Myanmar S Microfinance Sector Agriculture And Covid 19 Emerging Insights And New Challenges

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Myanmar's microfinance sector, agriculture, and COVID-19: Emerging insights and new challenges

Myanmar SSP Working Paper
Myanmar s microfinance sector agriculture and COVID 19 Emerging insights and new challenges Book PDF

Author : Myanmar SSP Working Paper
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 39 pages
File Size : 48,5 Mb
Release : 2021-12-02
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Myanmar's microfinance sector, agriculture, and COVID-19: Emerging insights and new challenges by Myanmar SSP Working Paper Pdf

This Working Paper takes comprehensive stock of the impacts of the first two waves of COVID-19 (in Q2 and Q4 2020) on the microfinance sector in Myanmar. We discuss potential impact pathways, review policy responses to the crisis, and present new quantitative analysis based on a set of surveys with respondents throughout the agricultural value chain. Additionally, we briefly review impacts since the military takeover on February 1, 2021. Overall, various disruptions to the microfinance sector, particularly during peak periods of COVID-19, significantly reduced overall lending from April 2020, onward. These disruptions, along with disruptions to external financing, led to greater informal borrowing, likely greater indebtedness, and lower food security. However, policy responses and financing accommodations to microfinance institutions (MFIs) in Q2 and Q3 2020 cushioned the sector against widespread insolvency. The events since the military takeover are creating new challenges, exacerbating the aforementioned impacts, and raising new risks of MFI insolvency and broader crises around food security, indebtedness, and poverty. Considering these findings, stakeholder recommendations underscore the importance of easing the movement of international and domestic goods. Efforts should be focused on meeting the MFIs’ need for loanable funds through mechanisms such as exchange rate hedging, credit guarantees, and loan enhancement, while continuing to encourage flexibility around existing financing. When the time comes for a full recovery, there should be a focus on facilitating additional financial injections so that MFIs can more effectively restart lending operations.

Rice productivity in Myanmar: Assessment of the 2021 monsoon and outlook for 2022

Myanmar Agriculture Policy Support Activity (MAPSA)
Rice productivity in Myanmar Assessment of the 2021 monsoon and outlook for 2022 Book PDF

Author : Myanmar Agriculture Policy Support Activity (MAPSA)
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 36 pages
File Size : 55,7 Mb
Release : 2022-06-01
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Rice productivity in Myanmar: Assessment of the 2021 monsoon and outlook for 2022 by Myanmar Agriculture Policy Support Activity (MAPSA) Pdf

We analyze rice input and productivity data for the monsoon seasons of 2020 and 2021 from the Myanmar Agriculture Performance Survey (MAPS). The survey covers plots of 2,672 rice producers, spread over 259 townships in all states/regions of the country. We find that: 1. Rice productivity at the national level during the monsoon of 2021 decreased on average by 2.1 percent compared to the monsoon of 2020. Considering estimated area reductions, national paddy production decreased by 3.4 percent compared to the monsoon of 2020. 2. Some areas performed substantially worse. Rice yields were low and declined significantly in Kayah and Chin, two conflict-affected states that have shown the highest levels of food insecurity in recent assessments. 3. Prices for most inputs used in rice cultivation increased significantly between these two seasons. Prices of urea, the most important chemical fertilizer used by rice farmers, increased by 56 percent on average and mechanization costs increased by 19 percent. 4. Paddy prices at the farm increased by 8 percent, significantly less than input prices, squeezing rice farmers’ profits during the monsoon of 2021. Despite the substantial hurdles in production and marketing due to the political crisis and international market developments, the results of the Myanmar Agricultural Performance Survey show the overall resilience of rice production during the monsoon of 2021. While the rice sector has been a source of stability in the country, the situation for future crop seasons is however concerning given further increases in input prices (especially fertilizer), the overall reduced profitability of rice farming, the reduced coping strategies remaining for rice farmers, and currency policy changes by the military government.

The Global Findex Database 2017

Asli Demirguc-Kunt,Leora Klapper,Dorothe Singer,Saniya Ansar
The Global Findex Database 2017 Book PDF

Author : Asli Demirguc-Kunt,Leora Klapper,Dorothe Singer,Saniya Ansar
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 148 pages
File Size : 45,6 Mb
Release : 2018-04-19
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781464812682

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The Global Findex Database 2017 by Asli Demirguc-Kunt,Leora Klapper,Dorothe Singer,Saniya Ansar Pdf

In 2011 the World Bank—with funding from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation—launched the Global Findex database, the world's most comprehensive data set on how adults save, borrow, make payments, and manage risk. Drawing on survey data collected in collaboration with Gallup, Inc., the Global Findex database covers more than 140 economies around the world. The initial survey round was followed by a second one in 2014 and by a third in 2017. Compiled using nationally representative surveys of more than 150,000 adults age 15 and above in over 140 economies, The Global Findex Database 2017: Measuring Financial Inclusion and the Fintech Revolution includes updated indicators on access to and use of formal and informal financial services. It has additional data on the use of financial technology (or fintech), including the use of mobile phones and the Internet to conduct financial transactions. The data reveal opportunities to expand access to financial services among people who do not have an account—the unbanked—as well as to promote greater use of digital financial services among those who do have an account. The Global Findex database has become a mainstay of global efforts to promote financial inclusion. In addition to being widely cited by scholars and development practitioners, Global Findex data are used to track progress toward the World Bank goal of Universal Financial Access by 2020 and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. The database, the full text of the report, and the underlying country-level data for all figures—along with the questionnaire, the survey methodology, and other relevant materials—are available at www.worldbank.org/globalfindex.

Dealing with the Challenges of Macro Financial Linkages in Emerging Markets

Otaviano Canuto,Swati Ghosh
Dealing with the Challenges of Macro Financial Linkages in Emerging Markets Book PDF

Author : Otaviano Canuto,Swati Ghosh
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 307 pages
File Size : 48,8 Mb
Release : 2013-10-29
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781464800030

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Dealing with the Challenges of Macro Financial Linkages in Emerging Markets by Otaviano Canuto,Swati Ghosh Pdf

This book deals with the challenges of macro financial linkages in the emerging markets.

COVID-19 and global food security: Two years later

McDermott, John,Swinnen, Johan
COVID 19 and global food security Two years later Book PDF

Author : McDermott, John,Swinnen, Johan
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 200 pages
File Size : 41,5 Mb
Release : 2022-03-07
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9780896294226

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COVID-19 and global food security: Two years later by McDermott, John,Swinnen, Johan Pdf

Two years after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the health, economic, and social disruptions caused by this global crisis continue to evolve. The impacts of the pandemic are likely to endure for years to come, with poor, marginalized, and vulnerable groups the most affected. In COVID-19 & Global Food Security: Two Years Later, the editors bring together contributions from new IFPRI research, blogs, and the CGIAR COVID-19 Hub to examine the pandemic’s effects on poverty, food security, nutrition, and health around the world. This volume presents key lessons learned on food security and food system resilience in 2020 and 2021 and assesses the effectiveness of policy responses to the crisis. Looking forward, the authors consider how the pandemic experience can inform both recovery and longer-term efforts to build more resilient food systems.

The Long Shadow of Informality

Franziska Ohnsorge,Shu Yu
The Long Shadow of Informality Book PDF

Author : Franziska Ohnsorge,Shu Yu
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 397 pages
File Size : 44,6 Mb
Release : 2022-02-09
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781464817540

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The Long Shadow of Informality by Franziska Ohnsorge,Shu Yu Pdf

A large percentage of workers and firms operate in the informal economy, outside the line of sight of governments in emerging market and developing economies. This may hold back the recovery in these economies from the deep recessions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic--unless governments adopt a broad set of policies to address the challenges of widespread informality. This study is the first comprehensive analysis of the extent of informality and its implications for a durable economic recovery and for long-term development. It finds that pervasive informality is associated with significantly weaker economic outcomes--including lower government resources to combat recessions, lower per capita incomes, greater poverty, less financial development, and weaker investment and productivity.

Sustaining Myanmar’s microfinance sector during the COVID-19 economic crisis to support food security, resilience, and economic recovery

Toth, Russell
Sustaining Myanmar s microfinance sector during the COVID 19 economic crisis to support food security resilience and economic recovery Book PDF

Author : Toth, Russell
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 10 pages
File Size : 44,5 Mb
Release : 2020-04-24
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Sustaining Myanmar’s microfinance sector during the COVID-19 economic crisis to support food security, resilience, and economic recovery by Toth, Russell Pdf

This note discusses the significant risks facing microfinance institutions (MFI) in Myanmar in the wake of the COVID-19 health and economic crisis and the implications for poverty and food insecurity of a serious negative shock to the MFI sector. The note is based on a desk review of the early policy responses in Myanmar, of best practices identified by international and local experts, and online discussions with leaders of MFIs operating in Myanmar. The objective is to make policymakers aware of the crucial role MFIs play in a wide range of economic activities in Myanmar, including food production, processing, trade, and marketing. A serious disruption to the MFI sector has the potential to: • Exacerbate food insecurity through damaging economic resilience in the short-to-medium term, • Lower agricultural output in the critical upcoming monsoon production season, and • Harm the potential for microfinance to contribute to economic recovery.

The State of Food and Agriculture 2021

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
The State of Food and Agriculture 2021 Book PDF

Author : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
Page : 182 pages
File Size : 50,6 Mb
Release : 2021-11-23
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9789251343296

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The State of Food and Agriculture 2021 by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Pdf

The COVID-19 pandemic exposed the vulnerability of agrifood systems to shocks and stresses and led to increased global food insecurity and malnutrition. Action is needed to make agrifood systems more resilient, efficient, sustainable and inclusive. The State of Food and Agriculture 2021 presents country-level indicators of the resilience of agrifood systems. The indicators measure the robustness of primary production and food availability, as well as physical and economic access to food. They can thus help assess the capacity of national agrifood systems to absorb shocks and stresses, a key aspect of resilience. The report analyses the vulnerabilities of food supply chains and how rural households cope with risks and shocks. It discusses options to minimize trade-offs that building resilience may have with efficiency and inclusivity. The aim is to offer guidance on policies to enhance food supply chain resilience, support livelihoods in the agrifood system and, in the face of disruption, ensure sustainable access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to all.

World Development Report 2008

World Bank
World Development Report 2008 Book PDF

Author : World Bank
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 384 pages
File Size : 55,5 Mb
Release : 2007-10-15
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 0821368095

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World Development Report 2008 by World Bank Pdf

The world's demand for food is expected to double within the next 50 years, while the natural resources that sustain agriculture will become increasingly scarce, degraded, and vulnerable to the effects of climate change. In many poor countries, agriculture accounts for at least 40 percent of GDP and 80 percent of employment. At the same time, about 70 percent of the world's poor live in rural areas and most depend on agriculture for their livelihoods. 'World Development Report 2008' seeks to assess where, when, and how agriculture can be an effective instrument for economic development, especially development that favors the poor. It examines several broad questions: How has agriculture changed in developing countries in the past 20 years? What are the important new challenges and opportunities for agriculture? Which new sources of agricultural growth can be captured cost effectively in particular in poor countries with large agricultural sectors as in Africa? How can agricultural growth be made more effective for poverty reduction? How can governments facilitate the transition of large populations out of agriculture, without simply transferring the burden of rural poverty to urban areas? How can the natural resource endowment for agriculture be protected? How can agriculture's negative environmental effects be contained? This year's report marks the 30th year the World Bank has been publishing the 'World Development Report'.

Edible Insects

Arnold van Huis,Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Edible Insects Book PDF

Author : Arnold van Huis,Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Publisher : Bright Sparks
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 46,8 Mb
Release : 2013
Category : Conservation of natural resources
ISBN : 9251075956

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Edible Insects by Arnold van Huis,Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Pdf

Edible insects have always been a part of human diets, but in some societies there remains a degree of disdain and disgust for their consumption. Although the majority of consumed insects are gathered in forest habitats, mass-rearing systems are being developed in many countries. Insects offer a significant opportunity to merge traditional knowledge and modern science to improve human food security worldwide. This publication describes the contribution of insects to food security and examines future prospects for raising insects at a commercial scale to improve food and feed production, diversify diets, and support livelihoods in both developing and developed countries. It shows the many traditional and potential new uses of insects for direct human consumption and the opportunities for and constraints to farming them for food and feed. It examines the body of research on issues such as insect nutrition and food safety, the use of insects as animal feed, and the processing and preservation of insects and their products. It highlights the need to develop a regulatory framework to govern the use of insects for food security. And it presents case studies and examples from around the world. Edible insects are a promising alternative to the conventional production of meat, either for direct human consumption or for indirect use as feedstock. To fully realise this potential, much work needs to be done by a wide range of stakeholders. This publication will boost awareness of the many valuable roles that insects play in sustaining nature and human life, and it will stimulate debate on the expansion of the use of insects as food and feed.

The Promise of Fintech

Ms.Ratna Sahay,Mr.Ulric Eriksson von Allmen,Ms.Amina Lahreche,Purva Khera,Ms.Sumiko Ogawa,Majid Bazarbash,Ms.Kimberly Beaton
The Promise of Fintech Book PDF

Author : Ms.Ratna Sahay,Mr.Ulric Eriksson von Allmen,Ms.Amina Lahreche,Purva Khera,Ms.Sumiko Ogawa,Majid Bazarbash,Ms.Kimberly Beaton
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 83 pages
File Size : 47,7 Mb
Release : 2020-07-01
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781513512242

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The Promise of Fintech by Ms.Ratna Sahay,Mr.Ulric Eriksson von Allmen,Ms.Amina Lahreche,Purva Khera,Ms.Sumiko Ogawa,Majid Bazarbash,Ms.Kimberly Beaton Pdf

Technology is changing the landscape of the financial sector, increasing access to financial services in profound ways. These changes have been in motion for several years, affecting nearly all countries in the world. During the COVID-19 pandemic, technology has created new opportunities for digital financial services to accelerate and enhance financial inclusion, amid social distancing and containment measures. At the same time, the risks emerging prior to COVID-19, as digital financial services developed, are becoming even more relevant.

Women’s Empowerment and Nutrition

Mara van den Bold,Agnes R. Quisumbing,Stuart Gillespie
Women s Empowerment and Nutrition Book PDF

Author : Mara van den Bold,Agnes R. Quisumbing,Stuart Gillespie
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 80 pages
File Size : 44,9 Mb
Release : 2013-11-01
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Women’s Empowerment and Nutrition by Mara van den Bold,Agnes R. Quisumbing,Stuart Gillespie Pdf

Many development programs that aim to alleviate poverty and improve investments in human capital consider women’s empowerment a key pathway by which to achieve impact and often target women as their main beneficiaries. Despite this, women’s empowerment dimensions are often not rigorously measured and are at times merely assumed. This paper starts by reflecting on the concept and measurement of women’s empowerment and then reviews some of the structural interventions that aim to influence underlying gender norms in society and eradicate gender discrimination. It then proceeds to review the evidence of the impact of three types of interventions—cash transfer programs, agricultural interventions, and microfinance programs—on women’s empowerment, nutrition, or both. Qualitative evidence on conditional cash transfer (CCT) programs generally points to positive impacts on women’s empowerment, although quantitative research findings are more heterogenous. CCT programs produce mixed results on long-term nutritional status, and very limited evidence exists of their impacts on micronutrient status. The little evidence available on unconditional cash transters (UCT) indicates mixed impacts on women’s empowerment and positive impacts on nutrition; however, recent reviews comparing CCT and UCT programs have found little difference in terms of their effects on stunting and they have found that conditionality is less important than other factors, such as access to healthcare and child age and sex. Evidence of cash transfer program impacts depending on the gender of the transfer recipient or on the conditionality is also mixed, although CCTs with non-health conditionalities seem to have negative impacts on nutritional status. The impacts of programs based on the gender of the transfer recipient show mixed results, but almost no experimental evidence exists of testing gender-differentiated impacts of a single program. Agricultural interventions—specifically home gardening and dairy projects—show mixed impacts on women’s empowerment measures such as time, workload, and control over income; but they demonstrate very little impact on nutrition. Implementation modalities are shown to determine differential impacts in terms of empowerment and nutrition outcomes. With regard to the impact of microfinance on women’s empowerment, evidence is also mixed, although more recent reviews do not find any impact on women’s empowerment. The impact of microfinance on nutritional status is mixed, with no evidence of impact on micronutrient status. Across all three types of programs (cash transfer programs, agricultural interventions, and microfinance programs), very little evidence exists on pathways of impact, and evidence is often biased toward a particular region. The paper ends with a discussion of the findings and remaining evidence gaps and an outline of recommendations for research.

Navigating COVID-19 in Asia and the Pacific

Bambang Susantono,Yasuyuki Sawada,Cyn-Young Park
Navigating COVID 19 in Asia and the Pacific Book PDF

Author : Bambang Susantono,Yasuyuki Sawada,Cyn-Young Park
Publisher : Asian Development Bank
Page : 324 pages
File Size : 48,8 Mb
Release : 2020-09-01
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9789292623562

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Navigating COVID-19 in Asia and the Pacific by Bambang Susantono,Yasuyuki Sawada,Cyn-Young Park Pdf

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has unleashed unparalleled challenges. At the same time, it offers a window to rethink Asia’s most fundamental development policies and strategies to address inequality, socioeconomic vulnerability, and environmental challenges. This publication gathers blogs and short policy pieces contributed by ADB staff and experts in an attempt to tackle immediate challenges and prepare for what may lie beyond the horizon. It covers a broad range of development challenges and highlights the crucial role of rapid adoption of digital technologies, adequate supply of quality infrastructure, disaster risk management, and strengthening regional cooperation for a resilient and sustainable future by shaping post-pandemic conditions.

The Analysis of Household Surveys

Angus Deaton
The Analysis of Household Surveys Book PDF

Author : Angus Deaton
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 492 pages
File Size : 40,5 Mb
Release : 1997
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 0801852544

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The Analysis of Household Surveys by Angus Deaton Pdf

Using data from several countries, including Cote d'Ivoire, India, Pakistan, Taiwan, and Thailand, this book analyzes household survey data from developing countries and illustrates how such data can be used to cast light on a range of short-term and long-term policy issues.

Asian Development Outlook 2020

Asian Development Bank
Asian Development Outlook 2020 Book PDF

Author : Asian Development Bank
Publisher : Asian Development Bank
Page : 737 pages
File Size : 55,7 Mb
Release : 2020-04-01
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9789292621568

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Asian Development Outlook 2020 by Asian Development Bank Pdf

After a disappointing 2019, growth prospects in developing Asia have worsened under the impact of the current health crisis. Signs of incipient recovery near the turn of this year were quickly overthrown as COVID-19 broke out in January 2020 in the region’s largest economy and subsequently expanded into a global pandemic. Disruption to regional and global supply chains, trade, and tourism, and the continued spread of the outbreak, leave the region reeling under massive economic shocks and financial turmoil. Across Asia, the authorities are responding with policies to contain the outbreak, facilitate medical interventions, and support vulnerable businesses and households. Assuming that the outbreak is contained this year, growth is expected to recover in 2021. Especially to face down fundamental threats such as the current medical emergency, innovation is critical to growth and development. As some economies in developing Asia challenge the innovation frontier, many others lag. More and better innovation is needed in the region to sustain growth that is more inclusive and environmentally sustainable. Five key drivers of innovation are sound education, productive entrepreneurship, high-quality institutions, efficient financial systems, and dynamic cities that excite knowledge exchange. The journey to creating an innovative society takes long-term commitment and hard work.