The Modal Verbs Can And May In English And Spanish

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The modal verbs can and may in English and Spanish

Andra Stefanescu
The modal verbs can and may in English and Spanish Book PDF

Author : Andra Stefanescu
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
Page : 89 pages
File Size : 49,7 Mb
Release : 2008-05-28
Category : Literary Collections
ISBN : 9783638054690

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The modal verbs can and may in English and Spanish by Andra Stefanescu Pdf

Diploma Thesis from the year 2007 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Linguistics, grade: 1, University of Bucharest (Faculty of Foreign Languages and Literatures), language: English, abstract: Modality is a semantic concept that covers notions such as possibility, probability, permission, ability, volition, necessity and obligation. The class of modals is in many languages both syntactically and semantically highly irregular and unpredictable: modals frequently have idiosyncratic conjugational patterns and are subject to highly specialized syntactic rules. One of the main characteristic of modal verbs is their relatively imprecise and indeterminate meaning, their ambiguity: the same modal can be deontic (i.e. based on rules and regulations), but it may also involve processes, sets of knowledge or belief systems, and thus get an epistemic interpretation. In order to define the class of modals or to provide a set of environments in which a modal may be correctly or appropriately used, one must refer to many levels of language: the purely syntactic environment, as well as the logical structure, the context of the utterance, the assumptions that are shared by the speaker and the addressee, the social situation assumed by the participants in the discourse, the impression the speaker wants to make on the addressee, and so on. There is also the question of the appropriate context environments, that is, the semantic-pragmatic issue. Therefore, a complete analysis of a particular modal can only be achieved by looking both at its syntactic features and at its semantic structure; in other words, the syntax of a modal verb is based on its semantics, and these two dimensions are inseparable.

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Kate Woodford,Guy Jackson
Cambridge Advanced Learner s Dictionary Book PDF

Author : Kate Woodford,Guy Jackson
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 1550 pages
File Size : 50,8 Mb
Release : 2003
Category : Foreign Language Study
ISBN : 0521824230

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Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary by Kate Woodford,Guy Jackson Pdf

The Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary is the ideal dictionary for advanced EFL/ESL learners. Easy to use and with a great CD-ROM - the perfect learner's dictionary for exam success. First published as the Cambridge International Dictionary of English, this new edition has been completely updated and redesigned. - References to over 170,000 words, phrases and examples explained in clear and natural English - All the important new words that have come into the language (e.g. dirty bomb, lairy, 9/11, clickable) - Over 200 'Common Learner Error' notes, based on the Cambridge Learner Corpus from Cambridge ESOL exams Plus, on the CD-ROM: - SMART thesaurus - lets you find all the words with the same meaning - QUICKfind - automatically looks up words while you are working on-screen - SUPERwrite - tools for advanced writing, giving help with grammar and collocation - Hear and practise all the words.

Language and Function

Josef Hladký
Language and Function Book PDF

Author : Josef Hladký
Publisher : John Benjamins Publishing
Page : 349 pages
File Size : 45,7 Mb
Release : 2003-04-17
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 9789027296733

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Language and Function by Josef Hladký Pdf

The present volume, originally prepared to celebrate Jan Firbas' 80th birthday, unfortunately is presented only belatedly, to commemorate one of the most outstanding personalities of functional and structural linguistics. Its contributors have been inspired by the richness and penetrating invention of Firbas, contained in his analysis of functional sentence perspective and of many other aspects of sentence and discourse.

Applied Corpus Linguistics

Anonim
Applied Corpus Linguistics Book PDF

Author : Anonim
Publisher : BRILL
Page : 289 pages
File Size : 53,9 Mb
Release : 2016-08-22
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 9789004333772

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Applied Corpus Linguistics by Anonim Pdf

This book will be of particular interest to anyone interested in the application of corpus linguistic techniques to language study and instruction. This volume includes selected papers from the Fourth North American Symposium, held in Indianapolis and hosted by the Indiana Center for Intercultural Communication at Indiana University Purdue University in Indianapolis (IUPUI) in November, 2002. These papers – from authors representing eight countries including the U.S., Belgium, China, France, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands, and Spain – provide a wide range of views of and approaches to corpus linguistic. Topics range from theory and analysis to classroom application, and include the study of oral discourse as well as the study of written discourse, including internet-based discourse. Consequently, this volume is divided into two sections. The first section focuses on the use of corpus linguistics in the analysis of spoken and written discourse; the second section focuses on the direct pedagogical application of corpus linguistics, reflecting the applied foundation of this branch of linguistics.

The Functional Perspective on Language and Discourse

María de los Ángeles Gómez González,Francisco José Ruiz de Mendoza Ibáñez,Francisco Gonzálvez García,Angela Downing
The Functional Perspective on Language and Discourse Book PDF

Author : María de los Ángeles Gómez González,Francisco José Ruiz de Mendoza Ibáñez,Francisco Gonzálvez García,Angela Downing
Publisher : John Benjamins Publishing Company
Page : 302 pages
File Size : 55,9 Mb
Release : 2014-05-15
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 9789027270207

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The Functional Perspective on Language and Discourse by María de los Ángeles Gómez González,Francisco José Ruiz de Mendoza Ibáñez,Francisco Gonzálvez García,Angela Downing Pdf

Over the last forty years, the functionalist approach to linguistic description and explanation has given rise to several major schools of thought that share two crucial assumptions: (i) form is not independent of meaning/function or language use; and (ii) linguistic description and explanation need to take into account the communicative function of language. This volume offers readers interested in functional linguistics a selected sample of studies that jointly prove the efficacy of the analytical tools and procedures broadly accepted within the functionalist tradition in order to investigate language and discourse, with special focus on key pragmatic/discourse notions such as contextualization, grammaticalisation, reference, politeness, (in-)directness, discourse markers, speech acts, subjective evaluation and sentiment analysis in texts, among others. In addition, this volume offers specific corpus-based techniques for the objective contextualisation of linguistic data, which is crucial given the central role allotted to context in both functional linguistics and pragmatics/discourse analysis.

Translation and Cultural Identity

Maria del Carmen Buesa Gómez,Micaela Muñoz-Calvo
Translation and Cultural Identity Book PDF

Author : Maria del Carmen Buesa Gómez,Micaela Muñoz-Calvo
Publisher : Cambridge Scholars Publishing
Page : 180 pages
File Size : 43,5 Mb
Release : 2010-02-19
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 9781443820363

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Translation and Cultural Identity by Maria del Carmen Buesa Gómez,Micaela Muñoz-Calvo Pdf

Translation and Cultural Identity: Selected Essays on Translation and Cross-Cultural Communication tackles the complexity of the concepts mentioned in its title through seven essays, written by most highly regarded experts in the field of Translation Studies: José Lambert (Catholic University of Louvain, Belgium), Raquel Merino (University of the Basque Country, Spain), Rosa Rabadán (University of Leon, Spain), Julio-César Santoyo (University of Leon, Spain), Christina Schäffner (Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom), Gideon Toury (Tel-Aviv University, Israel) and Patrick Zabalbeascoa (Pompeu Fabra University, Spain). The essays are varied and innovative. Their common feature is that they deal with various aspects of translation and cultural identity and that they contribute to the enrichment of the study of communication across cultures. These major readings in translation studies will give readers food for thought and reflection and will promote research on translation, cultural identity and cross-cultural communication.

Introduction to Spanish/English Linguistics

Dee L. Eldredge; Liesder Mayea
Introduction to Spanish English Linguistics Book PDF

Author : Dee L. Eldredge; Liesder Mayea
Publisher : Xlibris Corporation
Page : 412 pages
File Size : 42,8 Mb
Release : 2016-01-08
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 9781503574502

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Introduction to Spanish/English Linguistics by Dee L. Eldredge; Liesder Mayea Pdf

This textbook is for three groups of people involved with Spanish: first, for the students enrolled in Spanish/English linguistics courses; second, for college and university librarians; and third, for every Spanish language teacher/professor. We suggest that those who have courses of this type consider this book as a text for those classes. For those that do not have them, we recommend that you offer them and use this book. We also believe that it would also be an ideal book for libraries in which people interested in the topic can go to find out information, since there are no available texts as comprehensive as this one. It is also a book that all Spanish teachers/professors should have on their desks and shelves for reference purposes, being that it contains a lot of information about linguistics and grammar.

Spanish-English Contrasts

Melvin Stanley Whitley
Spanish English Contrasts Book PDF

Author : Melvin Stanley Whitley
Publisher : Georgetown University Press
Page : 410 pages
File Size : 53,6 Mb
Release : 2002
Category : Foreign Language Study
ISBN : 0878403817

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Spanish-English Contrasts by Melvin Stanley Whitley Pdf

An invaluable text in language and linguistics because it has a unique scope: a one-volume description of the Spanish language and its differences from English, and ranges from pronunciation and grammar to word meaning, language use, and social and dialectical variation. Designed for survey courses in Spanish linguistics with technical concepts explained in context for beginners in the field, Spanish/English Contrasts brings out the ways in which insights into the two languages have evolved as scholars have built on the work and research of others in the field. A bilingual glossary of linguistic terms is provided to facilitate discussion in either language. This second edition is thoroughly updated to incorporate insights and issues that have come to the fore from the explosion of research in the past twenty-five years in all of the areas covered by the book. It includes an expanded bibliography and index, and adds new exercises for student application and class discussion. Its approach remains broadly based however, in order to accommodate a range of areas and data rather than focusing narrowly on one single theory or research area, and it continues to emphasize implications for language teaching, translation, and other practical applications.

Thinking Modally

Elena Domínguez,CARMEN MAÍZ,Juan Rafael Zamorano-Mansilla
Thinking Modally Book PDF

Author : Elena Domínguez,CARMEN MAÍZ,Juan Rafael Zamorano-Mansilla
Publisher : Cambridge Scholars Publishing
Page : 485 pages
File Size : 50,8 Mb
Release : 2015-10-28
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 9781443885645

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Thinking Modally by Elena Domínguez,CARMEN MAÍZ,Juan Rafael Zamorano-Mansilla Pdf

This volume brings together a selection of the papers presented at the 4th International Conference on Modality in English, held in Madrid on 9–11 September 2010. The book is divided into two parts, with the first encompassing contributions focusing on the notions of modality, evidentiality and temporality, and the second those that explore modality and its connection with stance and evaluation in specific genres and discourse domains.

World Building in Spanish and English Spoken Narratives

Jane Lugea
World Building in Spanish and English Spoken Narratives Book PDF

Author : Jane Lugea
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
Page : 256 pages
File Size : 44,8 Mb
Release : 2016-06-16
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 9781474282451

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World Building in Spanish and English Spoken Narratives by Jane Lugea Pdf

Text World Theory is a powerful framework for discourse analysis that, thus far, has only been used in monolingual Anglophone stylistic analyses. This work adapts Text World Theory for the analysis of Spanish discourse, and in doing so suggests some improvements to the way in which it deals with discourse - in particular, with direct speech and conditional expressions. Furthermore, it applies Text World Theory in a novel way, searching not for style in language, but for the style of a language. Focusing principally on deixis and modality, the author examines whether Spanish speakers and English speakers construct the narrative text-world in any patterned ways. To do so, the 'frog story' methodology is employed, eliciting spoken narratives from native adult speakers of both languages by means of a children's picture book. These narratives are transcribed and subjected to a qualitative text-world analysis, which is supported with a quantitative corpus analysis. The results reveal contrasts in Spanish and English speakers' use of modality and deixis in building the same narrative text-world, and are relevant to scholars working in language typology, cross-cultural pragmatics and translation studies. These novel applications of the Text World Theory push the boundaries of stylistics in new directions, broadening the focus from monolingual texts to languages at large.

English Modal Auxiliary Verbs

Manik Joshi
English Modal Auxiliary Verbs Book PDF

Author : Manik Joshi
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 40,7 Mb
Release : 2013
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 1301447323

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English Modal Auxiliary Verbs by Manik Joshi Pdf

Modal Auxiliary Verb (or 'Modal Verb' or 'Modal Auxiliary') is a verb that is used with another verb (not a modal verb) to express ability, intention, necessity, obligation, permission, possibility, probability, etc.English modal auxiliary verbs - may, might, can, could, will, would, shall, should, must, need, used(to), ought(to), dare different patterns and examples may and might are used to express- possibility, compulsion, obligation, probability (in present and future) can, could are used to express- ability, probability, possibility, suggestion, request, condition will, would are used to express- action in future, present habit, compulsion, obligation shall, should are used to express- action in future, suggestion, surprise, importance or purpose need is used to express necessity used(to) is used to express- past habit ought(to) is used to express- probability, recommendation, obligation, advise dare is used to express- be brave enough toSample This:Modal Auxiliary Verb -- May and Might'May' and 'Might' are used to show Possibility and Probability'May' and 'Might' are used to ask for Permission'May' is used to give or refuse PermissionSome Important Uses of 'May' and 'Might'To say what the purpose of something isWe eat that we may live.Her prayer was that the child might live.That he might be well fed his mother starved herself.To admit that something is true before introducing another point, argument, etc.You may not return to past glory, but don't stop believing.City may not have the roads to drive sports car, but it has excellent infrastructure.It may not be wise, but using force may be lawful.I may not have deserved the house I bought, but I'm glad I own it.He may not have been loved, but he was respected.We may have had to go without food, but he is very considerate.'May' is used to express wishes and hopesMay you live prosperous life!'May' is used to give or refuse Permission [In Informal and Polite Way]You may contact us for queries regarding donations.When you have finished your work you may go home.Note: Never use 'might' to give permission. [Always use 'may']Never use 'might not' to refuse permission. [Always use 'may not']Difference between 'May' and 'Might'Note: 'Might' is the past equivalent of 'may' in indirect speech.But it is used in the same way as 'may' to talk about the present or future.'May' denotes more possibility/probability'Might' denotes less possibility/probabilityIt may rain tomorrow (Perhaps a 75% chance) - More possibleIt might rain tomorrow (Perhaps a 50% chance) - Less possible'Might' also denotes 'would perhaps'You might attract President's attention later. (= Perhaps you would attract.)He might have to go (Perhaps he had to go.)'Might' is frequently used In conditional sentencesIf I pursued studies further, I might learn more.If I had pursued studies further, I might have learned more.'Might' has limitations while 'asking permission''Might' is very polite and formal. It is not common. It is mostly used in indirect questions.I wonder if I might work on your computer.Note: 'Maybe' is an adverb. ['Maybe' means 'perhaps']Maybe he came to know something secret and was removed from the post.ALSO NOTE:Difference Between 'May' and 'Can''May' is more formal than 'Can''May' is mostly used in 'formal' English.'Can' is mostly used in 'informal' (or spoken) English

The Teacher's Grammar of English with Answers

Ron Cowan
The Teacher s Grammar of English with Answers Book PDF

Author : Ron Cowan
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 736 pages
File Size : 40,8 Mb
Release : 2008-05-26
Category : Foreign Language Study
ISBN : 0521809738

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The Teacher's Grammar of English with Answers by Ron Cowan Pdf

"The Teacher's grammar of English enables English language teachers and teachers-in-training to fully understand and effectively teach English grammar. With comprehensive presentation of form, meaning, and usage, along with practical exercises and advice on teaaching difficult structures, it is both a complete grammar course and an essential reference text."--Back cover.

Time and Modality

Jacqueline Guéron,Jacqueline Lecarme
Time and Modality Book PDF

Author : Jacqueline Guéron,Jacqueline Lecarme
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 301 pages
File Size : 49,5 Mb
Release : 2008-07-27
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9781402083549

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Time and Modality by Jacqueline Guéron,Jacqueline Lecarme Pdf

Here is a unique work of reference. Not only does it unite studies which explore the syntax and semantics of tense or modality, but it is the first book of its kind to embrace the interaction of tense and modality within a coherent generative model.

The Qualls Concise English Grammar

Eduard J. Qualls
The Qualls Concise English Grammar Book PDF

Author : Eduard J. Qualls
Publisher : Danaan Press Inc
Page : 344 pages
File Size : 52,7 Mb
Release : 2012-02
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 9781890000097

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The Qualls Concise English Grammar by Eduard J. Qualls Pdf

"The Qualls Concise English Grammar "is a text that treats specifically of North American English. American-Canadian English-"ACE"-is both the native dialect of the predominant majority (almost 74%) of native English speakers, and is the standard for International Business. "ACE "is the oldest dialect of English, preserving capabilities and distinctions of vocabulary that have been lost in British English and other dialects. "ACE" is, in fact, closer (particularly in grammar and pronunciation) to the language of Shakespeare than is modern British English. This grammar is written to the traditional standards of English teaching, in which understandability and correctness took precedence over the pseudo-psychology of undisciplinable self-esteem-ism. The grammar starts with a quick, high-level survey of the English language, aspects of its history and dialects. Then it presents schemas of the parts of speech and aspects of each that will be treated in the text. The grammar itself proceeds through each part of speech, starting with general descriptions and progressing to more detailed points and explanations. After this, aspects of the sentence are covered, followed by concise rules for capitalization and punctuation. Within the section for each part of speech and for the sentence are given points of correct or suggested usage. Copious examples are given for each description, rule or suggestion. The final part of the text covers Structural analysis of sentences and the clauses of which they are constructed. Parsing is treated first, with parsed selections taken from the examples given in the Grammar portion of the text. After that, extensive instructions are given for traditional diagramming and for an updated adaptation of traditional diagramming called "Qualls Concise Diagramming." "QCD" is built on the constructs of Reed/Kellogg diagramming, but incorporates improvements, in particular to representation of compound and complex components that too often resulted in indistinct representation or in spaghettification of the traditional diagrams. This book is an excellent study aid for the higher levels of grade school, for middle school, high school and even college students. It is vital for anyone whose job depends on the quality and effectiveness of their use of English, that is, all those in business, in broadcasting and those involved in writing, whether that be informal, commercial or literary. The book's extremely thorough presentation of diagramming will please those Americans who have become frustrated with the horrible decline both in standards of teaching materials and in the thoroughness of grammatical instruction. These will want to get copies to give to those friends and family members preparing for college entrance tests or for jobs that are highly language influenced or dependent.

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

Narayan Changder
ENGLISH GRAMMAR Book PDF

Author : Narayan Changder
Publisher : CHANGDER OUTLINE
Page : 3168 pages
File Size : 41,9 Mb
Release : 2023-04-03
Category : Juvenile Nonfiction
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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ENGLISH GRAMMAR by Narayan Changder Pdf

Unlock the doors to language proficiency with "Mastering English Grammar," the ultimate MCQ guide designed to elevate your understanding of the intricacies of the English language. Whether you're a student aiming for grammatical mastery or an educator enhancing language instruction, this comprehensive resource is your key to success. About the Book: Dive into the nuances of English grammar with our meticulously crafted MCQ guide, covering essential topics from parts of speech to advanced grammar rules. "Mastering English Grammar" is the go-to resource for learners seeking a robust foundation or looking to refine their language skills through a question-driven approach. Key Features: Extensive Question Bank: Access an extensive repository of MCQs covering grammar fundamentals, sentence structure, punctuation, and more. Our guide ensures a thorough exploration of key topics essential for language excellence. Detailed Explanations: Enhance your language proficiency with detailed explanations accompanying each MCQ. Understand the rules, exceptions, and nuances, making English grammar principles more accessible and memorable. Exam-Ready Content: Aligned with English grammar exam patterns, our guide prioritizes the types of questions commonly encountered in language assessments. Boost your exam readiness and build confidence in your grammatical skills. Progressive Difficulty Levels: Progress from basic to advanced questions, providing a structured learning experience. Challenge yourself with incrementally complex questions to develop a strong foundation in English grammar. Visual Learning Tools: Reinforce your knowledge with visual aids such as grammar diagrams and examples. These tools provide a visual dimension to the MCQs, enhancing your understanding of grammatical concepts. Why Choose Our Guide? Language Excellence Guarantee: Benefit from a carefully curated collection of MCQs that mirror exam content and difficulty levels. Our guide is a valuable resource to enhance your language proficiency and performance. Expert Authorship: Crafted by language professionals and educators, this guide reflects a deep understanding of English grammar principles, ensuring accuracy and clarity in explanations. Digital Accessibility: Seamlessly integrate your language learning into your digital lifestyle. Our guide is available in digital format, providing the flexibility to study anytime, anywhere. Comprehensive Review: Use our guide for focused revision and comprehensive review. The progressive structure ensures a well-rounded understanding of English grammar concepts, making it an invaluable tool for learners at all levels. Keywords: English Grammar, MCQ Guide, Language Excellence, Parts of Speech, Sentence Structure, Punctuation, Comprehensive Question Bank, Detailed Explanations, Exam-Ready Content, Visual Learning Tools, Progressive Difficulty Levels. Transform your language proficiency with "Mastering English Grammar: A Comprehensive MCQ Guide for Language Excellence." Download your copy now and embark on a journey of grammatical mastery, confidence, and success in the dynamic world of the English language. Whether you're a student or an educator, this guide is your key to unlocking the secrets of English grammar with precision! 1Noun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1Common and Proper Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2Singular and Plural Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 1.3Collective Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 1.4Masculine and Feminine Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 1.5The Possessive Form of Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 2Pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 2.1Personal Pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 2.2Reflexive Pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308 2.3Possessive Pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360 2.4Demonstrative Pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411 2.5Interrogative Pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456 2.6Indefinite Pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508 3Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569 3.1Kinds of Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569 3.2The Order of Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599 3.3Adjective Endings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640 3.4The Comparison of Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662 3.5Adjective Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691 4Determiners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 741 4.1The Articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 741 4.2Articles with abstract nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 810 Definite and Indefinite Articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 810 4.4Demonstrative Determiners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 869 4.5Quantifying Determiners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 871 4.6Interrogative Determiners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 879 4.7Possessive Determiners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 884 4.8Noun Determiners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 893 5Verbs and Tenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 909 5.1Subject and Verb Agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 909 5.2Transitive and Intransitive Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 948 5.3The Simple Present Tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 963 5.4The Present Progressive Tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1025 5.5The Simple Past Tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1046 5.6Irregular Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1123 5.7The Past Progressive Tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1199 5.8The Present Perfect Tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1214 5.9Irregular Past Participles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1283 5.10The Future Tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1298 5.11The Infinitive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1390 5.12The Imperative Form of Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1428 5.13Gerunds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1436 6Auxiliary Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1533 6.1Verb Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1533 6.2can and could . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1622 6.3will and would . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1676 6.4shall and should . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1681 6.5ought to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1684 6.6may and might . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1713 6.7Modal verb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1740 7Adverbs and Adverb Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1819 7.1Adverbs of Manner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1819 7.2Adverbs of Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1866 7.3Adverbs of Place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1907 7.4Adverbs of Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1921 7.5Adverbs of Duration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1979 7.6Adverbs of Emphasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1980 4.38Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1983 8.1Preposition or Adverb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1983 8.2Prepositions of Place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1987 8.3Prepositions of Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2009 8.4Prepositions of Direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2096 8.5Prepositional Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2111 8.6Prepositions with Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2189 8.7Verbs or Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2280 9Conjunctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2373 9.1Conjunctions Linking Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2373 9.2Conjunctions with Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2398 9.3Conjunctions That Join Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2402 9.4Conjunctions of Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2483 9.5Subordinating Conjunctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2495 9.6CONJUNCTION of PURPOSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2563 9.7Conjunction of Goals 9.8Conjunctions and Semicolons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2574 10 Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2587 10.1Types of sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2587 10.2Sentences with Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2657 10.3Verbs with Two Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2666 10.4Simple Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2669 10.5Compound Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2734 10.6Conditional Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2785 10.7Positive and Negative Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2896 10.8Question Tags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2905 11 Direct and Indirect Speech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2977 11.1Direct Speech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2977 11.2Reported Speech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3052 11.3Indirect Speech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3118 11.4Indirect Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3176 11.5Indirect Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3188 12 Punctuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3241 Punctuation Marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32411 13 Miscellenous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3283 13.1 Double comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.2 Antonyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.3 Synonyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.4 One word substitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.5 Idioms-phrases-proverbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.6 Odd one out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.7 Genders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.8 Analogies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.9 Jumble word and sentence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.10 Prefix-su?ix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.11 Wh-questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.12 Exclamatory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.13 correct-incorrect spelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .