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The Nerve Growth Cone by Paul C. Letourneau,Stanley B. Kater,Eduardo R. Macagno Pdf
Describes research on nerve growth cones, (the dynamic cell structure that plays a key role in establishing the specific neuronal interconnections that determine neural circuitry, and thus behaviour), from their individual molecular components to their behaviour within intact living animals.
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Forces that Guide Growth Cone Motility by Robert Henry Nichol Pdf
Nerve growth cones are sensory-motile structures that guide developing neurites to form of trillions of synapses in the human brain. Growth cones interact with the extracellular matrix (ECM), such as laminin (LN), through integrin receptors at adhesion sites. Adhesions link ECM proteins to the actin cytoskeleton through numerous adaptor and signaling proteins. One presumed function of growth cone adhesions is to restrain or "clutch" myosin-II-based filamentous actin (F-actin) retrograde flow (RF) to promote leading edge membrane protrusion. In motile non-neuronal cells, myosin-II binds and exerts force upon actin filaments at the leading edge, where clutching forces occur. However, in growth cones, it is unclear whether similar F-actin-clutching forces affect axon outgrowth and guidance. I found in Xenopus spinal neurons RF is reduced in rapidly migrating growth cones on laminin (LN) compared with non-integrin-binding poly-D-lysine (PDL). I further illustrate this relationship between adhesion and RF locally via two-channel imaging of RF and paxillin, as well as on micropatterns of PDL and LN. Finally, I showed that RF is significantly attenuated in vivo, suggesting that it is restrained by molecular clutching forces within the spinal cord. In the second part of my thesis I investigated how extracellular mechanical forces influence neuritogenesis. I examined the role of mechanical forces on neurite development of human forebrain (hFBs) neurons and human motor neurons (hMNs) derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). These two populations of neurons extend axons into distinct environments. Using polyacrylamide (PAA) and collagen substrata of varying elasticity I found that the extension of hFB neurites exhibit little differential outgrowth, while hMN neuritogenesis was strongly promoted on more rigid substrata. I found that the observed differential growth rates are in part due to greater adhesion of the growth cone leading edge to more rigid environments, suggesting hMN growth cones form more stable adhesions leading to greater motility. Furthermore, I found RhoA, an important adhesion regulating GTPase, activity was higher on stiffer substrata in hMNs. Taken together, these data illustrate the mechanistic role of intrinsic and extrinsic forces during neurite outgrowth
Michael E. Selzer,Stephanie Clarke,Leonardo G. Cohen,Gert Kwakkel (Professor),Robert H. Miller (Professor)
Author : Michael E. Selzer,Stephanie Clarke,Leonardo G. Cohen,Gert Kwakkel (Professor),Robert H. Miller (Professor) Publisher : Cambridge University Press Page : 693 pages File Size : 54,8 Mb Release : 2014 Category : Nervous system ISBN : 9781107011670
Textbook of Neural Repair and Rehabilitation by Michael E. Selzer,Stephanie Clarke,Leonardo G. Cohen,Gert Kwakkel (Professor),Robert H. Miller (Professor) Pdf
In two freestanding volumes, the Textbook of Neural Repair and Rehabilitation provides comprehensive coverage of the science and practice of neurological rehabilitation. Revised throughout, bringing the book fully up to date, this volume, Neural Repair and Plasticity, covers the basic sciences relevant to recovery of function following injury to the nervous system, reviewing anatomical and physiological plasticity in the normal central nervous system, mechanisms of neuronal death, axonal regeneration, stem cell biology, and research strategies targeted at axon regeneration and neuron replacement. New chapters have been added covering pathophysiology and plasticity in cerebral palsy, stem cell therapies for brain disorders and neurotrophin repair of spinal cord damage, along with numerous others. Edited and written by leading international authorities, it is an essential resource for neuroscientists and provides a foundation for the work of clinical rehabilitation professionals.
Neuronal Growth Cones by Phillip R. Gordon-Weeks Pdf
'I had the good fortune to behold for the first time that fantastic ending of the growing axon. In my sections of the spinal cord of the three day chick embryo, this ending appeared as a concentration of protoplasm of conical form, endowed with amoeboid movements. It could be compared with a living battering ram, soft and flexible, which advances, pushing aside mechanically the obstacles which it finds in its path, until it reaches the region of its peripheral termination. This curious terminal club, I christened the growth cone.' (Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Recollections of My Life, 1937). In Neuronal Growth Cones, Phillip Gordon-Weeks presents the molecular biology of the behavior of growth cones. The book covers the basic morphology and behavior of growth cones, motility and neurite extension via the growth cone cytoskeleton, pathfinding, intracellular signalling, and synaptogenesis. It is the first detailed, critical analysis of all aspects of growth cone biology.
Axon Growth and Regeneration by Andrew J. Murray Pdf
Axon Growth and Regeneration: Methods and Protocols brings together a diverse set of techniques for the study of the mechanisms underlying central nervous system axon growth, consequently providing a resource that will aid in the development of repair strategies. After an introductory section, this detailed volume continues with sections focusing on axon growth in vitro, providing a range of protocols that can be used to examine intracellular signalling pathways, axonal responses to extracellular factors and methods for quantifying outgrowth. The next section provides protocols for inducing experimental injury in vivo as well as some highly promising protocols for promoting regeneration, which segues into the final section highlighting a series of protocols that can be used to monitor the extent of axon regeneration in vivo, ranging from tract tracing to in vivo imaging and functional recovery. As a book in the Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters contain introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Practical and reliable, Axon Growth and Regeneration: Methods and Protocols aims to serve researchers studying axon regeneration with a significant set of diverse tools, vital for moving on to the next generation of exciting new discoveries in the field.
This book proposes an updated view of the current knowledge of the molecular and cellular mechanisms ensuring axon growth and guidance. The introductory chapter will remind the readers of all the features of a growth cone and the mechanisms controlling its growth. From there, one enters a fabulous journey with a growth cone, a Tom Thumb story filled with molecular encounters and complex interactions leading to one of the most fantastic developmental achievements: the nervous system wiring.
Axonal Transport in Neuronal Growth and Regeneration by John Elam Pdf
Over the past several years, the pace of research on the control of axonal growth has increased at a remarkable rate, and this activity is reflected in a growing literature dealing with various aspects of axonal growth and regener ation. It appears timely to review the role played by axonal transport in the intrinsic responses of neurons in the growth and regrowth processes. Through the cooperation of the senior editors of this series, we have been given the opportunity to bring such a focus to the current volume. We wish to acknowledge that the contributing authors attended a confer ence on "The Role of Axonal Transport in Neuronal Growth and Regenera tion" held in Tallahassee, Florida in March, 1983, sponsored by the Psycho biology Research Center of the Florida State University. It is our hope that many of the perceptions and insights expressed in these chapters resulted from our interactions.
Physical Management in Neurological Rehabilitation by Maria Stokes Pdf
Providing an introduction to the basic concepts of neurology, neurological conditions the differing methods of physiotherapy, this text brings together contributions from an experienced team of experts in the field.
Development of the Nervous System by Dan H. Sanes,Thomas A. Reh,William A. Harris Pdf
Development of the Nervous System, Second Edition has been thoroughly revised and updated since the publication of the First Edition. It presents a broad outline of neural development principles as exemplified by key experiments and observations from past and recent times. The text is organized along a development pathway from the induction of the neural primordium to the emergence of behavior. It covers all the major topics including the patterning and growth of the nervous system, neuronal determination, axonal navigation and targeting, synapse formation and plasticity, and neuronal survival and death. This new text reflects the complete modernization of the field achieved through the use of model organisms and the intensive application of molecular and genetic approaches. The original, artist-rendered drawings from the First Edition have all been redone and colorized to so that the entire text is in full color. This new edition is an excellent textbook for undergraduate and graduate level students in courses such as Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology, Biochemistry, Pharmacology, and Developmental Biology. Updates information including all the new developments made in the field since the first edition Now in full color throughout, with the original, artist-rendered drawings from the first edition completely redone, revised, colorized, and updated
Management of Post-Facial Paralysis Synkinesis by Babak Azizzadeh,Charles Nduka Pdf
From the use of specialist facial therapy and concurrent chemodenervation to the surgical revolution of selective neurolysis, synkinesis management is rapidly evolving as better tools become available to diagnose, assess, and personalize care. Management of Post-Facial Paralysis Synkinesis is the first book to focus exclusively on this common consequence of facial paralysis, providing authoritative coverage of recent advances in assessment as well as non-surgical and surgical treatment. Drs. Babak Azizzadeh and Charles Nduka lead an author team of international, multidisciplinary experts who fully explore the causes, clinical presentations, and management of synkinesis. Provides objective assessment and grading of facial paralysis, as well as both surgical and non-surgical management of synkinesis. Discusses the new surgical approach to lower facial synkinesis developed by Dr Azizzadeh. Includes numerous videos that show the movement of the face and selected treatments, as well as a library of facial expressions for objective video assessment of facial paralysis. Features dozens of high-quality anatomical images, colored line drawings, photographs, and charts throughout. Provides focused coverage of this timely topic for otolaryngologists, plastic surgeons, neurosurgeons, and maxillofacial surgeons.
Regenerative Biology and Medicine by David L. Stocum Pdf
Regenerative Biology and Medicine, Second Edition — Winner of a 2013 Highly Commended BMA Medical Book Award for Medicine — discusses the fundamentals of regenerative biology and medicine. It provides a comprehensive overview, which integrates old and new data into an ever-clearer global picture. The book is organized into three parts. Part I discusses the mechanisms and the basic biology of regeneration, while Part II deals with the strategies of regenerative medicine developed for restoring tissue, organ, and appendage structures. Part III reflects on the achievements of regenerative biology and medicine; future challenges; bioethical issues that need to be addressed; and the most promising developments in regenerative medicine. The book is designed for multiple audiences: undergraduate students, graduate students, medical students and postdoctoral fellows, and research investigators interested in an overall synthesis of this field. It will also appeal to investigators from fields not directly related to regenerative biology and medicine, such as chemistry, informatics, computer science, mathematics, physics, and engineering. Highly Commended 2013 BMA Medical Book Award for Medicine Includes coverage of skin, hair, teeth, cornea, and central neural tissues Provides description of regenetive medicine in digestive, respiratory, urogenital, musculoskeletal, and cardiovascular systems Includes amphibians as powerful research models with discussion of appendage regeneration in amphibians and mammals
