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Author : Eric Bond
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 50 pages
File Size : 55,5 Mb
Release : 1997
Category : Acuerdos comerciales - Chile
ISBN : 8210379456XXX
Author : Eric Bond
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 50,8 Mb
Release : 1999
Category : Electronic
ISBN : OCLC:1026462316
April 1997 A tariff index that, combined with a simple general equilibrium model, can be used to calculate more accurately how preferential tariff reductions affect sectoral output, factor prices, average tariff rates, and general welfare. Bond presents a tariff index that uses constant-elasticity-of-substitution aggregators of tariff line data to calculate how preferential tariff reductions affect both prices and average tariff rates. A simple general-equilibrium model with sector-specific factors of production can be combined with the tariff indices to calculate how a preferential trade arrangement affects sectoral output, factor prices, and general welfare. The general equilibrium model is simple enough that it can be calculated on an Excel spreadsheet, and is flexible enough to be used with different ranges of available domestic data. Bond presents an example of the model, simulating the effects of free trade agreements between Chile and MERCOSUR countries and between Chile and NAFTA countries. Calculations for the case of Chile show that the index is simple to calculate because of its recursive structure, which allows large amounts of detailed tariff line data to be aggregated for use with domestic production data that is available only at a more aggregated level. Bond finds that results using the tariff aggregators may differ substantially from those derived using simple averages of tariff reductions. Reductions in import prices using the index were 10 to 30 percent larger than those calculated using a simple average of tariffs. Ignoring the information available in tariff line data could lead to a substantial overestimate of the average tariff rate on imports after a preferential reduction. The tariff index could be extended to incorporate the role of quantitative restructions. The general equilibrium model could be used to consider the effects on domestic production of allowing reallocation of capital between industries over time. This paper - a product of the International Trade Division, International Economics Department - represents the results of a study funded by the Bank's Research Support Budget, An Operational Model for Evaluating Preferential Trading Arrangements (RPO 679-77).
Author : Eric W. Bond
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 28 pages
File Size : 55,7 Mb
Release : 2016
Category : Electronic
ISBN : OCLC:1290705876
A tariff index that, combined with a simple general equilibrium model, can be used to calculate more accurately how preferential tariff reductions affect sectoral output, factor prices, average tariff rates, and general welfare.Bond presents a tariff index that uses constant-elasticity-of-substitution aggregators of tariff line data to calculate how preferential tariff reductions affect both prices and average tariff rates. A simple general-equilibrium model with sector-specific factors of production can be combined with the tariff indices to calculate how a preferential trade arrangement affects sectoral output, factor prices, and general welfare. The general equilibrium model is simple enough that it can be calculated on an Excel spreadsheet, and is flexible enough to be used with different ranges of available domestic data. Bond presents an example of the model, simulating the effects of free trade agreements between Chile and MERCOSUR countries and between Chile and NAFTA countries.Calculations for the case of Chile show that the index is simple to calculate because of its recursive structure, which allows large amounts of detailed tariff line data to be aggregated for use with domestic production data that is available only at a more aggregated level.Bond finds that results using the tariff aggregators may differ substantially from those derived using simple averages of tariff reductions. Reductions in import prices using the index were 10 to 30 percent larger than those calculated using a simple average of tariffs. Ignoring the information available in tariff line data could lead to a substantial overestimate of the average tariff rate on imports after a preferential reduction. The tariff index could be extended to incorporate the role of quantitative restructions. The general equilibrium model could be used to consider the effects on domestic production of allowing reallocation of capital between industries over time.This paper - a product of the International Trade Division, International Economics Department - represents the results of a study funded by the Bank's Research Support Budget, An Operational Model for Evaluating Preferential Trading Arrangements (RPO 679-77).
Author : Michael G. Plummer,David Cheong,Shintaro Hamanaka
Publisher : Asian Development Bank
Page : 194 pages
File Size : 48,8 Mb
Release : 2011-02-01
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9789290921974
This publication displays the menu for choice of available methods to evaluate the impact of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs). It caters mainly to policy makers from developing countries and aims to equip them with some economic knowledge and techniques that will enable them to conduct their own economic evaluation studies on existing or future FTAs, or to critically re-examine the results of impact assessment studies conducted by others, at the very least.
Author : Faezeh Foroutan
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 43 pages
File Size : 53,5 Mb
Release : 1998
Category : Comercio internacional
ISBN : 8210379456XXX
March 1998 It seems participation in a regional trade agreement does not necessarily lead to a more liberal import regime. Foroutan explores whether a systematic relationship exists between a developing country's participation in a preferential regional trade agreement (RTA) and the restrictiveness of its trade regime. The motivation for her study is provided by the current debate about whether regional trading blocs are a stepping-stone toward a more liberal global trading system and whether these blocs have changed over time so that the new blocs differ meaningfully from the old ones in terms of openness to the rest of the world. She restricts analysis to reciprocal RTAs involving developing countries in partnership either with industrial countries (North-South RTAs) or with other developing countries (South-South RTAs). Nearly every developing country belongs to one or more RTAs, so Foroutan develops criteria for distinguishing effective from noneffective regional blocs. She then taps into many sources of data to compare levels of restrictiveness. She finds no evidence that participation in a regional trade agreement necessarily leads to a more liberal import regime. This paper-a product of International Trade, Development Research Group-is part of a larger effort in the group to study preferential trade issues. The author may be contacted at [email protected].
Author : Glenn W. Harrison,Thomas F. Rutherford,David G. Tarr
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 48 pages
File Size : 52,7 Mb
Release : 2001
Category : ALCA
ISBN : 8210379456XXX
July 2001 - Among Chile's bilateral regional agreements, only Chile's agreements with "Northern" partners provide enough market access to offset the costs to Chile of trade diversion. Because of preferential market access, however, "additive regionalism" is likely to provide Chile with far more gains than the static welfare gains from unilateral free trade. At least one partner country loses from each of the regional trade agreements considered in this study, and excluded countries always lose. The Free Trade Agreement of the Americas (FTAA) produces gains for almost all the member countries, but the European Union is a big loser. Countries of the Americas gain more in aggregate from global free trade than from the FTAA. Using a multisector, multicountry, computable general equilibrium model, Harrison, Rutherford, and Tarr examine Chile's strategy of negotiating bilateral free trade agreements with all of its significant trading partners (referring to this policy as additive regionalism). They also evaluate the Free Trade Agreement of the Americas (FTAA) and global free trade. Among Chile's bilateral regional agreements, only Chile's agreements with "Northern" partners provide enough market access to offset the costs to Chile of trade diversion. Because of preferential market access, however, additive regionalism is likely to provide Chile with many times as many gains as the static welfare gains from unilateral free trade. Harrison, Rutherford, and Tarr find that at least one partner country loses from each of the regional trade agreements they consider, and excluded countries as a group always lose. They estimate that the FTAA produces large welfare gains for the members, with the European Union being the big loser. Gains to the world from global free trade are estimated to be at least 36 times greater than gains from the FTAA. Even countries of the Americas in aggregate gain more from global free trade than from the FTAA. This paper--a product of Trade, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to examine the impact of regional trade arrangements on development and poverty reduction. David Tarr may be contacted at [email protected].
Author : Jean-Pierre Chauffour,Jean-Christophe Maur
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 537 pages
File Size : 43,8 Mb
Release : 2011-06-22
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780821386439
The Handbook offers an introduction to the key elements of Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs), addressing the practical economic and legal aspects of the regulatory policies in PTAs.
Author : Diego Puga,Anthony Venables
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 42 pages
File Size : 50,7 Mb
Release : 1997
Category : Desarrollo industrial
ISBN : 8210379456XXX
Author : Glenn W. Harrison,Thomas Fox Rutherford,David G. Tarr
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 83 pages
File Size : 46,5 Mb
Release : 1997
Category : Chile
ISBN : 8210379456XXX
Examines the net economic benefits and government revenue implications for Chile of forming a free trade area with MERCOSUR as an associate member, forming a free trade area with NAFTA, and reducing its external tariff multilaterally and unilaterally.
Author : Anju Gupta,Maurice W. Schiff
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 37 pages
File Size : 48,5 Mb
Release : 1997
Category : Comercio intraregional - Paises en desarrollo
ISBN : 8210379456XXX
November 1997 Regional trade agreements among small countries may have negative welfare implications for nearby countries excluded from the agreement--but they sometimes benefit from being excluded. Standard theory says that a country's welfare is unaffected by being excluded from a small regional trade agreement. But for most products, small countries and regional trade agreements do have some measure of market power. Such market power can arise if (1) supply is geographically concentrated; (2) tastes differ; (3) there is product differentiation (such as quality); (4) transport costs are high; (5) the principal importing countries impose quantitative restrictions; and (6) there is hysterisis because of irreversible costs. The authors show, based on two case studies, that regional trade agreements among small countries may have negative welfare implications for outside countries. In the first case, they find that Argentina's cattle and beef exports to Peru fell when Peru formed a regional trade agreement (the Andean Pact) with various countries, including Colombia, and exporter of the same products. Argentina also lost because of the higher unit price it received on its exports to Peru. Interestingly, Venezuela's entry into the Andean Pact (that is, the formation of a larger bloc) seems to have resulted in a welfare gain for the outside country (Argentina). In the second case, rather than examine whether formation of the Central American Common Market (CACM) had a negative impact on outside countries (for which they lacked data), they examine the impact of the CACM's breakdown on member countries. Although the CACM has essentially been trade-diverting for manufactures, it seems to have been trade-creating for white maize, with both importing and exporting member countries gaining from the regional trade agreement. So, one would expect that a breakdown of the CACM, which resulted in member countries becoming relatively more outsiders to the bloc, may have led to a decline in the welfare of both the exporting and importing member countries. This is supported by the data, and implies that if one of the five member countries had been left out of the CACM, it would have been worse off where white maize was concerned. This paper--aproduct of the Development Research Group--is part of background work for the group's program on regionalism and development.
Author : Eric Bond
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 44 pages
File Size : 42,7 Mb
Release : 1999
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 8210379456XXX
November 1997 This model predicts that without cooperative infrastructure agreements between countries, there will be underinvestment in those forms of infrastructure in which the investments will have spillover effects to other countries. For a relatively small country, for example, there would tend to be more underinvestment in railroad and highway infrastructure to neighboring countries than there would be in airport and harbor infrastructure (carrying goods to the whole world). Bond examines whether trade liberalization should create a greater incentive for countries to invest in transportation infrastructure. He pays special attention to the case of preferential trade liberalization between neighboring countries, where investments in roads or railroads are specific to the partner country and will thus have spillover effects. The existence of spillovers will lead to gains from cooperative agreements about investment levels. Bond shows that in a small country the incentive to invest in infrastructure depends on the level of the tariff when demand is linear. If protection is in the form of a quota, on the other hand, trade liberalization will increase the optimal infrastructure investment. He shows that in a two-country model with spillovers between countries, the cooperative equilibrium may involve either more or less investment than the noncooperative equilibrium, depending on the pattern of trade between the two countries and the degree of substitutability between investments in the two countries. For a relatively small country, for example, there would be more underinvestment in railroad and highway infrastructure to neighboring countries than there would be in airport and harbor infrastructure. The first type of investment is specific to certain markets and is likely to affect the relative price of goods in those markets. The second type of investment, on the other hand, will send goods to world markets generally, where prices are likely to be relatively unaffected by the investments. Bond also examines the desirability of linking regional trade and infrastructure agreements. The prediction generated by his model is that in the absence of cooperative agreements between countries, there will be underinvestment in those forms of transportation in which the investments will have spillover effects to other countries. Bond identifies two forms of gains from infrastructure agreements: * Internalizing the terms-of-trade effects and thus avoiding the inefficient investment levels that arise in noncooperative choices of investment levels. * Internalizing the effects of the infrastructure investment in the tariff negotiation process, in cases where countries cannot commit to future tariff rates. This paper-a product of the Development Research Group-is part of a larger effort in the group to understand regionalism and development.
Author : Angelo Gurgel
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 107 pages
File Size : 42,8 Mb
Release : 2003
Category : Brazil
ISBN : 8210379456XXX
This paper determines the impacts of the Free Trade Agreement of the Americas (FTAA) for Brazil under alternative assumptions concerning the returns to scale and the nature of competition in several industries, emphasizing the effects on the agribusiness activities. The GTAPinGAMS applied general equilibrium model is used to run the simulations. The results suggest different changes in output, imports, exports, and prices under alternative assumptions about market structure. The FTAA allows the exploitation of economies of scale and reduction of markups in almost all industries, with evidences of rationalizing and pro-competitive effects occurring in the industries under imperfect competition. The welfare gains from the FTAA are larger in the model with market imperfections. If the FTAA excludes products from the agribusiness sectors, the Brazilian agricultural industries will exploit less the economies of scale.
Author : Valeria De Bonis
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 64 pages
File Size : 45,9 Mb
Release : 1997
Category : Eficacia
ISBN : 8210379456XXX
Author : Valeria De Bonis
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 50 pages
File Size : 43,8 Mb
Release : 1997
Category : Commercial products
ISBN : 8210379456XXX
Author : Pier Carlo Padoan
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 42 pages
File Size : 47,7 Mb
Release : 1999
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 8210379456XXX
June 1997 National patterns of technology diffusion found in country estimates probably reflect sectoral variations more than country variations. They also reflect different degrees of internationalization. Recently, interest in regionalism has mushroomed, and economists have analyzed it not only from the viewpoint of trade but that of foreign investment, macroeconomics, and political economy. But questions of technological regionalism-whether the accumulation and diffusion of technology has a regional dimension-have been considered only marginally and indirectly. Padoan offers an exploratory analysis of the regional dimension of technology and diffusion, examining both country and sectoral aspects of it. Empirical results suggest that regional trade agreements do not necessarily lead to spillover patterns in regional knowledge. But knowledge may be diffused through vehicles other than trade. National patterns of technological accumulation seem more important than regional patterns. In particular, more internationalized economies seem capable of commanding a substantial amount of knowledge diffusion, which may sometimes follow regional patterns. These conclusions are partly confirmed by sectoral estimates that show that regional patterns of knowledge diffusion are highly sector-specific. The knowledge base varies greatly across sectors. This paper - a product of the International Trade Division, International Economics Department - was prepared for the department's research project on regional integration.