Detection Of Nuclear Weapons And Materials Science Technologies Observations
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Detection of Nuclear Weapons and Materials by Congressional Research Service: The Libr,Jonathan Medalia Pdf
Detection of nuclear weapons and special nuclear material (SNM, certain types of uranium and plutonium) is crucial to thwarting nuclear proliferation and terrorism and to securing weapons and materials worldwide. Congress has funded a portfolio of detection R&D and acquisition programs, and has mandated inspection at foreign ports of all U.S.-bound cargo containers using two types of detection equipment. Nuclear weapons contain SNM, which produces unique or suspect signatures that can be detected. It emits radiation, notably gamma rays (high-energy photons) and neutrons. SNM is very dense, so it produces a bright image on a radiograph (a picture like a medical x-ray) when x- rays or gamma rays are beamed through a container in which it is hidden. Using lead or other shielding to attenuate gamma rays would make this image larger. Nuclear weapons produce detectable signatures, such as radiation generated by or a noticeable image on a radiograph. Other detection techniques are also available. Nine technologies illustrate the detection portfolio: (1) A new scintillator material to improve detector performance and lower cost. (2) GADRAS, an application using multiple algorithms to determine the materials in a container by analyzing gamma-ray spectra. If materials are the eyes and ears of detectors, ...
Detection of Nuclear Weapons and Materials: Science, Technologies, Observations by Jonathan Medalia Pdf
This report seeks to help Congress understand nuclear detection technology. It discusses the science of detecting nuclear weapons and materials, describes nine advanced U.S. technologies selected to illustrate the range of projects in the pipeline, and offers observations for Congress.
United States. Congress. House. Committee on Homeland Security. Subcommittee on the Prevention of Nuclear and Biological Attack
Author : United States. Congress. House. Committee on Homeland Security. Subcommittee on the Prevention of Nuclear and Biological Attack Publisher : Unknown Page : 108 pages File Size : 46,8 Mb Release : 2007 Category : Political Science ISBN : PSU:000060842183
Detecting Nuclear Weapons and Radiological Materials by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Homeland Security. Subcommittee on the Prevention of Nuclear and Biological Attack Pdf
A Primer on the Detection of Nuclear and Radiological Weapons by Gary Phillips,David Nagel,Timothy Coffey Pdf
Terrorist use of radioactive nuclear materials is a serious threat for mass destruction or disruption of civil and military activities. Most worrisome is the use of nuclear devices to cause massive casualties to people and damage to structures. Fortunately, the procurement of adequate material and the engineering design, construction, and transportation and triggering of a nuclear weapon are all difficult problems for terrorist organizations. More likely is a device that combines radioactive materials with conventional explosives to make a radiological dispersion device, commonly called a "dirty bomb". The procurement of nuclear materials for this purpose, the construction of the bomb and its use are all easier than for a nuclear weapon. Fortunately, the effects from the use of a radiological weapon would be much smaller than from a nuclear device, although they could still be very disruptive. Thus, it is important to detect the transport of nuclear weapons and radiological dispersion devices and the materials for their construction. These materials emit gamma rays or neutrons, which can be detected to show the presence and amounts of such materials.
Securing Nuclear Materials by Mary Beth Nikitin Pdf
Contents: (1) Intro.; (2) The Summit: Expected Summit Outcomes; Foreign Reactions to the Summit; The Non-Proliferation Treaty and Nuclear Security; (3) What is ¿Nuclear Security (NS)¿?; (4) Challenges to Achieving the Four-Year Goal; (5) Domestic NS Measures; (6) Multilateral Efforts to Improve NS: The IAEA and NS; Informal Initiatives and Non-Proliferation Assistance; (7) Role of Non-Governmental Org. and Industry; (8) Considerations and Options for Congress: Legislation in the 111th Congress: NS and the FY 2011 Congressional Budget Request; Appendix A: Multilateral NS-Related Instruments and Initiatives; Appendix B: U.S. NS Assistance to Foreign Countries.
U.S. Preparedness for Catastrophic Attacks by Douglas Lovelace,Kristen Boon,Aziz Z. Huq Pdf
Terrorism: Commentary on Security Documents is a hardbound series that provides primary-source documents and expert commentary on the worldwide counter-terrorism effort. Volume 120, U.S. Preparedness for Catastrophic Attacks, discusses the critical topic of U.S. preparedness for catastrophic events. Doug Lovelace introduces documents that will inform researchers and practitioners of international law and national security about the ability of the United States to prevent and deter a catastrophic attack, as well as to mitigate and cope with the effects of such an attack.
This CSIS volume is comprised of various research from participants in the 2022 Nuclear Scholars Initiative led by the Project on Nuclear Issues. These papers explore a range of crucial debates across deterrence, arms control, and disarmament communities.
Catastrophic Possibilities Threatening U.S. Security by Kristen Boon,Aziz Z. Huq Pdf
Terrorism: Commentary on Security Documents is a hardbound series that provides primary-source documents and expert commentary on the worldwide counter-terrorism effort. Among the documents collected are transcripts of Congressional testimony, reports by such federal government bodies as the Congressional Research Service (CRS) and the Government Accountability Office (GAO), and case law covering issues related to terrorism. Most volumes carry a single theme, and inside each volume the documents appear within topic-based categories. The series also includes a subject index and other indices that guide the user through this complex area of the law. Volume 119, Catastrophic Possibilities Threatening U.S. Security, discusses the nightmare scenario of a catastrophic attack on the United States. While the U.S. national security apparatus remains focused on the "wars" in Iraq and Afghanistan and appears to be postulating a future international security environment defined largely by threats increasingly posed by weak, failing, and failed states, astute strategists are not discounting the possibility of a catastrophic attack on the United States. In this volume, Douglas Lovelace presents a number of documents that help describe, explain, and assess the nature and severity of the threat of a catastrophic attack. Offering expert commentary for each section, Lovelace groups the documents into three categories: Catastrophic Potentialities in the International Security Environment, Countering the Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and Nuclear Materials, and Catastrophic Cyber Attack. Documents include a Department of Defense overview of the four categories of strategic challenges, a Government Accountability Office report addressing weapons of mass destruction and the actions needed to allocate resources for counterproliferation programs, and an insightful overview of the threat of catastrophic cyber-attack by the Department of Homeland Security. The commentary and primary sources in Volume 119 will apprise researchers and practitioners of international law and national security of the perils of a catastrophic attack against the United States posed by terrorists, radicals, state failure, and humanitarian disasters.
Allan S. Krass,Peter Boskma,Boelie Elzen,Wim A. Smit,Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
Author : Allan S. Krass,Peter Boskma,Boelie Elzen,Wim A. Smit,Stockholm International Peace Research Institute Publisher : Routledge Page : 325 pages File Size : 42,8 Mb Release : 2020-11-20 Category : Political Science ISBN : 9781000200546
Uranium Enrichment and Nuclear Weapon Proliferation by Allan S. Krass,Peter Boskma,Boelie Elzen,Wim A. Smit,Stockholm International Peace Research Institute Pdf
Originally published in 1983, this book presents both the technical and political information necessary to evaluate the emerging threat to world security posed by recent advances in uranium enrichment technology. Uranium enrichment has played a relatively quiet but important role in the history of efforts by a number of nations to acquire nuclear weapons and by a number of others to prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons. For many years the uranium enrichment industry was dominated by a single method, gaseous diffusion, which was technically complex, extremely capital-intensive, and highly inefficient in its use of energy. As long as this remained true, only the richest and most technically advanced nations could afford to pursue the enrichment route to weapon acquisition. But during the 1970s this situation changed dramatically. Several new and far more accessible enrichment techniques were developed, stimulated largely by the anticipation of a rapidly growing demand for enrichment services by the world-wide nuclear power industry. This proliferation of new techniques, coupled with the subsequent contraction of the commercial market for enriched uranium, has created a situation in which uranium enrichment technology might well become the most important contributor to further nuclear weapon proliferation. Some of the issues addressed in this book are: A technical analysis of the most important enrichment techniques in a form that is relevant to analysis of proliferation risks; A detailed projection of the world demand for uranium enrichment services; A summary and critique of present institutional non-proliferation arrangements in the world enrichment industry, and An identification of the states most likely to pursue the enrichment route to acquisition of nuclear weapons.
Congress has long sought, through legislation and oversight, to protect the United States against terrorist threats, especially from chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) weapons. Radiological dispersal devices (RDDs) are one type of CBRN weapon. Explosive-driven "dirty bombs" are an often-discussed type of RDD, though radioactive material can also be dispersed in other ways. This report provides background for understanding the RDD threat and responses, and presents issues for Congress. Appendices: Technical Background; Some U.S. Vulnerabilities to RDDS. Charts and tables. This is a print on demand edition of an important, hard-to-find publication.
Applications of Nuclear and Radioisotope Technology by Khalid Alnabhani Pdf
Applications of Nuclear and Radioisotope Technology: For Peace and Sustainable Development presents the latest technology and research on nuclear energy with a practical focus on a variety of applications. Author Dr. Khalid Al-Nabhani provides a thorough and well-rounded view of the status of nuclear power generation in order to promote its benefits towards a sustainable, clean and secure future. This book offers innovative theoretical, analytical, methodological and technological approaches, encourages a positive societal and political uptake. This book enhances awareness of peaceful nuclear applications across a broad spectrum of industries, including power generation, agriculture, and medicine. It presents successful examples and lessons learned across many countries that are working towards their sustainability goals in cooperation with the IAEA and AAEA, to benefit researchers, professionals and decision-makers implementing and developing their own nuclear strategies for the future. Presents theoretical and scientific knowledge which is supported with real examples and successful experiences Provides prevailing perceptions of nuclear safety and security concerns by presenting the most advanced safety and security systems Applies technologies to a variety of applications to guide the reader to make informed decisions to help meet sustainability goals
Author : Douglas C. Lovelace, Jr. Publisher : Oxford University Press Page : 393 pages File Size : 48,5 Mb Release : 2017 Category : Law ISBN : 9780190255350
Terrorism: Commentary on Security Documents Volume 145 by Douglas C. Lovelace, Jr. Pdf
Terrorism: Commentary on Security Documents is a series that provides primary source documents and expert commentary on various topics relating to the worldwide effort to combat terrorism, as well as efforts by the United States and other nations to protect their national security interests. Volume 145, The North Korean Threat, examines the strategies adopted by the United States, China, and the international community in response to the nuclear threat posed by North Korea. The volume includes a selection of documents chosen to illustrate developments in this area from 2010 through 2016, with commentary from series editor Douglas C. Lovelace, Jr. The documents in this volume include 2016 UN Security Council resolutions on North Korea, Congressional Research Service reports covering various aspects of the U.S. response to North Korea's nuclear program, a U.S. Department of Defense report prepared for Congress on military and security developments related to North Korea, and a detailed description of the U.S. sanctions program against North Korea from the U.S. Treasury Department's Office of Foreign Assets Control.
National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Committee on International Security and Arms Control
Author : National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Committee on International Security and Arms Control Publisher : National Academies Press Page : 266 pages File Size : 45,8 Mb Release : 2005-04-15 Category : Political Science ISBN : 9780309181211
Monitoring Nuclear Weapons and Nuclear-Explosive Materials by National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Committee on International Security and Arms Control Pdf
In this study, CISAC tackles the technical dimensions of a longstanding controversy: To what extent could existing and plausibly attainable measures for transparency and monitoring make possible the verification of all nuclear weaponsâ€"strategic and nonstrategic, deployed and nondeployedâ€"plus the nuclear-explosive components and materials that are their essential ingredients? The committee's assessment of the technical and organizational possibilities suggests a more optimistic conclusion than most of those concerned with these issues might have expected.
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Board on Physics and Astronomy,Committee on Opportunities in the Science, Applications, and Technology of Intense Ultrafast Lasers
Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Board on Physics and Astronomy,Committee on Opportunities in the Science, Applications, and Technology of Intense Ultrafast Lasers Publisher : National Academies Press Page : 347 pages File Size : 48,6 Mb Release : 2018-03-03 Category : Science ISBN : 9780309467698
Opportunities in Intense Ultrafast Lasers by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Board on Physics and Astronomy,Committee on Opportunities in the Science, Applications, and Technology of Intense Ultrafast Lasers Pdf
The laser has revolutionized many areas of science and society, providing bright and versatile light sources that transform the ways we investigate science and enables trillions of dollars of commerce. Now a second laser revolution is underway with pulsed petawatt-class lasers (1 petawatt: 1 million billion watts) that deliver nearly 100 times the total world's power concentrated into a pulse that lasts less than one-trillionth of a second. Such light sources create unique, extreme laboratory conditions that can accelerate and collide intense beams of elementary particles, drive nuclear reactions, heat matter to conditions found in stars, or even create matter out of the empty vacuum. These powerful lasers came largely from U.S. engineering, and the science and technology opportunities they enable were discussed in several previous National Academies' reports. Based on these advances, the principal research funding agencies in Europe and Asia began in the last decade to invest heavily in new facilities that will employ these high-intensity lasers for fundamental and applied science. No similar programs exist in the United States. Opportunities in Intense Ultrafast Lasers assesses the opportunities and recommends a path forward for possible U.S. investments in this area of science.
