Private Militaries And The Security Industry In Civil Wars

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Private Militaries and the Security Industry in Civil Wars

Seden Akcinaroglu,Elizabeth Radziszewski
Private Militaries and the Security Industry in Civil Wars Book PDF

Author : Seden Akcinaroglu,Elizabeth Radziszewski
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 224 pages
File Size : 54,6 Mb
Release : 2020-09-09
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9780197520819

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Private Militaries and the Security Industry in Civil Wars by Seden Akcinaroglu,Elizabeth Radziszewski Pdf

Since the 1990s, private military and security companies (PMSCs) have intervened in civil wars around the globe. International, legally registered corporate actors have assisted governments with a myriad of tasks including combat support, logistics, army and police training, intelligence analysis, and guard services. However, reports that such contractors have been responsible for human rights abuses have spurred the need to evaluate the industry's impact on conflicts. Are these contractors effective in curbing violence or does emphasis on profit and lack of accountability get in the way? And how can governments improve PMSCs' commitment to contractual obligations, including adherence to international humanitarian laws? This book identifies two market forces that impact PMSCs' military effectiveness: local or conflict-level competition and global or industry-level competition. Specifically, Seden Akcinaroglu and Elizabeth Radziszewski challenge the assumption that interventions by profit-driven coporations are likely to destabilize areas engaged in war, and provide data that private contractors do contribute to conflict termination under certain circumstances. They argue that competitive market pressure creates a strong monitoring system and that the company's corporate structure and external competitive environment in a given conflict help to explain the variance in accountability to clients. Including an analysis of data on international PMSCs' interventions in civil wars from 1990-2008, Akcinaroglu and Radziszewski show the impact of competition on companies' contribution to the termination of different types of civil wars.

Private Militaries and the Security Industry in Civil Wars

Seden Akcinaroglu,Elizabeth Radziszewski
Private Militaries and the Security Industry in Civil Wars Book PDF

Author : Seden Akcinaroglu,Elizabeth Radziszewski
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 46,9 Mb
Release : 2020
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 0197520839

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Private Militaries and the Security Industry in Civil Wars by Seden Akcinaroglu,Elizabeth Radziszewski Pdf

Whether they train police forces in Afghanistan or provide military assistance to governments in Africa that are battling rebel groups, private military and security companies (PMSCs), or corporations that provide security and military services for profit, have been present in numerous conflicts around the globe. In 1984 only one international PMSC intervened in a civil war; in 1989 there were 15 international PMSCs present in conflict zones, while from 2003 to 2019 over 120 of such companies provided services during the Iraq war. Why do international PMSCs sometimes help with conflict termination while in other cases their intervention is associated with prolonged wars? And in what ways does market competition affect PMSCs' military effectiveness?

Private Military and Security Companies

Thomas Jäger,Gerhard Kümmel
Private Military and Security Companies Book PDF

Author : Thomas Jäger,Gerhard Kümmel
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 489 pages
File Size : 45,5 Mb
Release : 2009-04-23
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9783531903132

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Private Military and Security Companies by Thomas Jäger,Gerhard Kümmel Pdf

Private Sicherheits- und Militärunternehmen erleben seit den 1990er Jahren einen außerordentlichen Boom und sind derzeit eines der spannendsten Phänomene in den internationalen Beziehungen. Die Palette der von ihnen angebotenen Dienstleistungen ist groß. Sie reichen von logistischer Unterstützung über Aufklärung bis hin zu Kampfeinsätzen. Zu ihren Kunden zählen Regierungen, Wirtschaftsunternehmen, internationale Organisationen, NGOs, humanitäre Organisationen sowie Privatpersonen. Gegenwärtig lässt sich an den Auseinandersetzungen im Irak sowohl die Aktualität wie auch die Brisanz ihres Einsatzes illustrieren, gibt es doch Anzeichen dafür, dass Beschäftigte solcher Unternehmen u.a. in die Folterung von Gefangenen verwickelt sind. Die Beiträge des Sammelbandes aus der Feder nationaler wie internationaler Expertinnen und Experten beschreiben und analysieren verschiedene Typen von privaten Sicherheits- und Militärunternehmens, ihre Dienstleistungen und die Umstände, die ihren Boom befördert haben. Sie diskutieren die Vor- wie auch die Nachteile ihres Einsatzes und beschreiben Instrumente, die die Tätigkeit dieser Unternehmen stärker reglementieren und kontrollieren könnten.

Private Military and Security Companies (PMSCs) and the Quest for Accountability

George Andreopoulos,John Kleinig
Private Military and Security Companies PMSCs and the Quest for Accountability Book PDF

Author : George Andreopoulos,John Kleinig
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 224 pages
File Size : 47,7 Mb
Release : 2019-03-18
Category : History
ISBN : 9781000022537

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Private Military and Security Companies (PMSCs) and the Quest for Accountability by George Andreopoulos,John Kleinig Pdf

Private Military and Security Companies (PMSCs) have constituted a perennial feature of the security landscape. Yet, it is their involvement in and conduct during the ongoing wars in Iraq and Afghanistan that have transformed the outsourcing of security services into such a pressing public policy and world-order issue. The PMSCs’ ubiquitous presence in armed conflict situations, as well as in post-conflict reconstruction, their diverse list of clients (governments in the developed and developing world, non-state armed groups, intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations, and international corporations) and, in the context of armed conflict situations, involvement in instances of gross misconduct, have raised serious accountability issues. The prominence of PMSCs in conflict zones has generated critical questions concerning the very concept of security and the role of private force, a rethinking of "essential governmental functions," a rearticulation of the distinction between public/private and global/local in the context of the creation of new forms of "security governance," and a consideration of the relevance, as well as limitations, of existing regulatory frameworks that include domestic and international law (in particular international human rights law and international humanitarian law). This book critically examines the growing role of PMSCs in conflict and post-conflict situations, as part of a broader trend towards the outsourcing of security functions. Particular emphasis is placed on key moral, legal, and political considerations involved in the privatization of such functions, on the impact of outsourcing on security governance, and on the main challenges confronting efforts to hold PMSCs accountable through a combination of formal and informal, domestic as well as international, regulatory mechanisms and processes. It will be of interest to scholars, policymakers, practitioners and advocates for a more transparent and humane security order. This book was published as a special issue of Criminal Justice Ethics.

Mercenaries: A Guide to Private Armies and Private Military Companies

Alan Axelrod
Mercenaries A Guide to Private Armies and Private Military Companies Book PDF

Author : Alan Axelrod
Publisher : CQ Press
Page : 670 pages
File Size : 40,7 Mb
Release : 2013-12-27
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781483364667

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Mercenaries: A Guide to Private Armies and Private Military Companies by Alan Axelrod Pdf

Mercenaries have been active in battle from the beginning of military history and, as private armies and military support firms, they are a major component of warfare today. Security, military advice, training, logistics support, policing, technological expertise, intelligence, transportation—all are outsourced to a greater or lesser degree in the U.S. military. However, privatization is not a uniquely American phenomenon. Countries as diverse as Saudi Arabia and Australia rely on privatization in one form or another. Historically, heads of state, politicians, and other administrators have justified use of mercenaries on the basis of their effectiveness, and cost-savings. These reasons and others continue to serve as rationales for use of private military companies in military strategy. Mercenaries: A Guide to Private Armies and Private Military Companies provides a comprehensive survey and guide to mercenary forces, entrepreneurs, and corporations active on the international military scene today, including a concise history of mercenaries and private armies on land, sea, and in the air. Narrative chapters are amply supplemented by sidebars including biographies of major figures, key statistics, historical and current documents, contracts, and legislation on private armies and outsourced military services. Each chapter includes a bibliography of books, journal articles, and web sites, and a general bibliography concludes the entire work.

Private Military and Security Companies

Andrew Alexandra,Deane-Peter Baker,Marina Caparini
Private Military and Security Companies Book PDF

Author : Andrew Alexandra,Deane-Peter Baker,Marina Caparini
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 289 pages
File Size : 55,6 Mb
Release : 2009-10-16
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781134081875

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Private Military and Security Companies by Andrew Alexandra,Deane-Peter Baker,Marina Caparini Pdf

This edited book provides an interdisciplinary, state-of-the-art overview of the growing phenomenon of private military companies.

Private Security Contractors and New Wars

Kateri Carmola
Private Security Contractors and New Wars Book PDF

Author : Kateri Carmola
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 458 pages
File Size : 50,8 Mb
Release : 2010-02-05
Category : History
ISBN : 9781135153274

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Private Security Contractors and New Wars by Kateri Carmola Pdf

This book addresses the ambiguities of the growing use of private security contractors and provides guidance as to how our expectations about regulating this expanding ‘service’ industry will have to be adjusted. In the warzones of Iraq and Afghanistan many of those who carry weapons are not legally combatants, nor are they protected civilians. They are contracted by governments, businesses, and NGOs to provide armed security. Often mistaken as members of armed forces, they are instead part of a new protean proxy force that works alongside the military in a multitude of shifting roles, and overseen by a matrix of contracts and regulations. This book analyzes the growing industry of these private military and security companies (PMSCs) used in warzones and other high risk areas. PMSCs are the result of a unique combination of circumstances, including a change in the idea of soldiering, insurance industry analyses that require security contractors, and a need for governments to distance themselves from potentially criminal conduct. The book argues that PMSCs are a unique type of organization, combining attributes from worlds of the military, business, and humanitarian organizations. This makes them particularly resistant to oversight. The legal status of these companies and those they employ is also hard to ascertain, which weakens the multiple regulatory tools available. PMSCs also fall between the cracks in ethical debates about their use, seeming to be both justifiable and objectionable. This transformation in military operations is a seemingly irreversible product of more general changes in the relationship between the individual citizen and the state. This book will be of much interest to students of private security companies, war and conflict studies, security studies and IR in general. Kateri Carmola is the Christian A. Johnson Professor of Political Science at Middlebury College in Vermont. She received her Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley.

Private Military and Security Companies and States

Christopher Spearin
Private Military and Security Companies and States Book PDF

Author : Christopher Spearin
Publisher : Springer
Page : 229 pages
File Size : 44,5 Mb
Release : 2017-08-02
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9783319549033

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Private Military and Security Companies and States by Christopher Spearin Pdf

This book identifies and explains the functional and ideational boundaries regarding what states and Private Military and Security Companies (PMSCs) both do and possess regarding land power, sea power, and air power. Whereas the mercenaries, privateers, and chartered companies of years past held similar characteristics to state military forces, the PMSCs of today are dissimilar for two reasons: a conventional forces norm amongst states and a state proclivity towards the offensive. These factors reveal both the limitations of and the possibilities for contemporary security privatization. This volume is ideal for civilian and military practitioners and students wishing to develop a detailed understanding of what the private military and security industry has to offer and why it is structured the way it is.

Mercenaries and War

National Defense University Press,Sean McFate
Mercenaries and War Book PDF

Author : National Defense University Press,Sean McFate
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 56 pages
File Size : 45,8 Mb
Release : 2019-12-18
Category : Mercenary troops
ISBN : 1678665231

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Mercenaries and War by National Defense University Press,Sean McFate Pdf

Mercenaries are more powerful than experts realize, a grave oversight. Those who assume they are cheap imitations of national armed forces invite disaster because for-profit warriors are a wholly different genus and species of fighter. Private military companies such as the Wagner Group are more like heavily armed multinational corporations than the Marine Corps. Their employees are recruited from different countries, and profitability is everything. Patriotism is unimportant, and sometimes a liability. Unsurprisingly, mercenaries do not fight conventionally, and traditional war strategies used against them may backfire.

The Markets for Force

Molly Dunigan,Ulrich Petersohn
The Markets for Force Book PDF

Author : Molly Dunigan,Ulrich Petersohn
Publisher : University of Pennsylvania Press
Page : 222 pages
File Size : 49,6 Mb
Release : 2015-01-21
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9780812291438

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The Markets for Force by Molly Dunigan,Ulrich Petersohn Pdf

The Markets for Force examines and compares the markets for private military and security contractors in twelve nations: Argentina, Guatemala, Peru, Ecuador, the United Kingdom, the Czech Republic, Ukraine, Russia, Afghanistan, China, Canada, and the United States. Editors Molly Dunigan and Ulrich Petersohn argue that the global market for force is actually a conglomeration of many types of markets that vary according to local politics and geostrategic context. Each case study investigates the particular characteristics of the region's market, how each market evolved into its current form, and what consequence the privatized market may have for state military force and the provision of public safety. The comparative standpoint sheds light on better-known markets but also those less frequently studied, such as the state-owned and -managed security companies in China, militaries working for private sector extractive industries in Ecuador and Peru, and the ways warlord forces overlap with private security companies in Afghanistan. An invaluable resource for scholars and policymakers alike, The Markets for Force offers both an empirical analysis of variations in private military and security companies across the globe and deeper theoretical knowledge of how such markets develop. Contributors: Olivia Allison, Oldrich Bures, Jennifer Catallo, Molly Dunigan, Scott Fitzsimmons, Maiah Jaskoski, Kristina Mani, Carlos Ortiz, Ulrich Petersohn, Jake Sherman, Christopher Spearin.

State Control Over Private Military and Security Companies in Armed Conflict

Hannah Tonkin
State Control Over Private Military and Security Companies in Armed Conflict Book PDF

Author : Hannah Tonkin
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 310 pages
File Size : 47,6 Mb
Release : 2011
Category : Combatants and noncombatants (International law)
ISBN : OCLC:1090048127

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State Control Over Private Military and Security Companies in Armed Conflict by Hannah Tonkin Pdf

The past two decades have witnessed the rapid growth and consolidation of the global private security industry. Tens of thousands of contractors working for private military and security companies (PMSCs) now provide a wide range of services to states, international organisations, corporations and non-governmental organisations around the world. Many PMSCs operate in zones of armed conflict, where they carry out functions that were formerly the exclusive domain of the armed forces. In this context, PMSCs have performed coercive activities such as offensive combat, armed security and the detention and interrogation of prisoners, as well as non-coercive activities such as military advice and training, transport, housing and intelligence collection and analysis"

From Mercenaries to Market

Simon Chesterman,Chia Lehnardt
From Mercenaries to Market Book PDF

Author : Simon Chesterman,Chia Lehnardt
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 308 pages
File Size : 52,6 Mb
Release : 2007-07-12
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780199228485

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From Mercenaries to Market by Simon Chesterman,Chia Lehnardt Pdf

Frequently characterized as either mercenaries in modern guise or the market's response to a security vaccuum, private military companies are commercial firms offering military services ranging from combat and military training and advice to logistical support, and which play an increasingly important role in armed conflicts, UN peace operations, and providing security in unstable states. This work analyzes the current legal framework and the needs and possibilities for regulation in the years ahead, organized around four sets of questions, which are reflected in the four parts of the book. First, why and how is regulation of PMCs now a challenging issue? Secondly, how have problems leading to a call for regulation manifested in different regions and contexts? Third, what regulatory norms and institutions currently exist and how effective are they? And, fourth, what role has the market to play in regulation?

States, Citizens and the Privatisation of Security

Elke Krahmann
States Citizens and the Privatisation of Security Book PDF

Author : Elke Krahmann
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 48,8 Mb
Release : 2010-02-04
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781139483681

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States, Citizens and the Privatisation of Security by Elke Krahmann Pdf

Recent years have seen a growing role for private military contractors in national and international security. To understand the reasons for this, Elke Krahmann examines changing models of the state, the citizen and the soldier in the UK, the US and Germany. She focuses on both the national differences with regard to the outsourcing of military services to private companies and their specific consequences for the democratic control over the legitimate use of armed force. Tracing developments and debates from the late eighteenth century to the present, she explains the transition from the centralized warfare state of the Cold War era to the privatized and fragmented security governance, and the different national attitudes to the privatization of force.

Natural Resources and Private Military Security Companies

U S Military,Department of Defense (Dod),Leroy Bryant Butler
Natural Resources and Private Military Security Companies Book PDF

Author : U S Military,Department of Defense (Dod),Leroy Bryant Butler
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 74 pages
File Size : 41,5 Mb
Release : 2019-10-31
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 170437748X

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Natural Resources and Private Military Security Companies by U S Military,Department of Defense (Dod),Leroy Bryant Butler Pdf

The commissioning of mercenary companies, otherwise known today as private military security companies (PMSCs), to enhance military and political capabilities as well as to ensure economic stability for state and non-state actors is well known in the subfield of conflict studies. The conflict studies sub-discipline of civil wars is also well researched with numerous studies that address the four common variables of civil war scholarship: (1) onset, (2) intensity, (3) duration and (4) termination. However, there are few studies that address civil war duration, natural resources, and PMSCs (foreign intervention). The goal of this paper is to identify how PMSCs may affect civil war duration in developing African states with resource wealth. This paper finds that PMSCs can increase the duration of a civil war because of the services provided and the promise of future extraction rights (FER) for natural resources as payment for the commission of the PMSCs by the state government. This paper will primarily build off the research design of Ross' "How Do Natural Resources Influence Civil War? Evidence from Thirteen Cases," in which he develops nine testable hypotheses about the variables that link natural resources and civil war by using the qualitative case study research method. Ross' research identifies four additional variables after conducting his analysis, and this paper will build off one of these unanticipated variables, the variable affecting civil war duration. The civil war duration variable, which is the promise of future extraction rights (FER) for natural resources as payment to fund military action in support of the state government, will be examined in this paper with one more additional mechanism not addressed by Ross and others in the civil war natural resource subfield, the involvement of PMSCs and their potential influence on the duration of a civil war. The two civil war case studies for consideration are the Angolan Civil War (1975-2002) and the Sierra Leone Civil War (1991-2000). Executive Outcomes (EO) and Sandline International are the two PMSCs that participated in Angola's and Sierra Leone's civil wars.This compilation also includes a reproduction of the 2019 Worldwide Threat Assessment of the U.S. Intelligence Community.There are four broad insights from this study: (1) the duration of civil wars in resource-wealthy states is prolonged due to the interests of multiple actors in exploiting said resources; (2) during the period studied, mining and investment firms have a significant interest in ensuring that their mining concessions are secure in conflict zones, and more importantly, the state is prohibited from achieving effective governance; (3) these two cases are unique in that EO could shape the PMSC market for ten years before international and regional state reaction to the significant resource exploitation and violence to the general population; and (4) PMSCs had to modify their business model from an offensive role to a more logistical support role as international and regional organizations recognized the exploitative nature of PMSCs and mining companies.

Corporate Soldiers and International Security

Christopher Kinsey
Corporate Soldiers and International Security Book PDF

Author : Christopher Kinsey
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 273 pages
File Size : 51,8 Mb
Release : 2006-06-07
Category : History
ISBN : 9781134214099

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Corporate Soldiers and International Security by Christopher Kinsey Pdf

This book traces the history of private military companies, with a special focus on UK private forces. Christopher Kinsey examines the mercenary companies that filled the ranks of many European armies right up to the 1850s, the organizations that operated in Africa in the 1960s and early 1970s, the rise of legally established private military companies in the late 1970s and early 1980s, and today’s private and important actors in international security and post-conflict reconstruction. He shows how and why the change from the mercenary organizations of the 1960s and 1970s came about, as the increasing newness of private military companies came to be recognised. It then examines how PMCs have been able to impact upon international security. Finally, Kinsey looks at the type of problems and advantages that can arise for organizations that decide to use private military companies and how they can make an unique contribution to international security. Corporate Soldiers and International Security will be of great interest to all students of international politics, security studies and war studies.