The History Of Zero Tolerance In American Public Schooling

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The History of "Zero Tolerance" in American Public Schooling

J. Kafka
The History of Zero Tolerance in American Public Schooling Book PDF

Author : J. Kafka
Publisher : Springer
Page : 305 pages
File Size : 53,6 Mb
Release : 2011-11-16
Category : History
ISBN : 9781137001962

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The History of "Zero Tolerance" in American Public Schooling by J. Kafka Pdf

Through a case study of the Los Angeles city school district from the 1950s through the 1970s, Judith Kafka explores the intersection of race, politics, and the bureaucratic organization of schooling. Kafka argues that control over discipline became increasingly centralized in the second half of the twentieth century in response to pressures exerted by teachers, parents, students, principals, and local politicians - often at different historical moments, and for different purposes. Kafka demonstrates that the racial inequities produced by today's school discipline policies were not inevitable, nor are they immutable.

Ending Zero Tolerance

Derek W Black
Ending Zero Tolerance Book PDF

Author : Derek W Black
Publisher : NYU Press
Page : 248 pages
File Size : 51,8 Mb
Release : 2017-04-04
Category : Law
ISBN : 9781479886081

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Ending Zero Tolerance by Derek W Black Pdf

Answers the calls of grassroots communities pressing for integration and increased education funding with a complete rethinking of school discipline In the era of zero tolerance, we are flooded with stories about schools issuing draconian punishments for relatively innocent behavior. One student was suspended for chewing a Pop-Tart into the shape of a gun. Another was expelled for cursing on social media from home. Suspension and expulsion rates have doubled over the past three decades as zero tolerance policies have become the normal response to a host of minor infractions that extend well beyond just drugs and weapons. Students from all demographic groups have suffered, but minority and special needs students have suffered the most. On average, middle and high schools suspend one out of four African American students at least once a year. The effects of these policies are devastating. Just one suspension in the ninth grade doubles the likelihood that a student will drop out. Fifty percent of students who drop out are subsequently unemployed. Eighty percent of prisoners are high school drop outs. The risks associated with suspension and expulsion are so high that, as a practical matter, they amount to educational death penalties, not behavioral correction tools. Most important, punitive discipline policies undermine the quality of education that innocent bystanders receive as well—the exact opposite of what schools intend. Derek Black, a former attorney with the Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, weaves stories about individual students, lessons from social science, and the outcomes of courts cases to unearth a shockingly irrational system of punishment. While schools and legislatures have proven unable and unwilling to amend their failing policies, Ending Zero Tolerance argues for constitutional protections to check abuses in school discipline and lays out theories by which courts should re-engage to enforce students’ rights and support broader reforms.

Zero Tolerance Discipline Policies

Brian Schoonover,Brian Schoonover, PhD
Zero Tolerance Discipline Policies Book PDF

Author : Brian Schoonover,Brian Schoonover, PhD
Publisher : iUniverse
Page : 170 pages
File Size : 44,6 Mb
Release : 2009
Category : Education
ISBN : 9781440110733

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Zero Tolerance Discipline Policies by Brian Schoonover,Brian Schoonover, PhD Pdf

Mandatory punishments for disciplinary offenses have been included in school districts' Student Codes of Conduct since it was mandated by the Gun Free Schools Act of 1994. While zero tolerance policies were initially created to protect students and teachers from gun attacks in schools, the way in which these policies have actually been implemented in schools has prompted some parents, educators, and politicians to challenge them and call for zero tolerance policy reform. Since 1994, a majority of school districts have expanded their use of zero tolerance policies to include infractions other than those included to keep guns out of schools. Zero Tolerance Discipline Policies, the first comprehensive study of its kind, conducted by author Dr. Brian James Schoonover, examines the history of zero tolerance policies, including the practice of adding offenses other than the possession of guns to these policies. With practical, action oriented recommendations on ways policymakers and educational leaders can improve how students are disciplined, Zero Tolerance Discipline Policies offers recommendations on what should be included in a model Student Code of Conduct as well as a recommendation for starting a Three CHANCE (Changing Habits After New Character Education) system of educational placements to ensure all students are educated in a safe and appropriate facility.

Ending Zero Tolerance

Derek W. Black
Ending Zero Tolerance Book PDF

Author : Derek W. Black
Publisher : NYU Press
Page : 248 pages
File Size : 48,8 Mb
Release : 2018-08-07
Category : Law
ISBN : 9781479882335

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Ending Zero Tolerance by Derek W. Black Pdf

Suspension and expulsion rates have doubled over the past three decades as zero tolerance policies have become the normal response to a host of minor infractions that extend well beyond just drugs and weapons. Students from all demographic groups have suffered, but minority and special needs students have suffered the most. Derek Black weaves stories about individual students, lessons from social science, and the outcomes of courts cases to unearth an irrational system of punishment. While schools and legislatures have proven unable and unwilling to amend their failing policies, Ending Zero Tolerance argues for constitutional protections to check abuses in school discipline and lays out theories by which courts should re-engage to enforce students' rights and support broader reforms.

Handbook of Research on School Violence in American K-12 Education

Gordon A. Crews
Handbook of Research on School Violence in American K 12 Education Book PDF

Author : Gordon A. Crews
Publisher : Information Science Reference
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 45,6 Mb
Release : 2019
Category : School violence
ISBN : 152256246X

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Handbook of Research on School Violence in American K-12 Education by Gordon A. Crews Pdf

"This book examines the most frightening and challenging form of juvenile violence, the K-12 school violence perpetrator, as separate from all other forms of school and public offenders. It separates school violence perpetrators into a more concise types such as: traditional school violence perpetrators, gang-related school violence perpetrators, and non-school associated mentally ill school violence perpetrators"--

Handbook of Research on Teaching

Drew Gitomer,Courtney Bell
Handbook of Research on Teaching Book PDF

Author : Drew Gitomer,Courtney Bell
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 1553 pages
File Size : 42,8 Mb
Release : 2016-05-19
Category : Education
ISBN : 9780935302554

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Handbook of Research on Teaching by Drew Gitomer,Courtney Bell Pdf

The Fifth Edition of the Handbook of Research on Teachingis an essential resource for students and scholars dedicated to the study of teaching and learning. This volume offers a vast array of topics ranging from the history of teaching to technological and literacy issues. In each authoritative chapter, the authors summarize the state of the field while providing conceptual overviews of critical topics related to research on teaching. Each of the volume's 23 chapters is a canonical piece that will serve as a reference tool for the field. The Handbook provides readers with an unaparalleled view of the current state of research on teaching across its multiple facets and related fields.

Zero Tolerance Policies in Schools

Peggy Daniels
Zero Tolerance Policies in Schools Book PDF

Author : Peggy Daniels
Publisher : Greenhaven Publishing LLC
Page : 162 pages
File Size : 42,5 Mb
Release : 2008-09-05
Category : Young Adult Nonfiction
ISBN : 9780737741896

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Zero Tolerance Policies in Schools by Peggy Daniels Pdf

This compelling volume helps students analyze zero tolerance policies in U.S. public schools, as authors debate the effectiveness and fairness of such policies. Readers will form their own well researched opinion by evaluating each viewpoint offered, ranging in topics such as whether zero tolerance creates risks, whether it harms teachers, whether it treats students and criminals, and most importantly, whether it violates a student's rights.

The Choice We Face

Jon Hale
The Choice We Face Book PDF

Author : Jon Hale
Publisher : Beacon Press
Page : 288 pages
File Size : 51,9 Mb
Release : 2021-08-10
Category : Education
ISBN : 9780807087503

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The Choice We Face by Jon Hale Pdf

A comprehensive history of school choice in the US, from its birth in the 1950s as the most effective weapon to oppose integration to its lasting impact in reshaping the public education system today. Most Americans today see school choice as their inalienable right. In The Choice We Face, scholar Jon Hale reveals what most fail to see: school choice is grounded in a complex history of race, exclusion, and inequality. Through evaluating historic and contemporary education policies, Hale demonstrates how reframing the way we see school choice represents an opportunity to evolve from complicity to action. The idea of school choice, which emerged in the 1950s during the civil rights movement, was disguised by American rhetoric as a symbol of freedom and individualism. Shaped by the ideas of conservative economist Milton Friedman, the school choice movement was a weapon used to oppose integration and maintain racist and classist inequalities. Still supported by Democrats and Republicans alike, this policy continues to shape American education in nuanced ways, Hale shows—from the expansion of for-profit charter schools and civil rights–based reform efforts to the appointment of Betsy DeVos. Exposing the origins of a movement that continues to privilege middle- to upper-class whites while depleting the resources for students left behind, The Choice We Face is a bold, definitive new history that promises to challenge long-held assumptions on education and redefines our moment as an opportunity to save it—a choice we will not have for much longer.

The Oxford Handbook of the History of Education

John L. Rury,Eileen H. Tamura
The Oxford Handbook of the History of Education Book PDF

Author : John L. Rury,Eileen H. Tamura
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 640 pages
File Size : 44,8 Mb
Release : 2019-06-17
Category : History
ISBN : 9780199340040

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The Oxford Handbook of the History of Education by John L. Rury,Eileen H. Tamura Pdf

This handbook offers a global view of the historical development of educational institutions, systems of schooling, ideas about education, and educational experiences. Its 36 chapters consider changing scholarship in the field, examine nationally-oriented works by comparing themes and approaches, lend international perspective on a range of issues in education, and provide suggestions for further research and analysis. Like many other subfields of historical analysis, the history of education has been deeply affected by global processes of social and political change, especially since the 1960s. The handbook weighs the influence of various interpretive perspectives, including revisionist viewpoints, taking particular note of changes in the past half century. Contributors consider how schooling and other educational experiences have been shaped by the larger social and political context, and how these influences have affected the experiences of students, their families and the educators who have worked with them. The Handbook provides insight and perspective on a wide range of topics, including pre-modern education, colonialism and anti-colonial struggles, indigenous education, minority issues in education, comparative, international, and transnational education, childhood education, non-formal and informal education, and a range of other issues. Each contribution includes endnotes and a bibliography for readers interested in further study.

Violence and Discipline Problems in U.S. Public Schools : 1996-97

Sheila Heaviside
Violence and Discipline Problems in U S Public Schools 1996 97 Book PDF

Author : Sheila Heaviside
Publisher : U.S. Government Printing Office
Page : 158 pages
File Size : 50,5 Mb
Release : 1998
Category : Education
ISBN : STANFORD:36105061793639

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Violence and Discipline Problems in U.S. Public Schools : 1996-97 by Sheila Heaviside Pdf

Under a Congressional mandate, the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) is required to collect data on the frequency, seriousness, and incidence of violence in elementary and secondary schools. The NCES responded to this requirement by commissioning a survey, the Principal/School Disciplinarian Survey on School Violence, the results of which are detailed in this report. The school violence survey was conducted with a nationally representative sample of 1,234 regular public elementary, middle, and secondary schools in the 50 states and the District of Columbia in the spring and summer of 1997. The survey requested information on: (1) the incidence of crime and violence in the public schools; (2) principals' (or school disciplinarians') perceptions about discipline issues; (3) types of disciplinary actions schools took; and (4) security and violence prevention measures in the schools. More than half of U.S. public schools reported experiencing at least one crime incident in the school year 1996-97, and 1 in 10 schools reported at least one serious violent crime during the school year. Crime and violence were more of a problem in middle and high schools than in elementary schools. Middle and high schools were more likely to report that they had experienced one or more incidents of any crime and one or more incidents of serious violent crime than elementary schools. Most public schools reported having zero tolerance policies towards serious student offenses, and most schools reported that they used low levels of security measures to prevent violence. Most schools reported having formal school violence prevention programs. An appendix contains the survey questionnaire. (Contains 12 figures, 32 tables.) (SLD)

A Political Education

Elizabeth Todd-Breland
A Political Education Book PDF

Author : Elizabeth Todd-Breland
Publisher : UNC Press Books
Page : 343 pages
File Size : 40,7 Mb
Release : 2018-10-03
Category : Education
ISBN : 9781469646596

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A Political Education by Elizabeth Todd-Breland Pdf

In 2012, Chicago's school year began with the city's first teachers' strike in a quarter century and ended with the largest mass closure of public schools in U.S. history. On one side, a union leader and veteran black woman educator drew upon organizing strategies from black and Latinx communities to demand increased school resources. On the other side, the mayor, backed by the Obama administration, argued that only corporate-style education reform could set the struggling school system aright. The stark differences in positions resonated nationally, challenging the long-standing alliance between teachers' unions and the Democratic Party. Elizabeth Todd-Breland recovers the hidden history underlying this battle. She tells the story of black education reformers' community-based strategies to improve education beginning during the 1960s, as support for desegregation transformed into community control, experimental schooling models that pre-dated charter schools, and black teachers' challenges to a newly assertive teachers' union. This book reveals how these strategies collided with the burgeoning neoliberal educational apparatus during the late twentieth century, laying bare ruptures and enduring tensions between the politics of black achievement, urban inequality, and U.S. democracy.

Reclaiming Discipline for Education

James MacAllister
Reclaiming Discipline for Education Book PDF

Author : James MacAllister
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 262 pages
File Size : 53,5 Mb
Release : 2016-10-26
Category : Education
ISBN : 9781317478812

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Reclaiming Discipline for Education by James MacAllister Pdf

Discipline is of profound educational importance, both inside educational institutions and outside of them in personal and social life. Reclaiming Discipline for Education revisits neglected philosophical ideas about discipline in education and uses these ideas to re-think practices and discourses of discipline in education today. Chapters in this book trace the evolution of thought regarding discipline in education all the way from Kant through to Durkheim, Foucault, Peters, Dewey and Macmurray. MacAllister also critically examines the strengths and weaknesses of contemporary school discipline practices in the UK, the US and Australia, including behaviour management, zero tolerance and restorative approaches. The educational credentials of psychological constructs of grit and self-discipline are also questioned. This book concludes by considering the current and future state of discipline in education on the basis of the different philosophical, practical and policy perspectives discussed. In particular, MacAllister examines why it is problematic to consider practices of discipline in isolation from the wider purposes of education. This book is suitable for an international audience and should be read by anyone who is interested in education and educational leadership, as well as those interested in the philosophy of education.

Discursive Perspectives on Education Policy and Implementation

Jessica Nina Lester,Chad R. Lochmiller,Rachael E. Gabriel
Discursive Perspectives on Education Policy and Implementation Book PDF

Author : Jessica Nina Lester,Chad R. Lochmiller,Rachael E. Gabriel
Publisher : Springer
Page : 258 pages
File Size : 48,8 Mb
Release : 2017-07-12
Category : Education
ISBN : 9783319589848

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Discursive Perspectives on Education Policy and Implementation by Jessica Nina Lester,Chad R. Lochmiller,Rachael E. Gabriel Pdf

This edited volume demonstrates some of the potential contributions of discourse analytic approaches to the study of education policy and its implementation within particular policy contexts. Contributing authors provide a range of perspectives, examining education policy using both micro-analytic traditions and more macro-analytic traditions. With examples of research focused on various stages of the policy process from agenda-setting and policy-making to implementation and media representations, this volume will appeal to scholars engaged in research at the intersection of education policy and discourse analysis, and to students with specific interests in education policy and qualitative research methods.

Education and the State

Carla Aubry,Michael Geiss,Veronika Magyar-Haas,Jürgen Oelkers
Education and the State Book PDF

Author : Carla Aubry,Michael Geiss,Veronika Magyar-Haas,Jürgen Oelkers
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 302 pages
File Size : 55,8 Mb
Release : 2014-08-07
Category : Education
ISBN : 9781317678229

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Education and the State by Carla Aubry,Michael Geiss,Veronika Magyar-Haas,Jürgen Oelkers Pdf

In most countries in the world, school education is the business of the state. Even if forms and functions differ, the imparting of elementary knowledge is universally regarded as a public function. Yet this is neither self-evident nor self-explanatory. The degree of involvement of state agencies in the supervision, financing and organization of the school system sometimes varies so much that the usual assumption of a common understanding of ‘the state’ seems to be an illusion. Making international comparisons and focusing strongly on the historical conditions of the current form of state education, this volume paints a nuanced picture of how the relationship between ‘education’ and ‘state’ has been and is conceptualized. Insights into this relationship are gained by considering and analysing both specific processes such as financing and bureaucracy; and conceptual ideas, for example community, authority, and political utopias. The book presents comparative studies and analyses of regional and local conditions, arguing that the history of each country or region is critical to educational success, and the relationship between the education and the state must be reconsidered, both internationally and historically, in order to be of actual conceptual value. Education and the State presents a broad variety of approaches and examples that provide a significant contribution to the understanding of the relationship between education and the state. It will be of key value to academics and researchers in the fields of the history of education, the politics of education, and educational administration.

Willful Defiance

Mark R. Warren
Willful Defiance Book PDF

Author : Mark R. Warren
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 353 pages
File Size : 53,7 Mb
Release : 2021
Category : Education
ISBN : 9780197611500

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Willful Defiance by Mark R. Warren Pdf

Introduction: Confronting the School-to-Prison Pipeline: Journeys to Racial Justice Organizing -- The School-to-Prison Pipeline: Criminalization as Racial Domination and Control -- "Nationalizing local struggles:" Community Organizing and Social Justice Movements -- "There is no national without the local:" Building a National Movement Grounded in Local Organizing -- The Prevention of Schoolhouse to Jailhouse: Intergenerational Community Organizing in Mississippi -- Challenging Criminalization in Los Angeles: Building a Broad and Deep Movement to End the School to-Prison Pipeline -- From the Local to the State: Youth-led Organizing in Chicago -- The Movement Spreads: Organizing in Small Cities, Suburbs and the South -- The Movement Expands: Police-Free Schools, Black Girls Matter and restorative Justice -- Conclusion: Organizing and Movement-Building for Racial and Educational justice.