Method In Ecology

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Ecological Methods

T.R. Southwood
Ecological Methods Book PDF

Author : T.R. Southwood
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 548 pages
File Size : 46,9 Mb
Release : 2013-06-29
Category : Science
ISBN : 9789401572910

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Ecological Methods by T.R. Southwood Pdf

The virtual impossibility of extracting the many different species from a habitat with equal efficiency by a single method (e.g. Nef, 1960). 1.1 Population estimates Population estimates can be classified into a number of different types; the most convenient classification is that adopted by Morris (1955), although he used the terms somewhat differently in a later paper (1960). 1.1.1 Absolute and related estimates The animal numbers may be expressed as a density per unit area of the ground of the habitat. Such estimates are given by nearest neighbour and related techniques (Chapter 2), marking and recapture (Chapter 3), by sampling a known fraction of the habitat (Chapter 4-6) and by removal sampling and random walk techniques (Chapter 7). Absolute population The number of animals per unit area (e.g. hectare, acre). It is almost impossible to construct a budget or to study mortality factors without the conversion of population estimates to absolute figures, for not only do insects often move from the plant to the soil at different developmental stages, but the amount of plant material is itself always changing. The importance of obtaining absolute estimates cannot be overemphasized.

Method in Ecology

Kristin Sharon Shrader-Frechette,Earl D. McCoy
Method in Ecology Book PDF

Author : Kristin Sharon Shrader-Frechette,Earl D. McCoy
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 342 pages
File Size : 48,5 Mb
Release : 1993-09-30
Category : Nature
ISBN : 9780521418614

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Method in Ecology by Kristin Sharon Shrader-Frechette,Earl D. McCoy Pdf

This book discusses the help ecology can and can't give in environmental problem solving.

Methods in Stream Ecology

F. Richard Hauer,Gary A. Lamberti
Methods in Stream Ecology Book PDF

Author : F. Richard Hauer,Gary A. Lamberti
Publisher : Academic Press
Page : 506 pages
File Size : 55,6 Mb
Release : 2017-01-16
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780124165786

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Methods in Stream Ecology by F. Richard Hauer,Gary A. Lamberti Pdf

Methods in Stream Ecology provides a complete series of field and laboratory protocols in stream ecology that are ideal for teaching or conducting research. This two part new edition is updated to reflect recent advances in the technology associated with ecological assessment of streams, including remote sensing. Volume focusses on ecosystem structure with in-depth sections on Physical Processes, Material Storage and Transport and Stream Biota. With a student-friendly price, this Third Edition is key for all students and researchers in stream and freshwater ecology, freshwater biology, marine ecology, and river ecology. This text is also supportive as a supplementary text for courses in watershed ecology/science, hydrology, fluvial geomorphology, and landscape ecology. Provides a variety of exercises in each chapter Includes detailed instructions, illustrations, formulae, and data sheets for in-field research for students Presents taxonomic keys to common stream invertebrates and algae Includes website with tables and a link from Chapter 22: FISH COMMUNITY COMPOSITION to an interactive program for assessing and modeling fish numbers Written by leading experts in stream ecology

Molecular Methods in Ecology

Allan Baker
Molecular Methods in Ecology Book PDF

Author : Allan Baker
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 349 pages
File Size : 54,5 Mb
Release : 2009-04-01
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781444311419

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Molecular Methods in Ecology by Allan Baker Pdf

The incorporation of molecular methods in ecological research has added an exciting new dimension to conventional studies, and opened windows into previously intractable areas of research, at the interface between ecology and genetics. Using these new methods it has now become routine to use genetic markers to study ecological phenomena, from molecular sexing of individuals and parentage of offspring, through to population structure of species and phylogenetic relationships of taxa. These methods have stimulated an explosion of empirical and analytical developments in molecular ecology, which have in turn, increasingly attracted students and professional biologists eager to employ them in their studies. Molecular Methods in Ecology traces the development of molecular ecology by reviewing basic molecular biological techniques and earlier methods such as protein electrophoresis, DNA-DNA hybridisation, restriction analysis of DNA, and DNA fingerprinting. Later chapters review methods using newer classes of markers such as microsatellites, introns, MHC, SSRs and AFLP markers in plants and molecular sexing in animals. The strengths and limitations of methods are discussed and guidance is provided in selecting the most appropriate methods for particular problems in ecology. This book will provide both postgraduates and researchers with a guide to choosing and employing appropriate methodologies for successful research in the field of molecular ecology. Provides up-to-date summaries of the latest molecular approaches in this rapidly expanding field. Gives guidance on the appropriate choice of methods for particular problems in ecology, and their strengths and limitations. Provides brief laboratory protocols for each molecular method and summaries of software available for analysis of data in molecular ecology. Outlines examples of the latest research results from studies of both plants and animals, integrated within the framework of molecular ecology.

An Introduction to Methods and Models in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology

Stanton Braude,Bobbi S. Low
An Introduction to Methods and Models in Ecology Evolution and Conservation Biology Book PDF

Author : Stanton Braude,Bobbi S. Low
Publisher : Princeton University Press
Page : 288 pages
File Size : 52,9 Mb
Release : 2010-01-04
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781400835454

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An Introduction to Methods and Models in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology by Stanton Braude,Bobbi S. Low Pdf

An innovative introduction to ecology and evolution This unique textbook introduces undergraduate students to quantitative models and methods in ecology, behavioral ecology, evolutionary biology, and conservation. It explores the core concepts shared by these related fields using tools and practical skills such as experimental design, generating phylogenies, basic statistical inference, and persuasive grant writing. And contributors use examples from their own cutting-edge research, providing diverse views to engage students and broaden their understanding. This is the only textbook on the subject featuring a collaborative "active learning" approach that emphasizes hands-on learning. Every chapter has exercises that enable students to work directly with the material at their own pace and in small groups. Each problem includes data presented in a rich array of formats, which students use to answer questions that illustrate patterns, principles, and methods. Topics range from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and population effective size to optimal foraging and indices of biodiversity. The book also includes a comprehensive glossary. In addition to the editors, the contributors are James Beck, Cawas Behram Engineer, John Gaskin, Luke Harmon, Jon Hess, Jason Kolbe, Kenneth H. Kozak, Robert J. Robertson, Emily Silverman, Beth Sparks-Jackson, and Anton Weisstein. Provides experience with hypothesis testing, experimental design, and scientific reasoning Covers core quantitative models and methods in ecology, behavioral ecology, evolutionary biology, and conservation Turns "discussion sections" into "thinking labs" Professors: A supplementary Instructor's Manual is available for this book. It is restricted to teachers using the text in courses. For information on how to obtain a copy, refer to: http://press.princeton.edu/class_use/solutions.html

Ecological Data

William K. Michener,James W. Brunt
Ecological Data Book PDF

Author : William K. Michener,James W. Brunt
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 194 pages
File Size : 48,9 Mb
Release : 2009-04-01
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781444311396

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Ecological Data by William K. Michener,James W. Brunt Pdf

Ecologists are increasingly tackling difficult issues like global change, loss of biodiversity and sustainability of ecosystem services. These and related topics are enormously challenging, requiring unprecedented multidisciplinary collaboration and rapid synthesis of large amounts of diverse data into information and ultimately knowledge. New sensors, computers, data collection and storage devices and analytical and statistical methods provide a powerful tool kit to support analyses, graphics and visualizations that were unthinkable even a few years ago. New and increased emphasis on accessibility, management, processing and sharing of high-quality, well-maintained and understandable data represents a significant change in how scientists view and treat data. These issues are complex and despite their importance, are typically not addressed in database, ecological and statistical textbooks. This book addresses these issues, providing a much needed resource for those involved in designing and implementing ecological research, as well as students who are entering the environmental sciences. Chapters focus on the design of ecological studies, data management principles, scientific databases, data quality assurance, data documentation, archiving ecological data and information and processing data into information and knowledge. The book stops short of a detailed treatment of data analysis, but does provide pointers to the relevant literature in graphics, statistics and knowledge discovery. The central thesis of the book is that high quality data management systems are critical for addressing future environmental challenges. This requires a new approach to how we conduct ecological research, that views data as a resource and promotes stewardship, recycling and sharing of data. Ecological Data will be particularly useful to those ecologists and information specialists that actively design, manage and analyze environmental databases. However, it will also benefit a wider audience of scientists and students in the ecological and environmental sciences.

Methods in Stream Ecology

F. Richard Hauer,Gary Lamberti
Methods in Stream Ecology Book PDF

Author : F. Richard Hauer,Gary Lamberti
Publisher : Academic Press
Page : 894 pages
File Size : 50,5 Mb
Release : 2011-04-27
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780080547435

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Methods in Stream Ecology by F. Richard Hauer,Gary Lamberti Pdf

Methods in Stream Ecology, Second Edition, provides a complete series of field and laboratory protocols in stream ecology that are ideal for teaching or conducting research. This updated edition reflects recent advances in the technology associated with ecological assessment of streams, including remote sensing. In addition, the relationship between stream flow and alluviation has been added, and a new chapter on riparian zones is also included. The book features exercises in each chapter; detailed instructions, illustrations, formulae, and data sheets for in-field research for students; and taxanomic keys to common stream invertebrates and algae. With a student-friendly price, this book is key for all students and researchers in stream and freshwater ecology, freshwater biology, marine ecology, and river ecology. This text is also supportive as a supplementary text for courses in watershed ecology/science, hydrology, fluvial geomorphology, and landscape ecology. Exercises in each chapter Detailed instructions, illustrations, formulae, and data sheets for in-field research for students Taxanomic keys to common stream invertebrates and algae Link from Chapter 22: FISH COMMUNITY COMPOSITION to an interactive program for assessing and modeling fish numbers

The Routledge Handbook of Research Methods for Social-Ecological Systems

Reinette Biggs,Alta de Vos,Rika Preiser,Hayley Clements,Kristine Maciejewski,Maja Schlüter
The Routledge Handbook of Research Methods for Social Ecological Systems Book PDF

Author : Reinette Biggs,Alta de Vos,Rika Preiser,Hayley Clements,Kristine Maciejewski,Maja Schlüter
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 526 pages
File Size : 51,6 Mb
Release : 2021-07-29
Category : Nature
ISBN : 9781000401516

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The Routledge Handbook of Research Methods for Social-Ecological Systems by Reinette Biggs,Alta de Vos,Rika Preiser,Hayley Clements,Kristine Maciejewski,Maja Schlüter Pdf

The Routledge Handbook of Research Methods for Social-Ecological Systems provides a synthetic guide to the range of methods that can be employed in social-ecological systems (SES) research. The book is primarily targeted at graduate students, lecturers and researchers working on SES, and has been written in a style that is accessible to readers entering the field from a variety of different disciplinary backgrounds. Each chapter discusses the types of SES questions to which the particular methods are suited and the potential resources and skills required for their implementation, and provides practical examples of the application of the methods. In addition, the book contains a conceptual and practical introduction to SES research, a discussion of key gaps and frontiers in SES research methods, and a glossary of key terms in SES research. Contributions from 97 different authors, situated at SES research hubs in 16 countries around the world, including South Africa, Sweden, Germany and Australia, bring a wealth of expertise and experience to this book. The first book to provide a guide and introduction specifically focused on methods for studying SES, this book will be of great interest to students and scholars of sustainability science, environmental management, global environmental change studies and environmental governance. The book will also be of interest to upper-level undergraduates and professionals working at the science–policy interface in the environmental arena.

Distance Sampling: Methods and Applications

S. T. Buckland,E.A. Rexstad,T.A. Marques,C.S. Oedekoven
Distance Sampling Methods and Applications Book PDF

Author : S. T. Buckland,E.A. Rexstad,T.A. Marques,C.S. Oedekoven
Publisher : Springer
Page : 277 pages
File Size : 41,9 Mb
Release : 2015-08-08
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9783319192192

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Distance Sampling: Methods and Applications by S. T. Buckland,E.A. Rexstad,T.A. Marques,C.S. Oedekoven Pdf

In this book, the authors cover the basic methods and advances within distance sampling that are most valuable to practitioners and in ecology more broadly. This is the fourth book dedicated to distance sampling. In the decade since the last book published, there have been a number of new developments. The intervening years have also shown which advances are of most use. This self-contained book covers topics from the previous publications, while also including recent developments in method, software and application. Distance sampling refers to a suite of methods, including line and point transect sampling, in which animal density or abundance is estimated from a sample of distances to detected individuals. The book illustrates these methods through case studies; data sets and computer code are supplied to readers through the book’s accompanying website. Some of the case studies use the software Distance, while others use R code. The book is in three parts. The first part addresses basic methods, the design of surveys, distance sampling experiments, field methods and data issues. The second part develops a range of modelling approaches for distance sampling data. The third part describes variations in the basic method; discusses special issues that arise when sampling different taxa (songbirds, seabirds, cetaceans, primates, ungulates, butterflies, and plants); considers advances to deal with failures of the key assumptions; and provides a check-list for those conducting surveys.

Bayesian Methods for Ecology

Michael A. McCarthy
Bayesian Methods for Ecology Book PDF

Author : Michael A. McCarthy
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 310 pages
File Size : 48,7 Mb
Release : 2007-05-10
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781139463874

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Bayesian Methods for Ecology by Michael A. McCarthy Pdf

The interest in using Bayesian methods in ecology is increasing, however many ecologists have difficulty with conducting the required analyses. McCarthy bridges that gap, using a clear and accessible style. The text also incorporates case studies to demonstrate mark-recapture analysis, development of population models and the use of subjective judgement. The advantages of Bayesian methods, are also described here, for example, the incorporation of any relevant prior information and the ability to assess the evidence in favour of competing hypotheses. Free software is available as well as an accompanying web-site containing the data files and WinBUGS codes. Bayesian Methods for Ecology will appeal to academic researchers, upper undergraduate and graduate students of Ecology.

Statistical Ecology

John A. Ludwig,James F. Reynolds
Statistical Ecology Book PDF

Author : John A. Ludwig,James F. Reynolds
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 362 pages
File Size : 55,5 Mb
Release : 1988-05-18
Category : Mathematics
ISBN : 0471832359

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Statistical Ecology by John A. Ludwig,James F. Reynolds Pdf

Ecological community data. Spatial pattern analysis. Species-abundance relations. Species affinity. Community classification. Community ordination. Community interpretation.

Methods in Plant Ecology

Peter D. Moore,S. B. Chapman
Methods in Plant Ecology Book PDF

Author : Peter D. Moore,S. B. Chapman
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 618 pages
File Size : 43,8 Mb
Release : 1986
Category : Science
ISBN : UOM:39015053964360

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Methods in Plant Ecology by Peter D. Moore,S. B. Chapman Pdf

Production ecology and nutrient budgets; Faecal analysis and exclosure studies; Water relations and stress; Mineral nutrition; Site and soils; Chemical analysis; Plant population biology; Description and analysis of vegetation; Site history.

Methods in Ecosystem Science

Osvaldo E. Sala,Robert B. Jackson,Harold A. Mooney,Robert W. Howarth
Methods in Ecosystem Science Book PDF

Author : Osvaldo E. Sala,Robert B. Jackson,Harold A. Mooney,Robert W. Howarth
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 441 pages
File Size : 42,7 Mb
Release : 2013-12-01
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781461212249

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Methods in Ecosystem Science by Osvaldo E. Sala,Robert B. Jackson,Harold A. Mooney,Robert W. Howarth Pdf

Ecology at the ecosystem level has both necessitated and benefited from new methods and technologies as well as those adapted from other disciplines. With the ascendancy of ecosystem science and management, the need has arisen for a comprehensive treatment of techniques used in this rapidly-growing field. Methods in Ecosystem Science answers that need by synthesizing the advantages, disadvantages and tradeoffs associated with the most commonly used techniques in both aquatic and terrestrial research. The book is divided into sections addressing carbon and energy dynamics, nutrient and water dynamics, manipulative ecosystem experiements and tools to synthesize our understanding of ecosystems. Detailed information about various methods will help researchers choose the most appropriate methods for their particular studies. Prominent scientists discuss how tools from a variety of disciplines can be used in ecosystem science at different scales.

Methods for Ecological Research on Terrestrial Small Mammals

Robert McCleery,Ara Monadjem,L. Mike Conner,James D. Austin,Peter J. Taylor
Methods for Ecological Research on Terrestrial Small Mammals Book PDF

Author : Robert McCleery,Ara Monadjem,L. Mike Conner,James D. Austin,Peter J. Taylor
Publisher : JHU Press
Page : 381 pages
File Size : 55,8 Mb
Release : 2022-01-04
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781421442129

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Methods for Ecological Research on Terrestrial Small Mammals by Robert McCleery,Ara Monadjem,L. Mike Conner,James D. Austin,Peter J. Taylor Pdf

All the information researchers, students, and practitioners need to conducted innovative, state-of-the-art research on small mammals. Rodents and insectivores constitute the vast majority of mammals on our planet, yet we often overlook the importance of this group. As seed dispersers, prey species, and disease regulators, these animals are critical to the functioning of our ecological systems. While considerable material exists that describes these species, there has been no dedicated guide explaining how to effectively research them—until now. Methods for Ecological Research on Terrestrial Small Mammals is a one-stop resource compiling all the information readers need to conduct state-of-the-art research on small terrestrial mammals across the globe. The authors cover the full spectrum of issues, from capture, handling, identification, reproduction, demography, and taxonomy to behavior, diet, evolution, diseases, movements, morphometrics, and more. They also: • highlight the latest techniques while carefully explaining the tried-and-tested methods needed to conduct rigorous scientific inquiries; • provide step-by-step examples and case studies, demonstrating how the methods discussed can be used in actual research projects; • compare and contrast methodologies, analytical techniques, and software packages, helping researchers determine which pathways and tools will yield the best results for their studies. A comprehensive and invaluable resource, Methods for Ecological Research on Terrestrial Small Mammals is a must-have for any ecologist working on small mammals.

Community Ecology

Mark Gardener
Community Ecology Book PDF

Author : Mark Gardener
Publisher : Pelagic Publishing Ltd
Page : 553 pages
File Size : 52,7 Mb
Release : 2014-02-01
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781907807633

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Community Ecology by Mark Gardener Pdf

Interactions between species are of fundamental importance to all living systems and the framework we have for studying these interactions is community ecology. This is important to our understanding of the planets biological diversity and how species interactions relate to the functioning of ecosystems at all scales. Species do not live in isolation and the study of community ecology is of practical application in a wide range of conservation issues. The study of ecological community data involves many methods of analysis. In this book you will learn many of the mainstays of community analysis including: diversity, similarity and cluster analysis, ordination and multivariate analyses. This book is for undergraduate and postgraduate students and researchers seeking a step-by-step methodology for analysing plant and animal communities using R and Excel. Microsoft's Excel spreadsheet is virtually ubiquitous and familiar to most computer users. It is a robust program that makes an excellent storage and manipulation system for many kinds of data, including community data. The R program is a powerful and flexible analytical system able to conduct a huge variety of analytical methods, which means that the user only has to learn one program to address many research questions. Its other advantage is that it is open source and therefore completely free. Novel analytical methods are being added constantly to the already comprehensive suite of tools available in R. Mark Gardener is both an ecologist and an analyst. He has worked in a range of ecosystems around the world and has been involved in research across a spectrum of community types. His knowledge of R is largely self-taught and this gives him insight into the needs of students learning to use R for complicated analyses.