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Author : William Empson
Publisher : New Directions Publishing
Page : 276 pages
File Size : 40,8 Mb
Release : 1966
Category : Literary Criticism
ISBN : 081120037X
Examines seven types of ambiguity, providing examples of it in the writings of Shakespeare, Wordsworth, and T.S. Eliot.
Author : Stefanie Dietzel
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
Page : 41 pages
File Size : 52,9 Mb
Release : 2009-08
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 9783640396603
Seminar paper from the year 2006 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Linguistics, grade: 1, University of Marburg (Fremdsprachliche Philologien), course: Proseminar Semantics, language: English, abstract: "Ambiguity is pervasive at all levels of analysis. It has been, is, and is likely to remain the key problem in natural language processing." (Gadzar 1993:161) This statement by Gerald Gadzar expresses the necessity to cope with the challenge of ambiguity resolution. As the phenomenon of ambiguity is widespread in human language, an interesting question would be: How could a machine be able to handle ambiguity while even humans have difficulties in solving such problems? This paper will first define the phenomenon of ambiguity and explain the different types of it. An interesting aspect will be the effect of garden path sentences.
Author : Hinrich Schütze
Publisher : Center for the Study of Language and Information Publications
Page : 230 pages
File Size : 44,7 Mb
Release : 1997-05-13
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 1575860740
This volume is concerned with how ambiguity and ambiguity resolution are learned, that is, with the acquisition of the different representations of ambiguous linguistic forms and the knowledge necessary for selecting among them in context. Schütze concentrates on how the acquisition of ambiguity is possible in principle and demonstrates that particular types of algorithms and learning architectures (such as unsupervised clustering and neural networks) can succeed at the task. Three types of lexical ambiguity are treated: ambiguity in syntactic categorisation, semantic categorisation, and verbal subcategorisation. The volume presents three different models of ambiguity acquisition: Tag Space, Word Space, and Subcat Learner, and addresses the importance of ambiguity in linguistic representation and its relevance for linguistic innateness.
Author : Klaus-Peter Schwarz,Gerard Lachapelle
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 573 pages
File Size : 50,5 Mb
Release : 2012-12-06
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781461231028
Kinematic Systems in Geodesy, Surveying, and Remote Sensing provides a state-of-the-art discussion on the use of the Global Positioning System (GPS) in combination with Inertial Navigation Systems (INS) for detailed sensing of the Earth's surface. Divided into two parts, the book first discusses GPS/INS with respect to theory and modelling, equipment trends, estimation methods and quality control, algorithms, and software trends. It then describes the applications of these kinematic systems to positioning and navigation, modelling and measurement of gravity, gravity gradiometry, and altitude. This collection of 63 presentations documents the symposium of the same name held in Banff, Alberta, September 1990. It is the sixth volume of the International Association of Geodesy Symposia series published by Springer-Verlag New York.
Author : Steven L. Small,Garrison W Cottrell,Michael K Tanenhaus
Publisher : Elsevier
Page : 529 pages
File Size : 51,9 Mb
Release : 2013-10-22
Category : Computers
ISBN : 9780080510132
The most frequently used words in English are highly ambiguous; for example, Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary lists 94 meanings for the word "run" as a verb alone. Yet people rarely notice this ambiguity. Solving this puzzle has commanded the efforts of cognitive scientists for many years. The solution most often identified is "context": we use the context of utterance to determine the proper meanings of words and sentences. The problem then becomes specifying the nature of context and how it interacts with the rest of an understanding system. The difficulty becomes especially apparent in the attempt to write a computer program to understand natural language. Lexical ambiguity resolution (LAR), then, is one of the central problems in natural language and computational semantics research. A collection of the best research on LAR available, this volume offers eighteen original papers by leading scientists. Part I, Computer Models, describes nine attempts to discover the processes necessary for disambiguation by implementing programs to do the job. Part II, Empirical Studies, goes into the laboratory setting to examine the nature of the human disambiguation mechanism and the structure of ambiguity itself. A primary goal of this volume is to propose a cognitive science perspective arising out of the conjunction of work and approaches from neuropsychology, psycholinguistics, and artificial intelligence--thereby encouraging a closer cooperation and collaboration among these fields. Lexical Ambiguity Resolution is a valuable and accessible source book for students and cognitive scientists in AI, psycholinguistics, neuropsychology, or theoretical linguistics.
Author : Graeme Hirst
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 284 pages
File Size : 51,5 Mb
Release : 1987
Category : Computers
ISBN : 052142898X
Semantic interpretation and the resolution of ambiguity presents an important advance in computer understanding of natural language. While parsing techniques have been greatly improved in recent years, the approach to semantics has generally improved in recent years, the approach to semantics has generally been ad hoc and had little theoretical basis. Graeme Hirst offers a new, theoretically motivated foundation for conceptual analysis by computer, and shows how this framework facilitates the resolution of lexical and syntactic ambiguities. His approach is interdisciplinary, drawing on research in computational linguistics, artificial intelligence, montague semantics, and cognitive psychology.
Author : Ralf Norrman
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 197 pages
File Size : 47,7 Mb
Release : 1977-01-01
Category : Ambiguity
ISBN : 9516482716
Author : José Bleger
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 394 pages
File Size : 52,5 Mb
Release : 2013-01-25
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9781136204142
Symbiosis and Ambiguity is the first English edition of the classic study of early object relations by influential Argentinian psychoanalyst José Bleger (1922-1972). It is rooted in Kleinian thinking and rich in clinical material. Bleger's thesis is that starting from primitive undifferentiation, prior to the paranoid-schizoid position described by Klein, autism and symbiosis co-exist as narcissistic relations in a syncretic ‘agglutinated’ nucleus. In symbiosis part of the mind is deposited in an external person or situation; in autism it is deposited in the patient's own mind or body. The nucleus is ambiguous and persists in adults as the psychotic part of the personality. Symbiosis tends to immobilise the analytic process, so the analyst must mobilise, fragment and discriminate the agglutinated nucleus, whose ambiguity tends to ‘blunt’ persecutory situations. The psychoanalytic setting functions as a silent refuge for the psychotic part of the personality, where it creates a ‘phantom world’. At some point, therefore, the setting itself has to be analysed and the analytic relationship de-symbiotised, as Bleger observes in a celebrated chapter on the setting. José Bleger’s work demonstrates the need to analyse early narcissistic object relations as they arise clinically, especially in the setting. More widely, he regards undifferentiation and participation as operating throughout life: in groups, institutions, and society as a whole.
Author : Terry Winograd
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 208 pages
File Size : 55,5 Mb
Release : 1972
Category : Computers
ISBN : WISC:89048451884
Overview of the language understanding program; Comparison with previous programs; A grammar for english; An introduction to lisp; A description of programmar; Deduction, problem solving, and planner; The blocks world; Semantics; Refenreces; Appendices.
Author : Roger W. Shuy
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 273 pages
File Size : 50,7 Mb
Release : 2017
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 9780190669898
Much has been written about how criminal suspects, defendants, and the targets of undercover operations employ ambiguous language as they interact with the legal system. This book examines the other side of the coin, describing fifteen criminal investigations that demonstrate how police, prosecutors, and undercover agents use deceptive ambiguity with their subjects and targets, thereby creating misrepresentations through their uses of speech events, schemas, agendas, speech acts, lexicon, and grammar. This misrepresentation also can strongly affect the perceptions of later listeners, such as judges and juries, about the subjects' motives, predispositions, intentions, and voluntariness. Deception is commonly considered intentional while ambiguity is often excused as unintentional, in line with Grice's maxim of sincerity in his cooperative principle. Most of the interactions of suspects, defendants, and targets with representatives of law enforcement, however, are oppositional, adversarial, and non-cooperative events that provide the opportunity for participants to stretch, ignore, or even violate the cooperative principle. One effective way law enforcement does this is by using ambiguity. Suspects and defendants may hear such ambiguous speech and not recognize the ambiguity and therefore react in ways that they may not have understood or intended. The fifteen case studies in this book illustrate how deceptive ambiguity, whether intentional or not, is used as commonly by police, prosecutors and undercover agents as it is by suspects and defendants.
Author : Anthony Ossa-Richardson
Publisher : Princeton University Press
Page : 488 pages
File Size : 46,5 Mb
Release : 2021-12-14
Category : Literary Criticism
ISBN : 9780691228440
Ever since it was first published in 1930, William Empson’s Seven Types of Ambiguity has been perceived as a milestone in literary criticism—far from being an impediment to communication, ambiguity now seemed an index of poetic richness and expressive power. Little, however, has been written on the broader trajectory of Western thought about ambiguity before Empson; as a result, the nature of his innovation has been poorly understood. A History of Ambiguity remedies this omission. Starting with classical grammar and rhetoric, and moving on to moral theology, law, biblical exegesis, German philosophy, and literary criticism, Anthony Ossa-Richardson explores the many ways in which readers and theorists posited, denied, conceptualised, and argued over the existence of multiple meanings in texts between antiquity and the twentieth century. This process took on a variety of interconnected forms, from the Renaissance delight in the ‘elegance’ of ambiguities in Horace, through the extraordinary Catholic claim that Scripture could contain multiple literal—and not just allegorical—senses, to the theory of dramatic irony developed in the nineteenth century, a theory intertwined with discoveries of the double meanings in Greek tragedy. Such narratives are not merely of antiquarian interest: rather, they provide an insight into the foundations of modern criticism, revealing deep resonances between acts of interpretation in disparate eras and contexts. A History of Ambiguity lays bare the long tradition of efforts to liberate language, and even a poet’s intention, from the strictures of a single meaning.
Author : Frauke Berndt,Lutz Koepnick
Publisher : Felix Meiner Verlag
Page : 225 pages
File Size : 50,7 Mb
Release : 2018-04-06
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9783787334261
It has become commonplace to associate art and aesthetic experience with the category of ambiguity. Indeed, when we talk about art, we cannot do without the dynamic force of ambiguity just as the aesthetic itself cannot do without it. The great efforts to disambiguate aesthetic practices and their associated theories and contexts would eliminate art's unique ability to reshape our knowledge of the world, our sensory encounters with it, and our moral or political positions in it. The essays collected in this volume present different perspectives on this central category and develop interdisciplinary connections. Contributors include Frauke Berndt, Joy H. Calico, Stephan Kammer, Lutz Koepnick, Verena Krieger, Richard Langston, Rachel Mader, Lily Tonger-Erk, Gabriel Trop, and Thomas Wortmann.
Author : Madeleine Bates,Ralph M. Weischedel
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 312 pages
File Size : 50,5 Mb
Release : 2006-11-23
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 0521032261
Though natural language processing has come far in the past twenty years, the technology has not achieved a major impact on society. Is this because of some fundamental limitation that cannot be overcome? Or because there has not been enough time to refine and apply theoretical work already done? Editors Madeleine Bates and Ralph Weischedel believe it is neither; they feel that several critical issues have never been adequately addressed in either theoretical or applied work, and they have invited capable researchers in the field to do that in Challenges in Natural Language Processing.
Author : Andreas Brack
Publisher : Verlag Dr. Hut
Page : 159 pages
File Size : 45,7 Mb
Release : 2019-10-01
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9783843942294
Global navigation satellite systems provide ranging based positioning and timing services. The use of the periodic carrier-phase signals is the key to fast and accurate solutions, given that the inherent ambiguities of the carrier-phase measurements are correctly resolved. The idea of partial ambiguity resolution is to resolve a subset of all ambiguities, which enables faster solutions but does not fully exploit the high precision of the carrier-phase measurements. Theory, methods, and algorithms for partial ambiguity resolution are discussed and analyzed with simulated and real data.
Author : Paul Culmsee
Publisher : eBook Partnership
Page : 208 pages
File Size : 46,9 Mb
Release : 2016-07-07
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780994631404
Management techniques such as strategic planning, project management or operational budgeting, aim to reduce ambiguity and provide clarity. So it is one of the great ironies of modern corporate life that these techniques often end up doing the opposite: increasing ambiguity rather than reducing it.It is easy enough to understand why: organizations are complex entities and it is unreasonable to expect management models, such as those that fit neatly into a 2*2 matrix or a predetermined checklist, to work in the real world. Indeed, expecting them to work as advertised is akin to colouring a paint-by-numbers Mona Lisa with the expectation of recreating Da Vinci's masterpiece. Ambiguity has not been tamed: reality will still impose itself no matter how alluring the model is.Unfortunately, most of us have a deep aversion to situations that involve even a hint of ambiguity. Recent research in neuroscience has revealed the reason for this: ambiguity is processed in the parts of the brain which regulate our emotional responses. As a result, many people associate ambiguity with feelings of anxiety. When kids feel anxious, they turn to transitional objects such as teddy bears or security blankets, providing them with a sense of stability when situations or events seem overwhelming. We contend that as grown-ups, we don't actually stop using teddy bears - they take a different form. Backed by research, we illustrate that management models, fads and frameworks are akin to teddy bears . They provide the same sense of comfort and certainty to corporate managers and minions as real teddies do to distressed kids. This is not a problem in many cases. Children usually outgrow their need for a teddy, unless if development is disrupted or arrested in some way. If this happens, the transitional object can become a fetish - an object that is held on to with a pathological intensity, simply for the comfort that it offers in the face of ambiguity. The corporate reliance on simplistic solutions for the complex challenges faced is akin to little Johnny believing that everything will be OK provided he clings on to Teddy.Ambiguity is a primal force that drives much of our behaviour. It is typically viewed negatively - something to be avoided or to be controlled. The truth however, is that it is a force that can be used in positive ways too. The Force that gave the Dark Side their power in the Star Wars movies was harnessed by the Jedi in positive ways. Similarly, this new management book shows how ambiguous situations, so common in the corporate world, are processed by the brain, and the behaviours that often arise as a consequence. More importantly, though, it shows you how to harness that ambiguity to achieve outstanding results.
