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Author : Andras Lakatos,Gabor Petzold
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
Page : 88 pages
File Size : 44,6 Mb
Release : 2021-12-21
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9782889718405
Author : Tania Spohr
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
Page : 164 pages
File Size : 52,7 Mb
Release : 2020-05-20
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781789852530
The book will highlight the role played by glial cells in the central and peripheral nervous systems in both healthy and unhealthy individuals. Among all processes involved, we will discuss the importance of the enteric nervous system in the control of gut homeostasis, in the interaction with the immune system, and its participation in pathological conditions such as metabolic syndrome. We will also look at the relevance of astrocytes during synaptic transmission and the regulation of plasticity by releasing gliotransmitters. Ultimately, we will highlight the influence of astrocytes during the development of a number of neurodegenerative diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease, focusing on how the serum levels of the astrocytic protein S100B can be used as a biomarker for clinical decisions.
Author : Alessandro Michelucci,Michel Mittelbronn,Diego Gomez-Nicola
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
Page : 108 pages
File Size : 48,9 Mb
Release : 2018-10-05
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 9782889456017
Microglia are essential for the development and function of the adult brain. Their ontogeny, together with the absence of turnover from the periphery and the singular environment of the central nervous system (CNS), make microglia a unique cell population compared to other tissue-macrophages. The unique properties and functions of microglial cells, such as their role in synaptic pruning or the exceptional capacity to scan the brain parenchyma and rapidly react to its perturbations, have emerged in recent years. In the coming years, understanding how microglia acquire and maintain their unique profiles in order to fulfil distinct tasks in the healthy CNS and how these are altered in disease, will be essential to develop strategies to diagnose or treat CNS disorders with an immunological component. This Research Topic covers several aspects of microglial biology, ranging from their origin and the functional role of microglia during development and lifespan, their molecular properties compared with other brain and peripheral immune cells to microglial phenotypes and functional states in neurodegenerative diseases and brain tumours. In conclusion, the present Research Topic provides a comprehensive overview of our current understanding of several cellular and molecular mechanisms that make microglia a unique immune cell population within the healthy CNS as well as under inflammatory, neurodegenerative and tumorigenic processes.
Author : Carlos Barcia,Gilles J. Guillemin,James F. Curtin,Jeffrey M. Zirger
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
Page : 226 pages
File Size : 55,8 Mb
Release : 2016-05-30
Category : Electronic book
ISBN : 9782889198351
Immune responses within the brain are still scarcely explored. Nerve tissue damage is accompanied by the activation of glial cells, primarily microglia and astroglia, and such activation is responsible for the release of cytokines and chemokines that maintain the local inflammatory response and actively recruit lymphocytes and monocytes to the damaged areas. Theoretically, these responses are designed to repair the brain damage. However, alterations, or a chronic perpetuation of these responses may underlie a number of neuro-pathologies. It is thought that each inflammatory scenario within the brain have a specific biochemical footprint characterized by the release of determined cytokines, chemokines and growing factors able to define particular immunological responses. Alongside, glial cells transform their cell body, become larger and develop higher number of branches adopting an active morphological phenotype. These changes are related with the search of interactions with other cells, such as bystander resident cells of the brain parenchyma, but also cells homing from the blood stream. In this process, microglia and astrocytes communicates with other cells by the formation of specific intercellular connections that are still poorly understood. These interactions are complex and entail the arrangement of cytoskeletal compounds, secretory and phagocytic domains. In this particular crosstalk there is a two-way communication in which glial cells and target cells come together establishing interfaces with specific information exchange. This way, glial cells orchestrate the particular response recruiting cellular subsets within the central nervous system and organizing the resolution of the brain damage. In this Frontiers Research Topic, we compile a selection of articles unfolding diverse aspects of glial-derived inflammation, focused on neurodegenerative diseases and other nervous system disorders, with special emphasis on microglia/macrophages as leading actors managing neuro-immunity.
Author : M. A. Yenari,Rona Greenberg Giffard
Publisher : Nova Science Publishers
Page : 290 pages
File Size : 48,8 Mb
Release : 2006
Category : Medical
ISBN : UVA:X030116408
The brain has long been considered an immune privileged organ, meaning that inflammatory cells are excluded due to a relatively impenetrable blood brain barrier (BBB). However, this is not to say that the central nervous system is incapable of eliciting immune responses, as resident inflammatory cells exist within the brain parenchyma. Microglia have long been thought to be the brain's resident immune cell with myeloid lineage similar to monocytes and macrophages. In this volume, the authors review the current state of knowledge with regard to immune responses and cell-cell interactions as they pertain to a variety of neurodegenerative diseases. The changing role of inflammation with development is considered. They also present a summary of the various therapeutic strategies employed both in the laboratory and at the clinical level.
Author : Marie-Ève Tremblay,Amanda Sierra
Publisher : Springer
Page : 486 pages
File Size : 54,9 Mb
Release : 2014-09-22
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781493914296
These past few years have witnessed a revolution in our understanding of microglia, especially since their roles in the healthy central nervous system (CNS) have started to unravel. These cells were shown to actively maintain health, in concert with neurons and other types of CNS cells, providing further insight into their involvement with diseases. Edited by two pioneers in the field, Marie-Ève Tremblay and Amanda Sierra, Microglia in health and disease aims to share with the broader scientific community some of the recent discoveries in microglia research, from a broad perspective, with a collection of 19 chapters from 52 specialists working in 11 countries across 5 continents. To set microglia on the stage, the book begins by explaining briefly who they are, what they do in the healthy and diseased CNS, and how they can be studied. The first section describes in more details their physiological roles in the maturation, function, and plasticity of the CNS, across development, adolescence, adulthood, neuropathic pain, addiction, and aging. The second section focuses on their implication in pathological conditions impairing the quality of life: neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders, AIDS, and multiple sclerosis; and in leading causes of death: ischemia and stroke, neurodegenerative diseases, as well as trauma and injury.
Author : Michael S. Wolfe
Publisher : Academic Press
Page : 560 pages
File Size : 44,8 Mb
Release : 2018-03-29
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780128113059
The Molecular and Cellular Basis of Neurodegenerative Diseases: Underlying Mechanisms presents the pathology, genetics, biochemistry and cell biology of the major human neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, frontotemporal dementia, ALS, Huntington’s, and prion diseases. Edited and authored by internationally recognized leaders in the field, the book's chapters explore their pathogenic commonalities and differences, also including discussions of animal models and prospects for therapeutics. Diseases are presented first, with common mechanisms later. Individual chapters discuss each major neurodegenerative disease, integrating this information to offer multiple molecular and cellular mechanisms that diseases may have in common. This book provides readers with a timely update on this rapidly advancing area of investigation, presenting an invaluable resource for researchers in the field. Covers the spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases and their complex genetic, pathological, biochemical and cellular features Focuses on leading hypotheses regarding the biochemical and cellular dysfunctions that cause neurodegeneration Details features, advantages and limitations of animal models, as well as prospects for therapeutic development Authored by internationally recognized leaders in the field Includes illustrations that help clarify and consolidate complex concepts
Author : Jonas H. Ellenberg,William C. Koller,James William Langston
Publisher : CRC Press
Page : 600 pages
File Size : 47,9 Mb
Release : 1995-03-01
Category : Medical
ISBN : 0824788230
This comprehensive reference provides a detailed overview of current concepts regarding the cause of Parkinson's disease-emphasizing the issues involved in the design, implementation, and analysis of epidemiological studies of parkinsonism.
Author : Andreas Reichenbach,Andreas Bringmann
Publisher : Morgan & Claypool
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 53,6 Mb
Release : 2015-05
Category : Medical
ISBN : 1615046704
In 1851, Heinrich Müller discovered what he called "radial fibers" and what we now call Müller cells, as the principal glial cells of the vertebrate retina. Later on, other glial cell types were found in the retina, including astrocytes, microglia, and even oligodendrocytes. It turned out that retinal glial cells are essential constituents of the tissue. For instance, Müller cells appear to constitute the "core" of columnar units of clonally and functionally related groups of neurons. Their primary function is to support neuronal functioning by guiding the light towards the photoreceptor cells, removing excess neurotransmitter molecules from extracellular space, and performing efficient clearance of excess extracellular potassium ions. The latter two functions are also crucial for neuronal survival and are coupled to water clearance which is also essential. Müller cells are capable of "sensing" neuronal activity and modifying it by the release of signal substances (gliotransmitters). In cases of retinal injuries the Müller cells become reactive, and all above-mentioned functions are impaired. However, such de-differentiated Müller cells may proliferate, and may even serve as stem cells for the regeneration of a damaged retina. As well as the Müller cells, retinal astrocytes and microglial cells are important players in retinal development and function. This book gives a comprehensive survey of the present knowledge on retinal glia.
Author : Marie-Francoise Chesselet
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 416 pages
File Size : 47,7 Mb
Release : 2000-10-19
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781592590063
With the unprecedented identification of new mutation mechanisms in neurodegenerative diseases and the emergence of common mechanisms among diseases that were once considered unrelated, neurobiologists are poised for the development of new therapies based on high throughput screenings and a better understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms leading to neurodegeneration. In Molecular Mechanisms of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Marie-Francoise Chesselet, MD, PhD, and a panel of leading researchers and neurologists from industry and academia critically review the most recent advances from different yet complementary points of view. Focusing on Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and CAG triplet repeat diseases, the authors show how studies of cellular and genetically engineered animal models have enhanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases and may lead to the development of new therapeutics. Topics include the role of Ab toxicity, glial cells, and inflammation in Alzheimer's disease; the formation of abnormal protein fragments across several diseases, the impact of dopamine and mitochondrial dysfunction on neurodegeneration; and the potential of genetics to identify the molecular mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases. Authoritative and insightful, Molecular Mechanisms of Neurodegenerative Diseases synthesizes the novel ideas and concepts now emerging to create a fresh understanding of neurodegenerative disorders, one that promises to lead to powerful new therapies that prevent, delay the onset, slow the progression, or even cure these cruel diseases.
Author : Gabor G. Kovacs
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 319 pages
File Size : 53,8 Mb
Release : 2014-12-04
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781107442429
This heavily illustrated, must-have practical guide aids medical specialists and trainees in the diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases. Includes diagnostic algorithms.
Author : Royal Society of South Australia
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 308 pages
File Size : 47,5 Mb
Release : 1963
Category : Science
ISBN : UVA:X001747338
Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Health and Medicine Division,Board on Health Sciences Policy,Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 89 pages
File Size : 40,9 Mb
Release : 2018-03-16
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780309463652
Neuroinflammation is a burgeoning area of interest in academia and biopharma, with a broadly acknowledged role in many central nervous system (CNS) disorders. However, there is little agreement on the pathophysiological mechanisms that underlie the manifestations of neuroinflammation in the CNS compartment and how neuroinflammation operates as a driver and also as a consequence of disease in the brain. Moreover, another unclear area is how to translate increased understanding of the mechanisms that underlie neuroinflammation and its manifestations in the CNS to therapeutics. To address these gaps in understanding mechanisms and how to translate that understanding into therapeutics, the Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop on March 20-21, 2017, bringing together key leaders in the field from industry, academia, and governmental agencies to explore the role and mechanisms of neuroinflammation in a variety of CNS diseases. The workshop also considered strategies to advance the identification and validation of biomarkers of neuroinflammation that could accelerate development of therapies, bringing much-needed treatments to patients with disorders ranging from neuroinflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) to neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.
Author : Ke Zhang,Chao Wang,Junliang Yuan,Yu Deng
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
Page : 141 pages
File Size : 44,8 Mb
Release : 2022-09-15
Category : Science
ISBN : 9782889769759
Author : Anonim
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
Page : 1578 pages
File Size : 49,9 Mb
Release : 2008
Category : Clinical immunology
ISBN : 0323044042