trump presidency, the authors interweave clear technical expositions of the science and technology that underpin and constrain it. The book begins by tracing the early work in atomic physics, the discovery of fission, and the developments that led to the Manhattan Project and the delivery of atomic bombs against Japan that ended World War II. It follows the initial failed attempts at nuclear disarmament, the onset of the Cold War nuclear arms competition, and the development of light water reactors to harness nuclear energy for electric power generation. The authors thoroughly unpack the problem of nuclear proliferation, examining the strategy and incentives for states that have and have not pursued nuclear weapons, and providing an overview of the nuclear arsenals of the current nuclear weapon states. They trace the technical, political and strategic evolution of deterrence, arms control and disarmament policies from the first attempts for an Outer Space Treaty in 1957 through the new START treaty of 2009. At critical junctures in the narrative, the authors explain the relevant nuclear science and technology including nuclear fission and criticality; nuclear materials and enrichment; nuclear detonation and nuclear weapons effects; nuclear weapons stockpile constraints, stewardship and surveillance; nuclear fusion and thermonuclear weapons; technologies for monitoring, verification and proliferation; and nuclear forensics. They conclude with an assessment of contemporary issues ranging from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action reached to halt Iran’s nuclear weapons development program, to the threat of nuclear terrorism, the perceived nuclear weapons policies of Russia and China, and the US efforts to provide disincentives for its allies to acquire their own nuclear weapons by maintaining credible security guarantees.
