Poverty In The Pandemic

Author : Zachary Parolin
Publisher : Russell Sage Foundation
Page : 288 pages
File Size : 40,5 Mb
Release : 2023-09-01
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9781610449236

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Poverty in the Pandemic by Zachary Parolin Pdf

At the close of 2019, the United States saw a record-low poverty rate. At the start of 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic threatened to upend that trend and plunge millions of Americans into poverty. However, despite the highest unemployment rate since the Great Depression, the poverty rate declined to the lowest in modern U.S. history. In Poverty in the Pandemic social policy scholar Zachary Parolin provides a data-driven account of how poverty influenced the economic, social, and health consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic in the U.S., as well as how the country’s policy response led to historically low poverty rates. Drawing on dozens of data sources ranging from debit and credit card spending, the first national databases of school and childcare center closures in the U.S., and bi-weekly Census-run surveys on well-being, Parolin finds that entering the pandemic in poverty substantially increased a person’s likelihood of experiencing negative health outcomes due to the pandemic, such as contracting and dying from COVID, as well as losing their job. Additionally, he found that students from poor families suffered the greatest learning losses as a result of school closures and the shift to distance learning during the pandemic. However, unprecedented legislative action by the U.S. government, including the passage of the Families First Coronavirus Response Act (FFCRA), the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act, and the American Rescue Plan (ARP) helped mitigate the economic consequences of the pandemic and lifted around 18 million Americans out of poverty. Based on the success of these policies, Parolin concludes with policy suggestions that the U.S. can implement in more ‘normal’ times to improve the living conditions of low-income households after the pandemic subsides, including expanding access to Unemployment Insurance, permanently expanding the Child Tax Credit, promoting greater access to affordable, high-quality healthcare coverage, and investing more resources into the Census Bureau’s data-collection capabilities. He also details a method of producing a monthly measurement of poverty, to be used in conjunction with the traditional annual measurement, in order to better understand the intra-year volatility of poverty that many Americans experience. Poverty in the Pandemic provides the most complete account to date of the unique challenges that low-income households in the U.S. faced during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Author : Kayleigh Garthwaite,Ruth Patrick,Maddy Power,Anna Tarrant,Rosalie Warnock
Publisher : Policy Press
Page : 256 pages
File Size : 43,7 Mb
Release : 2022-05-31
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781447364498

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COVID-19 Collaborations by Kayleigh Garthwaite,Ruth Patrick,Maddy Power,Anna Tarrant,Rosalie Warnock Pdf

Epdf and ePUB available Open Access under CC BY NC ND licence. The COVID-19 pandemic affected everyone – but, for some, existing social inequalities were exacerbated, and this created a vital need for research. Researchers found themselves operating in a new and difficult context; they needed to act quickly and think collectively to embark on new research despite the constraints of the pandemic. This book presents the collaborative process of 14 research projects working together during COVID-19. It documents their findings and explains how researchers in the voluntary sector and academia responded methodologically, practically, and ethically to researching poverty and everyday life for families on low incomes during the pandemic. This book synthesises the challenges of researching during COVID-19 to improve future policy and practice. Also see 'A Year Like No Other: Family Life on a Low Income in COVID-19' to find out more about the lived experiences of low-income families during the pandemic.

Author : Ruth Patrick,Maddy Power,Kayleigh Garthwaite,Jim Kaufman,Geoff Page,Katie Pybus
Publisher : Policy Press
Page : 260 pages
File Size : 49,9 Mb
Release : 2022-09-13
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781447364702

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A Year Like No Other by Ruth Patrick,Maddy Power,Kayleigh Garthwaite,Jim Kaufman,Geoff Page,Katie Pybus Pdf

Money was already tight for UK families living on a low income before the COVID-19 pandemic, but national lockdowns made life much harder. Telling the stories of these families, this book exposes the ways that pre-existing inequalities, insecurities and hardships were amplified during the pandemic for families who were already in poverty before COVID-19, as well as those pushed into poverty by the economic fallout it created. Drawing on the Covid Realities research programme, and developed in partnership with parents and carers, it explores experiences of home-schooling, social security receipt and government, community and charitable support. This book sets out all that is wrong with the status quo, while also offering a powerful agenda for change. Also see ‘COVID-19 Collaborations: Researching Poverty and Low-Income Family Life during the Pandemic’ (Open Access) to find out more about the challenges of carrying out research during COVID-19.

Author : Goldstraw, Katy,Herrington, Tracey
Publisher : Policy Press
Page : 160 pages
File Size : 41,5 Mb
Release : 2021-06-21
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781447361589

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Socially Distanced Activism by Goldstraw, Katy,Herrington, Tracey Pdf

How would your experience of the COVID-19 pandemic have been different if you had no access to the internet? The APLE Collective - a group seeking to eradicate poverty – rooted their pandemic activism in expertise held by those with lived experience of poverty. This resulted in the decision to campaign against the exclusively digital response to the crisis and the alienation of people in poverty. Drawing on case studies from Thrive Teeside, ATD Fourth World and Expert Citizens (APLE Collective organisations), this book interrogates the term ‘lived experience’. It critically investigates how knowledge gained from lived experiences of poverty is integral to developing effective COVID-19 policy responses.

Author : Fang, Peixun,Kennedy, Adam,Resnick, Danielle
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 4 pages
File Size : 43,6 Mb
Release : 2020-10-06
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Scaling up and sustaining social protection under COVID-19 by Fang, Peixun,Kennedy, Adam,Resnick, Danielle Pdf

The COVID-19 pandemic and accompanying lockdowns have had enormous negative economic impacts and tested the resilience of people across all income levels. However, as with most crises, the poor disproportionately face the largest challenge in coping with economic shocks given their low asset base, lack of savings, and the informality of their employment. Recent estimates suggest that as many as 140 million people could be pushed into extreme poverty by the crisis, threatening gains made in the fight against poverty, food insecurity, and malnutrition in the last decade (Laborde, Martin, and Vos 2020). Social safety net policies have expanded considerably during the pandemic, helping to prevent vulnerable populations from falling further into poverty and supporting households’ recovery following the pandemic. This brief summarizes some of the patterns that have emerged, using data from the COVID-19 Policy Response (CPR) Portal to better identify how governments are targeting their efforts, which groups they are prioritizing, and whether citizens are satisfied with these interventions.

Author : International Monetary Fund
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 36 pages
File Size : 49,5 Mb
Release : 2021-03-05
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781513571645

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The Short-Term Impact of COVID-19 on Labor Markets, Poverty and Inequality in Brazil by International Monetary Fund Pdf

We document the short-term impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Brazilian labor market focusing on employment, wages and hours worked using the nationally representative household surveys PNAD-Continua and PNAD COVID. Sectors most susceptible to the shock because they are more contact-intensive and less teleworkable, such as construction, domestic services and hospitality, suffered large job losses and reductions in hours. Given low income workers experienced the largest decline in earnings, extreme poverty and the Gini coefficient based on labor income increased by around 9.2 and 5 percentage points, respectively, due to the immediate shock. The government’s broad based, temporary Emergency Aid transfer program more than offset the labor income losses for the bottom four deciles, however, such that poverty relative to the pre-COVID baseline fell. At a cost of around 4 percent of GDP in 2020 such support is not fiscally sustainable beyond the short-term and ended in late 2020. The challenge will be to avoid a sharp increase in poverty and inequality if the labor market does not pick up sufficiently fast in 2021.

Author : Aminjonov, Ulugbek,Bargain, Olivier,Bernard, Tanguy
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 45 pages
File Size : 52,9 Mb
Release : 2021-09-22
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Gimme shelter: Social distancing and income support in times of pandemic by Aminjonov, Ulugbek,Bargain, Olivier,Bernard, Tanguy Pdf

Author : Diao, Xinshen,Rosenbach, Gracie,Spielman, David J.,Aragie, Emerta
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 20 pages
File Size : 40,7 Mb
Release : 2021-06-29
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Assessing the impacts of COVID-19 on household incomes and poverty in Rwanda: A microsimulation approach by Diao, Xinshen,Rosenbach, Gracie,Spielman, David J.,Aragie, Emerta Pdf

In Rwanda, as in other countries, different types of households will experience the economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic differently. We use a microsimulation approach to highlight the importance of these differences and to draw attention to the diversified livelihood strategies of Rwandan households in order to fully understand COVID-19’s impacts on their income and poverty status. Our approach complements macro-level assessments of COVID-19’s economic impacts, focusing on the contribution of the income sources, asset holdings, and location (urban/rural) of households to understanding these differential effects.

Author : Moeen, Muhammad Saad,Haider, Zeeshan,Shikoh, Sania Haider,Rizwan, Noormah,Davies, Stephen,Rana, Abdul Wajid
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 40 pages
File Size : 46,9 Mb
Release : 2021-01-23
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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COVID-19: Estimating impact on the economy and poverty in Pakistan: Using SAM Multiplier Model by Moeen, Muhammad Saad,Haider, Zeeshan,Shikoh, Sania Haider,Rizwan, Noormah,Davies, Stephen,Rana, Abdul Wajid Pdf

Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) multiplier analysis has been employed to assess the impacts of COVID-19 on various macroeconomic variables including Gross Domestic Product (GDP), employment, and poverty in Pakistan. SAM multiplier models are well-suited to estimate the direct and indirect effects of unanticipated demand-side shocks and short-term fluctuations on various sectors and agents in the economy, such as those caused by the COVID19 pandemic. The results show that Pakistan’s GDP declined by 26.4 percent from mid-March to the end of June 2020 (14 weeks) compared to a non-COVID scenario. Services were hit the hardest, registering losses of 17.6 percent, followed by industry with losses of 6.7 percent. Agriculture turned out to be resilient and remained relatively unhurt, falling by 2.1 percent. All households witnessed a reduction in incomes, but higher-income quartiles appeared to have lost more than lower-income ones. Our approach for economic impact with mitigation measures is to assess the effectiveness of Emergency Response Packages (ERP) by altering the remittances to levels that reflect the magnitude of the support from the government. The total government expenditures were directed towards different kinds of households of PKR 318.6 billion (USD 2.12 billion). This led to a reduction of about USD 3.1 billion in GDP losses, which, compared to the amount spent implied a multiplier of 1.4 in GDP per PKR spent. The national poverty rate soared to 43 percent and 38.7 percent in April and May respectively. The Government’s cash transfers program proved highly effective and led to 11 percent reduction in poverty rate during the pandemic. The recovery scenarios indicate a cumulative GDP loss of USD 11.8 billion and 11.1 USD billion under slow and fast recovery scenarios, respectively, by December 2020. Our estimates show that Pakistan’s annual GDP (at market prices) will register a decline of 4.6 percent in the year 2020 due to negative effects of the pandemic and sluggish economic recovery. Poverty is expected to stabilize at 27.6 percent and 27.4 percent for the two recovery scenarios by December 2020.

Author : Carvalho, João Conrado de Amorim,Bustelo, Francisco Espasandín,Sabino, Emmanuel M. C. B.
Publisher : IGI Global
Page : 353 pages
File Size : 54,8 Mb
Release : 2021-12-17
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781799889274

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Multidimensional Approach to Local Development and Poverty: Causes, Consequences, and Challenges Post COVID-19 by Carvalho, João Conrado de Amorim,Bustelo, Francisco Espasandín,Sabino, Emmanuel M. C. B. Pdf

The phenomenon of poverty, despite being aggravated by the COVID-19 pandemic, is recurrent and very harmful in peripheral countries. There seems to be no single solution, as each country faces its specificities, requiring an immersion into its causes and consequences. Multidimensional Approach to Local Development and Poverty: Causes, Consequences, and Challenges Post COVID-19 discusses the results of research conducted on the multivariate causes of hunger and poverty and how the pandemic has aggravated this problem, as well as the local development initiatives that have been implemented to mitigate the problem. Covering a range of topics such as sustainable development and public policy, this book is ideal for policymakers, government officials, practitioners, researchers, academicians, instructors, and students.

Author : Abay, Kibrom A.,Yonzan, Nishant,Kurdi, Sikandra,Tafere, Kibrom
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 42 pages
File Size : 50,8 Mb
Release : 2022-10-20
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Revisiting poverty trends and the role of social protection systems in Africa during the COVID-19 pandemic by Abay, Kibrom A.,Yonzan, Nishant,Kurdi, Sikandra,Tafere, Kibrom Pdf

Quantifying the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on poverty in Africa has been as difficult as predicting the path of the pandemic, mainly due to data limitations. The advent of new data sources, including national accounts and phone survey data, provides an opportunity for a thorough reassessment of the impact of the pandemic and the subsequent expansion of social protection systems on the evolution of poverty in Africa. In this paper, we combine per capita GDP growth from national accounts with data from High-Frequency Phone Surveys for several countries to estimate the net impact of the pandemic on poverty. We find that the pandemic has increased poverty in Africa by 1.5-1.7 percentage points in 2020, relatively smaller than early estimates and projections. We also find that countries affected by Fragility, Conflict, and Violence (FCV) experienced the greatest increases in poverty, about 2.1 percentage points in 2020. Furthermore, we assess and synthesize empirical evidence on the role that social protection systems played in mitigating the adverse impact of the COVID-19 crisis in Africa. We review social protection responses in various African countries, mainly focusing on the impact of these programs and effectiveness of targeting systems. Although the evidence base on the protective role of social protection programs during the pandemic remains scarce, we highlight important findings on the impacts of these programs while also uncovering some vulnerabilities in social protection programming in Africa. We finally draw important lessons related to the delivery, targeting and impact of various social protection programs launched in Africa in response to the pandemic.

Author : Johannes G. Hoogeveen,Gladys Lopez-Acevedo
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 292 pages
File Size : 46,5 Mb
Release : 2021-12-20
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781464817779

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Distributional Impacts of COVID-19 in the Middle East and North Africa Region by Johannes G. Hoogeveen,Gladys Lopez-Acevedo Pdf

COVID-19 is one of multiple crises to have hit the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region in the decade following the Arab Spring. War, oil price declines, economic slowdowns, and now a pandemic are tearing at the social fabric of a region characterized by high rates of unemployment, high levels of informality, and low annual economic growth. The economic costs of the pandemic are estimated at about US$227 billion, and fiscal support packages across MENA are averaging 2.7 percent of GDP, putting pressure on already weak fiscal balances and making a quick recovery challenging. Even before the COVID-19 pandemic, MENA was the only region in the world experiencing increases in poverty and declines in life satisfaction. Distributional Impacts of COVID-19 in the Middle East and North Africa Region investigates how COVID-19 changed the welfare of individuals and households in the region. It does so by relying on phone surveys implemented across the region and complements these with microsimulation exercises to assess the impact of COVID-19 on jobs, income, poverty, and inequality. The two approaches complement and corroborate each other's results, thereby making the findings more robust and richer. This report's results show that, in the short run, poverty rates in MENA will increase significantly and inequality will widen. A group of 'new poor' is likely to emerge that may have difficulty recovering from the economic consequences of COVID-19. The report adds value by analyzing newly gathered primary data, along with projections based on newly modeled micro- and macrosimulations, and by identifying key issues that policy makers should focus on to enable a quick, inclusive, and sustained economic recovery.

Author : Ms. Elif C Arbatli Saxegaard,Mattia Coppo,Nasser Khalil,Shinya Kotera,Ms. Filiz D Unsal
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 37 pages
File Size : 51,7 Mb
Release : 2023-07-14
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9798400247873

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Inequality and Poverty in India: Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic and Policy Response by Ms. Elif C Arbatli Saxegaard,Mattia Coppo,Nasser Khalil,Shinya Kotera,Ms. Filiz D Unsal Pdf

Using microdata from nationally representative household and labor force surveys, we study the impact and drivers of poverty and inequality in India during the pandemic. We have three main findings. First, India has made significant progress in reducing poverty in recent decades, but the economic downturn associated with the COVID-19 pandemic is estimated to have temporarily increased poverty and inequality. Second, education and employment status seem to be the main factors associated with poverty and income/consumption changes. Finally, the government’s expansion of food subsidies has likely played a significant role in mitigating the increase in poverty during the pandemic.

Author : World Bank
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 288 pages
File Size : 40,9 Mb
Release : 2020-12-23
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781464816031

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Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2020 by World Bank Pdf

This edition of the biennial Poverty and Shared Prosperity report brings sobering news. The COVID-19 (coronavirus) pandemic and its associated economic crisis, compounded by the effects of armed conflict and climate change, are reversing hard-won gains in poverty reduction and shared prosperity. The fight to end poverty has suffered its worst setback in decades after more than 20 years of progress. The goal of ending extreme poverty by 2030, already at risk before the pandemic, is now beyond reach in the absence of swift, significant, and sustained action, and the objective of advancing shared prosperity—raising the incomes of the poorest 40 percent in each country—will be much more difficult. Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2020: Reversals of Fortune presents new estimates of COVID-19's impacts on global poverty and shared prosperity. Harnessing fresh data from frontline surveys and economic simulations, it shows that pandemic-related job losses and deprivation worldwide are hitting already poor and vulnerable people hard, while also shifting the profile of global poverty to include millions of 'new poor.' Original analysis included in the report shows that the new poor are more urban, better educated, and less likely to work in agriculture than those living in extreme poverty before COVID-19. It also gives new estimates of the impact of conflict and climate change, and how they overlap. These results are important for targeting policies to safeguard lives and livelihoods. It shows how some countries are acting to reverse the crisis, protect those most vulnerable, and promote a resilient recovery. These findings call for urgent action. If the global response fails the world's poorest and most vulnerable people now, the losses they have experienced to date will be minimal compared with what lies ahead. Success over the long term will require much more than stopping COVID-19. As efforts to curb the disease and its economic fallout intensify, the interrupted development agenda in low- and middle-income countries must be put back on track. Recovering from today's reversals of fortune requires tackling the economic crisis unleashed by COVID-19 with a commitment proportional to the crisis itself. In doing so, countries can also plant the seeds for dealing with the long-term development challenges of promoting inclusive growth, capital accumulation, and risk prevention—particularly the risks of conflict and climate change.

Author : Headey, Derek D.,Goudet, Sophie,Lambrecht, Isabel,Oo, Than Zaw,Maffioli, Elisa Maria,Field, Erica,Toth, Russell
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 13 pages
File Size : 54,8 Mb
Release : 2020-09-11
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Poverty and food insecurity during COVID-19: Evidence from the COVID-19 Rural and Urban Food Security Survey (RUFSS) - June and July 2020 round by Headey, Derek D.,Goudet, Sophie,Lambrecht, Isabel,Oo, Than Zaw,Maffioli, Elisa Maria,Field, Erica,Toth, Russell Pdf

The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered a global economic crisis from which very few countries will be spared. As a result of few COVID-19 cases, a relatively short-lived lockdown, and economic momentum prior to COVID-19, Myanmar is one of the few developing countries that the World Bank (2020) forecasts will not go into recession in 2020 – a very modest expansion of just 0.87 percent is forecast. A Social Accounting Matrix multiplier analysis by IFPRI projected a 0.50 percent expansion under a fast economic recovery scenario, but a 2.00 percent contraction under a slow economic recovery scenario (Diao et al., 2020). The IFPRI study projects massive declines in GDP across a range of sectors during lockdown periods, including large increases in unemployment (5 million during the lockdown period) and declines in household income of 20 to 30 percent for April to June, albeit with fast recovery thereafter.