Sustaining Soil Productivity In Response To Global Climate Change

Sustaining Soil Productivity In Response To Global Climate Change Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle version is available to download in english. Read online anytime anywhere directly from your device. Click on the download button below to get a free pdf file of Sustaining Soil Productivity In Response To Global Climate Change book. This book definitely worth reading, it is an incredibly well-written.

Sustaining Soil Productivity in Response to Global Climate Change

Thomas J. Sauer,John Norman,Mannava V. K. Sivakumar
Sustaining Soil Productivity in Response to Global Climate Change Book PDF

Author : Thomas J. Sauer,John Norman,Mannava V. K. Sivakumar
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 264 pages
File Size : 50,8 Mb
Release : 2011-05-23
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9780470960233

Get Book

Sustaining Soil Productivity in Response to Global Climate Change by Thomas J. Sauer,John Norman,Mannava V. K. Sivakumar Pdf

Sustaining Soil Productivity in Response to Global Climate Change: Science, Policy, and Ethics is a multi-disciplinary volume exploring the ethical, political and social issues surrounding the stewardship of our vital soil resources. Based on topics presented by an international group of experts at a conference convened through support of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, chapters include scientific studies on carbon sequestration, ecosystem services, maintaining soil fertility, and the effects of greenhouse gas emissions, as well as ethical issues ranging from allocation of land use to policies needed for climate change adaptation and mitigation. Bringing together the latest research in soil science and climatology, Sustaining Soil Productivity in Response to Global Climate Change is a valuable resource for soil and plant scientists, agronomists and environmental scientists, as well as agricultural and natural resources engineers and economists, environmental policy makers and conservationists. Key Features: Written by an international group of authors representing a cross-section of scientists, thought leaders, and policy-makers Includes chapters on the potential effects of climate change on forest soil carbon, microbial function, and the role of soils and biogeochemistry in the climate and earth system Explores historical development of land use ethics and stewardship

Sustainable Soil and Land Management and Climate Change

Shah Fahad,Osman Sonmez,Shah Saud,Depeng Wang,Chao Wu,Muhammad Adnan,Veysel Turan
Sustainable Soil and Land Management and Climate Change Book PDF

Author : Shah Fahad,Osman Sonmez,Shah Saud,Depeng Wang,Chao Wu,Muhammad Adnan,Veysel Turan
Publisher : CRC Press
Page : 195 pages
File Size : 41,9 Mb
Release : 2021-06-23
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781000393767

Get Book

Sustainable Soil and Land Management and Climate Change by Shah Fahad,Osman Sonmez,Shah Saud,Depeng Wang,Chao Wu,Muhammad Adnan,Veysel Turan Pdf

The third volume of Sustainable Soil and Land Management and Climate Change presents a complete overview of plant soil interactions in a climate affected by greenhouse gas emissions and organic carbon. It presents approaches and managements strategies for the stabilization of soil organic matter. The latest in the respected Footprints of Climate Variability on Plant Diversity series, this book enhances the reader’s knowledge of the preservation of organic matter through microbial approaches as well as through soil and plant interactions. Written by teams of specialist scientists, it presents research outcomes, practical applications and future challenges for this important field. Features: Presents microbial tactics for the alleviation of potentially toxic elements in agricultural soils and for reclaiming saline soil. Provides an overview of scientific investigations into greenhouse gas emissions. Outlines priming techniques developed in response to a changing climate. This book is written for students of agronomy, soil science and the environmental sciences as well as researchers interested in management technologies to improve soil fertility.

Soil Health and Climate Change

Bhupinder Pal Singh,Annette L. Cowie,K. Yin Chan
Soil Health and Climate Change Book PDF

Author : Bhupinder Pal Singh,Annette L. Cowie,K. Yin Chan
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 399 pages
File Size : 42,6 Mb
Release : 2011-07-24
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9783642202568

Get Book

Soil Health and Climate Change by Bhupinder Pal Singh,Annette L. Cowie,K. Yin Chan Pdf

“Soil Health and Climate Change” presents a comprehensive overview of the concept of soil health, including the significance of key soil attributes and management of soil health in conventional and emerging land use systems in the context of climate change. Starting with a review of the physical, chemical and biological indicators of soil health and their significance for monitoring the impacts of climate change, this book then focuses on describing the role of soil structure, pH, organic matter, nitrogen, respiration and biota in sustaining the basic functions of soil ecosystems, and their anticipated responses to climate change. Further topics include the management of cropping, pastoral, and forestry systems, and rehabilitated mine sites, with a focus on mitigation of and adaptation to climate change impacts. Finally, the opportunities and potential risks of organic farming, biochar and bioenergy systems, and their ability to sustain and even enhance soil health, are discussed.

Climate Change and Soil Interactions

Majeti Narasimha Var Prasad,Marcin Pietrzykowski
Climate Change and Soil Interactions Book PDF

Author : Majeti Narasimha Var Prasad,Marcin Pietrzykowski
Publisher : Elsevier
Page : 840 pages
File Size : 48,6 Mb
Release : 2020-03-06
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780128180334

Get Book

Climate Change and Soil Interactions by Majeti Narasimha Var Prasad,Marcin Pietrzykowski Pdf

Climate Change and Soil Interactions examines soil system interactions and conservation strategies regarding the effects of climate change. It presents cutting-edge research in soil carbonization, soil biodiversity, and vegetation. As a resource for strategies in maintaining various interactions for eco-sustainability, topical chapters address microbial response and soil health in relation to climate change, as well as soil improvement practices. Understanding soil systems, including their various physical, chemical, and biological interactions, is imperative for regaining the vitality of soil system under changing climatic conditions. This book will address the impact of changing climatic conditions on various beneficial interactions operational in soil systems and recommend suitable strategies for maintaining such interactions. Climate Change and Soil Interactions enables agricultural, ecological, and environmental researchers to obtain up-to-date, state-of-the-art, and authoritative information regarding the impact of changing climatic conditions on various soil interactions and presents information vital to understanding the growing fields of biodiversity, sustainability, and climate change. Addresses several sustainable development goals proposed by the UN as part of the 2030 agenda for sustainable development Presents a wide variety of relevant information in a unique style corroborated with factual cases, colour images, and case studies from across the globe Recommends suitable strategies for maintaining soil system interactions under changing climatic conditions

Recarbonizing global soils – A technical manual of recommended management practices

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,Intergonevernmental Technical Panel on Soils
Recarbonizing global soils A technical manual of recommended management practices Book PDF

Author : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,Intergonevernmental Technical Panel on Soils
Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
Page : 270 pages
File Size : 40,8 Mb
Release : 2021-09-07
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9789251348376

Get Book

Recarbonizing global soils – A technical manual of recommended management practices by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,Intergonevernmental Technical Panel on Soils Pdf

During the last decades, soil organic carbon (SOC) attracted the attention of a much wider array of specialists beyond agriculture and soil science, as it was proven to be one of the most crucial components of the earth’s climate system, which has a great potential to be managed by humans. Soils as a carbon pool are one of the key factors in several Sustainable Development Goals, in particular Goal 15, “Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss” with the SOC stock being explicitly cited in Indicator 15.3.1. This technical manual is the first attempt to gather, in a standardized format, the existing data on the impacts of the main soil management practices on SOC content in a wide array of environments, including the advantages, drawbacks, and constraints. This manual presents different sustainable soil management (SSM) practices at different scales and in different contexts, supported by case studies that have been shown with quantitative data to have a positive effect on SOC stocks and successful experiences of SOC sequestration in practical field applications. Volume 2 includes a description of hot spots of SOC stocks. This manual defines hot spots of SOC as areas that represent a proportionally little of the global land surface but on which SOC storage is highly effective; bright spots as large land areas with low SOC stocks per km2 that represent a potential for further carbon sequestration.

Soil Carbon Sequestration – for climate, food security and ecosystem services

Halldorsson, Gudmundur (Soil Conservation Service of Iceland),Sigurdsson, Bjarni D. (Agricultural University of Iceland),Finér, Leena (Natural Resources Institute Finland),Gudmundsson, Jon (Agricultural University of Iceland),Kätterer, Thomas (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences),Singh, Bal Ram (Norwegian University of Life Sciences),Vesterdal, Lars (University of Copenhagen),Arnalds, Andres (University of Copenhagen)
Soil Carbon Sequestration for climate food security and ecosystem services Book PDF

Author : Halldorsson, Gudmundur (Soil Conservation Service of Iceland),Sigurdsson, Bjarni D. (Agricultural University of Iceland),Finér, Leena (Natural Resources Institute Finland),Gudmundsson, Jon (Agricultural University of Iceland),Kätterer, Thomas (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences),Singh, Bal Ram (Norwegian University of Life Sciences),Vesterdal, Lars (University of Copenhagen),Arnalds, Andres (University of Copenhagen)
Publisher : Nordic Council of Ministers
Page : 15 pages
File Size : 47,7 Mb
Release : 2015-11-10
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 9789289344005

Get Book

Soil Carbon Sequestration – for climate, food security and ecosystem services by Halldorsson, Gudmundur (Soil Conservation Service of Iceland),Sigurdsson, Bjarni D. (Agricultural University of Iceland),Finér, Leena (Natural Resources Institute Finland),Gudmundsson, Jon (Agricultural University of Iceland),Kätterer, Thomas (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences),Singh, Bal Ram (Norwegian University of Life Sciences),Vesterdal, Lars (University of Copenhagen),Arnalds, Andres (University of Copenhagen) Pdf

Soil carbon sequestration and preservation of present stocks reduces net global greenhouse gas emission and can contribute significantly to both Nordic and international goals of limiting serious climate change. In order to achieve this, sustainable use of soil resources, better soil and water management practices, and restoration of degraded soils is needed. Protection and restoration of soil organic carbon are also key solutions to many of the most pressing global challenges facing mankind today. Highlighting the importance of the soil and the multiple benefits of soil organic carbon sequestration has never been more needed than now.

Agroecosystems Facing Global Climate Change: The Search for Sustainability

José M. Mirás-Avalos,Philippe C. Baveye
Agroecosystems Facing Global Climate Change The Search for Sustainability Book PDF

Author : José M. Mirás-Avalos,Philippe C. Baveye
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 40,5 Mb
Release : 2019-02-05
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 9782889457151

Get Book

Agroecosystems Facing Global Climate Change: The Search for Sustainability by José M. Mirás-Avalos,Philippe C. Baveye Pdf

Global change is posing new threats to agroecosystems. First, climate modifications in the spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall increase the risks of severe droughts during the growing season of most crops. Second, conventional agriculture has led to the extension of mono-crop fields that decreased biodiversity in agroecosystems; it is possible that these fields will lack resilience when faced with changing climate. In addition, a new conscience has arisen and consumers tend to look for healthy products that, sometimes, do not match the objectives of conventional agriculture. In this context, sustainable and environmentally friendly agricultural practices that can cope with the new global change scenario are needed. This eBook compiles state-of-the-art research on the agroecosystems response to global change and on how to manage these new scenarios. Despite the broad scope of the topic, this Research Topic covers a wide range of subjects, including biodiversity, crop performance, novel agricultural practices and soil properties.

Science, Policy and Politics of Modern Agricultural System

Mohamed Behnassi,Shabbir A. Shahid,Nazia Mintz-Habib
Science Policy and Politics of Modern Agricultural System Book PDF

Author : Mohamed Behnassi,Shabbir A. Shahid,Nazia Mintz-Habib
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 390 pages
File Size : 49,7 Mb
Release : 2014-01-10
Category : Nature
ISBN : 9789400779570

Get Book

Science, Policy and Politics of Modern Agricultural System by Mohamed Behnassi,Shabbir A. Shahid,Nazia Mintz-Habib Pdf

This book arises from a 2011 international conference entitled Climate Change, Agri-Food, Fisheries and Ecosystems: Reinventing Research, Innovation, and Policy Agendas for an Environmentally and Socially-Balanced Growth (ICCAFFE2011), organized by the North-South Center for Social Sciences (NRCS) in collaboration with the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, Germany and the Institute for Research and Development (IRD), France. Coverage focuses on the agricultural sector and helps improve understanding of the relationships between agriculture and the environment and between human communities and nature, so as to sustainably manage agricultural development. The contributors analyze the interdependence between sustainable agricultural development and environmental, economic and social dynamics; assess the impacts of soil degradation on agricultural productivity; present ways to enhance livestock production and recommend mechanisms for managing links between agro-biodiversity, climate change and livelihoods. Part I examines sustainable agriculture development and environmental, economic and social dynamics, addressing topics such as global climate change, agriculture and challenges including socio-economic factors, adaptation, poverty reduction and water management. Part II covers the impacts of soil degradation on agricultural productivity and discusses the use of expert systems to assess and manage degraded lands, agricultural productivity, land suitability and rehabilitation. Part III focuses on livestock production enhancements, such as feed resources and supplemental feeds for animals and capacity building for women in dairy management. Part IV shares the outcomes of research in agro-biodiversity, climate change and livelihoods, addressing topics such as co-management of forests, carbon consumption models, biodiversity conservation and carbon sequestration and scarce mangrove forests. Current environmental and agro-ecological research focuses on understanding the cause-consequence relationships between specific agricultural practices and land use and the responses at different levels of ecosystems. This book is intended to contribute to this discussion.

Climate Change and Agricultural Ecosystems

Krishna Kumar Choudhary,Ajay Kumar,Amit Kishore Singh
Climate Change and Agricultural Ecosystems Book PDF

Author : Krishna Kumar Choudhary,Ajay Kumar,Amit Kishore Singh
Publisher : Woodhead Publishing
Page : 482 pages
File Size : 47,7 Mb
Release : 2019-05-04
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9780128175224

Get Book

Climate Change and Agricultural Ecosystems by Krishna Kumar Choudhary,Ajay Kumar,Amit Kishore Singh Pdf

Climate Change and Agricultural Ecosystems explains the causative factors of climate change related to agriculture, soil and plants, and discusses the relevant resulting mitigation process. Agricultural ecosystems include factors from the surrounding areas where agriculture experiences direct or indirect interaction with the plants, animals, and microbes present. Changes in climatic conditions influence all the factors of agricultural ecosystems, which can potentially adversely affect their productivity. This book summarizes the different aspects of vulnerability, adaptation, and amelioration of climate change in respect to plants, crops, soil, and microbes for the sustainability of the agricultural sector and, ultimately, food security for the future. It also focuses on the utilization of information technology for the sustainability of the agricultural sector along with the capacity and adaptability of agricultural societies under climate change. Climate Change and Agricultural Ecosystems incorporates both theoretical and practical aspects, and serves as base line information for future research. This book is a valuable resource for those working in environmental sciences, soil sciences, agricultural microbiology, plant pathology, and agronomy. Covers the role of chemicals fertilizers, environmental deposition, and xenobiotics in climate change Discusses the impact of climate change on plants, soil, microflora, and agricultural ecosystems Explores the mitigation of climate change by sustainable methods Presents the role of computational modelling in climate change mitigation

Conservation Agriculture: A Sustainable Approach for Soil Health and Food Security

Somasundaram Jayaraman,Ram C. Dalal,Ashok K. Patra,Suresh K. Chaudhari
Conservation Agriculture A Sustainable Approach for Soil Health and Food Security Book PDF

Author : Somasundaram Jayaraman,Ram C. Dalal,Ashok K. Patra,Suresh K. Chaudhari
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 626 pages
File Size : 43,6 Mb
Release : 2021-08-20
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9789811608278

Get Book

Conservation Agriculture: A Sustainable Approach for Soil Health and Food Security by Somasundaram Jayaraman,Ram C. Dalal,Ashok K. Patra,Suresh K. Chaudhari Pdf

Feeding the increasing global population, which is projected to reach ~10 billion by 2050, there has been increasing demands for more improved/sustainable agricultural management practices that can be followed by farmers to improve productivity without jeopardizing the environment and ecosystem. Indeed, about 95% of our food directly or indirectly comes from soil. It is a precious resource, and sustainable soil management is a critical socio–economic and environmental issue. Maintaining the environmental sustainability while the world is facing resource degradation, increasing climate change and population explosion is the current challenge of every food production sectors. Thus, there is an urgent need to evolve a holistic approach such as conservation agriculture to sustain higher crop productivity in the country without deteriorating soil health. Conservation Agriculture (CA), is a sustainable approach to manage agro–ecosystems in order to improve productivity, increase farm profitabilty and food security and also enhance the resource base and environment. Worldwide, it has been reported various benefits and prospects in adopting CA technologies in different agro-climatic conditions. Yet, CA in arid and semi-arid regions of India and parts of south Asia raises uncertainities due to its extreme climates, large scale residue burning, soil erosion and other constraints such as low water holding capacity, high potential evapotranspiration, etc . Thus, the proposed book has 30 chapters addressing all issues relevant to conservation agriculture/no-till farming system. The book also gives further strengthening existing knowledge in relation to soil physical, chemical and biological processes and health within close proximity of CA as well as machinery requirements. Moreover, the information on carbon (C) sequestration, C credits, greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, mitigation of climate change effects and socio-economic view on CA under diverse ecologies namely rainfed, irrigated and hill eco-region is also deliberated. For large scale adoption of CA practices in South Asian region especially in India and other countries need dissemination of best-bet CA technologies for dominant soil types/cropping systems through participatory mode, strong linkages and institutional mechanism and public-private-policy support. We hope this book gives a comprehensive and clear picture about conservation agriculture/no-till farming and its associated problem, challenges, prospects and benefits. This book shall be highly useful reference material to researchers, scientists, students, farmers and land managers for efficient and sustainable management of natural resources.

Sustainable Management of Soil and Environment

Ram Swaroop Meena,Sandeep Kumar,Jitendra Singh Bohra,Mangi Lal Jat
Sustainable Management of Soil and Environment Book PDF

Author : Ram Swaroop Meena,Sandeep Kumar,Jitendra Singh Bohra,Mangi Lal Jat
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 406 pages
File Size : 42,9 Mb
Release : 2019-10-02
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9789811388323

Get Book

Sustainable Management of Soil and Environment by Ram Swaroop Meena,Sandeep Kumar,Jitendra Singh Bohra,Mangi Lal Jat Pdf

Fertilizers have been used extensively around the globe since the Green Revolution, due to the high subsidies. However, extensive fertilizer use exacerbates soil degradation and causes yield stagnation, and as a result threatens food security and soil sustainability, especially in developing countries. This means that sustainable soil and environmental management are vital to provide food and nutritional security for present and future generations. This has led to the International Union of Soil Science (IUSS) declaring 2015-2024 the International Decade of Soils. This book focuses on the impact of sustainable management of soil and environment on improving the functioning of soil-ecosystems and agronomic productivity, and also discusses food security, nutrient cycling, recent advances in INM technologies, eco-friendly cultivation, agricultural practices to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, as well as conservation agriculture and its effects, and strategies for soil sustainability. Offering a comprehensive overview of management in the context of the sustainability of soil and the agroecosystems that it supports, it demonstrates the options available and provides insights into restoring soil health and matching soil nutrient supply with crop demand to ensure nutritional security in an eco-friendly environment.

Recarbonizing global soils – A technical manual of recommended sustainable soil management

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,Intergonevernmental Technical Panel on Soils
Recarbonizing global soils A technical manual of recommended sustainable soil management Book PDF

Author : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,Intergonevernmental Technical Panel on Soils
Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
Page : 652 pages
File Size : 43,5 Mb
Release : 2021-09-08
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9789251348932

Get Book

Recarbonizing global soils – A technical manual of recommended sustainable soil management by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,Intergonevernmental Technical Panel on Soils Pdf

During the last decades, soil organic carbon (SOC) attracted the attention of a much wider array of specialists beyond agriculture and soil science, as it was proven to be one of the most crucial components of the earth’s climate system, which has a great potential to be managed by humans. Soils as a carbon pool are one of the key factors in several Sustainable Development Goals, in particular Goal 15, “Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss” with the SOC stock being explicitly cited in Indicator 15.3.1. This technical manual is the first attempt to gather, in a standardized format, the existing data on the impacts of the main soil management practices on SOC content in a wide array of environments, including the advantages, drawbacks and constraints. This manual presents different sustainable soil management (SSM) practices at different scales and in different contexts, supported by case studies that have been shown with quantitative data to have a positive effect on SOC stocks and successful experiences of SOC sequestration in practical field applications. Volume 3 includes a total of 49 practices that have a direct impact on SOC sequestration and maintenance in cropland, grassland, integrated systems and farming approaches.

Farming the Black Earth

Boris Boincean,David Dent
Farming the Black Earth Book PDF

Author : Boris Boincean,David Dent
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 226 pages
File Size : 47,9 Mb
Release : 2019-08-31
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9783030225339

Get Book

Farming the Black Earth by Boris Boincean,David Dent Pdf

This book deals with the sustainability of agriculture on the Black Earth by drawing on data from long-term field experiments. It emphasises the opportunities for greater food and water security at local and regional levels. The Black Earth, Chernozem in Russian, is the best arable soil in the world and the breadbasket of Europe and North America. It was the focus of scientific study at the very beginnings of soil science in the late 19th century—as a world in itself, created by the roots of the steppe grasses building a water-stable granular structure that holds plentiful water, allows rapid infiltration of rain and snow melt, and free drainage of any surplus. Under the onslaught of industrial farming, Chernozem have undergone profound but largely unnoticed changes with far-reaching consequences—to the point that agriculture on Chernozem is no longer sustainable. The effects of agricultural practices on global warming, the diversion of rainfall away from replenishment of water resources to destructive runoff, and the pollution of streams and groundwater are all pressing issues. Sustainability absolutely requires that these consequences be arrested.

Sustainable Agriculture And The Environment

Vernon W Ruttan
Sustainable Agriculture And The Environment Book PDF

Author : Vernon W Ruttan
Publisher : CRC Press
Page : 206 pages
File Size : 52,8 Mb
Release : 2019-07-11
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781000313697

Get Book

Sustainable Agriculture And The Environment by Vernon W Ruttan Pdf

This book explores the resource and environmental constraints on sustainable growth in agricultural production into the middle of the twenty-first century. It presents contemporary concerns with the implications of natural resource availability and environmental change.

Sustainable Solutions for Food Security

Atanu Sarkar,Suman Ranjan Sensarma,Gary W. vanLoon
Sustainable Solutions for Food Security Book PDF

Author : Atanu Sarkar,Suman Ranjan Sensarma,Gary W. vanLoon
Publisher : Springer
Page : 549 pages
File Size : 44,6 Mb
Release : 2019-01-18
Category : Science
ISBN : 9783319778785

Get Book

Sustainable Solutions for Food Security by Atanu Sarkar,Suman Ranjan Sensarma,Gary W. vanLoon Pdf

This volume is the first centralized source of technological and policy solutions for sustainable agriculture and food systems resilience in the face of climate change. The editors have compiled a comprehensive collection of the latest tested, replicable green technologies and approaches for food security, including smart crops and new agricultural paradigms, sustainable natural resources management, and strategies for risk assessment and governance. Studies from resource-constrained countries with vulnerable populations are emphasized, with contributions on multisector partnership from development professionals. Debates concerning access to climate-smart technologies, intellectual property rights, and international negotiations on technology transfer are also included. The editors are, respectively, a public health physician, a development professional and an environmental scientist. They bring their varied perspectives together to curate a holistic volume that will be useful for policy makers, scientists, community-based organizations, international organizations and researchers across the world.