Where Metaphors Come From

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Where Metaphors Come from

Zoltán Kövecses
Where Metaphors Come from Book PDF

Author : Zoltán Kövecses
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
Page : 233 pages
File Size : 44,8 Mb
Release : 2015
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 9780190224868

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Where Metaphors Come from by Zoltán Kövecses Pdf

In Where Metaphors Come From, Zoltán Kövecses proposes a metaphorical grounding that augments and refines conceptual metaphor theory according to which conceptual metaphors are based on our bodily experience. While this is certainly true in many cases of metaphor, the role of the body in metaphor creation can and should be reinterpreted, and, consequently, the body can be seen as just one of the several contexts from which metaphors can emerge (including the situational, discourse, and conceptual-cognitive contexts) - although perhaps the dominant or crucial one. Kövecses is a leader in CMT, and his argument in this book is more in line with what has been discovered about the nature of human cognition in recent years; namely, that human cognition is grounded in experience in multiple ways - embodiment, in a strict sense, being just one of them (see Barsalou, 2008; Gibbs, 2006; Pecher and Zwaan, 2005). In light of the present work, this is because cognition, including metaphorical cognition, is grounded in not only the body, but also in the situations in which people act and lead their lives, the discourses in which they are engaged at any time in communicating and interacting with each other, and the conceptual knowledge they have accumulated about the world in the course of their experience of it.

Metaphor in Use

Fiona MacArthur,Jose Luis Oncins-Martinez,Manuel Sánchez-García,Ana María Piquer-Píriz
Metaphor in Use Book PDF

Author : Fiona MacArthur,Jose Luis Oncins-Martinez,Manuel Sánchez-García,Ana María Piquer-Píriz
Publisher : John Benjamins Publishing
Page : 390 pages
File Size : 40,9 Mb
Release : 2012
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 9789027223920

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Metaphor in Use by Fiona MacArthur,Jose Luis Oncins-Martinez,Manuel Sánchez-García,Ana María Piquer-Píriz Pdf

Metaphor is a fascinating phenomenon, but it is also complex and multi-faceted, varying in how it is manifested in different modes of expression, languages, cultures, or time-scales. How then can we reliably identify metaphors in different contexts? How does the language or culture of speakers and hearers affect the way metaphors are produced or interpreted? Are the methods employed to explore metaphors in one context applicable in others? The sixteen chapters that make up this volume offer not only detailed studies of the situated use of metaphor in language, gesture, and visuals around the world – providing important insights into the different factors that produce variation – but also careful explication and discussion of the methodological issues that arise when researchers approach metaphor in diverse 'real world' contexts. The book constitutes an important contribution to applied metaphor studies, and will prove an invaluable resource for the novice and experienced metaphor researcher alike.

Finding Metaphor in Grammar and Usage

Gerard Steen
Finding Metaphor in Grammar and Usage Book PDF

Author : Gerard Steen
Publisher : John Benjamins Publishing
Page : 456 pages
File Size : 43,5 Mb
Release : 2007
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 9027238979

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Finding Metaphor in Grammar and Usage by Gerard Steen Pdf

Cognitive linguists have proposed that metaphor is not just a matter of language but of thought, and that metaphorical thought displays a high degree of conventionalization. In order to produce converging evidence for this theory of metaphor, a wide range of data is currently being studied with a large array of methods and techniques. Finding Metaphor in Grammar and Usage aims to map the field of this development in theory and research from a methodological perspective. It raises the question when exactly evidence for metaphor in language and thought can be said to count as converging. It also goes into the various stages of producing such evidence (conceptualization, operationalization, data collection and analysis, and interpretation). The book offers systematic discussion of eight distinct areas of metaphor research that emerge as a result of approaching metaphor as part of grammar or usage, language or thought, and symbolic structure or cognitive process.

Confronting Metaphor in Use

Mara Sophia Zanotto,Lynne Cameron,Marilda C. Cavalcanti
Confronting Metaphor in Use Book PDF

Author : Mara Sophia Zanotto,Lynne Cameron,Marilda C. Cavalcanti
Publisher : John Benjamins Publishing
Page : 330 pages
File Size : 50,8 Mb
Release : 2008-03-27
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 9789027291424

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Confronting Metaphor in Use by Mara Sophia Zanotto,Lynne Cameron,Marilda C. Cavalcanti Pdf

It is timely for researchers to approach metaphor as social and situated, as a matter of language and discourse, and not just as a matter of thought. Over the last twenty five years, scholars have come to appreciate in depth the cognitive, motivated and embodied nature of metaphor, but have tended to background the linguistic form of metaphor and have largely ignored how this connects to its role in the discourses in which our lives are constructed and lived. This book brings language and social dimensions into the picture, offering snapshots of metaphor use in real language and in real lives across the very different cultures of Europe and Brazil and contributing to the theorizing of metaphor in discourse.

The Cambridge Handbook of Metaphor and Thought

Raymond W. Gibbs, Jr.
The Cambridge Handbook of Metaphor and Thought Book PDF

Author : Raymond W. Gibbs, Jr.
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 550 pages
File Size : 47,5 Mb
Release : 2008-09-22
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9781139471664

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The Cambridge Handbook of Metaphor and Thought by Raymond W. Gibbs, Jr. Pdf

A comprehensive collection of essays in multidisciplinary metaphor scholarship that has been written in response to the growing interest among scholars and students from a variety of disciplines such as linguistics, philosophy, anthropology, music and psychology. These essays explore the significance of metaphor in language, thought, culture and artistic expression. There are five main themes of the book: the roots of metaphor, metaphor understanding, metaphor in language and culture, metaphor in reasoning and feeling, and metaphor in non-verbal expression. Contributors come from a variety of academic disciplines, including psychology, linguistics, philosophy, cognitive science, literature, education, music, and law.

Metaphor and Culture

Katharina Eder
Metaphor and Culture Book PDF

Author : Katharina Eder
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
Page : 65 pages
File Size : 43,9 Mb
Release : 2011-05
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 9783640915392

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Metaphor and Culture by Katharina Eder Pdf

Seminar paper from the year 2009 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Linguistics, grade: 1, University of Vienna, language: English, abstract: The first question that arises is in the context of "Metaphor and Culture" is what metaphor actually has to do with culture. This question can be answered in the way that metaphor and culture are related in many ways. Metaphor can be viewed as the ornamental use of language, and a lot about metaphor and culture arises from what we have heard or learned in school about it, such as for instance creative writers or poets who use metaphors. Since literature is a significant part of our culture, metaphor can be regarded as intimately linked to our socio-cultural field. So a possible way of relation between metaphor and culture would be literature, an exemplary manifestation of culture. However, there are in fact much more fundamental relations between metaphor and culture, which become clear when we look at some currrent thinking in anthropology, which leads us to the fact that we can view culture as a set of shared understandings that characterize smaller or larger groups of people (cf. Shore 1996, Strauss & Quinn 1997). It has to be noted that this is obviously not an exhaustive view or definition of culture, considering the fact that it leaves out real artifacts, real objects, practices, institutions, actions and so on, which people participate in and use in various cultures. However, it integrates a large part of it, namely the shared understanding that human beings have in connection with all of these "things."

Metaphor in Educational Discourse

Lynne Cameron
Metaphor in Educational Discourse Book PDF

Author : Lynne Cameron
Publisher : A&C Black
Page : 306 pages
File Size : 47,7 Mb
Release : 2003-03-13
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 9781441175649

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Metaphor in Educational Discourse by Lynne Cameron Pdf

'Metaphor in Educational Discourse is a superb piece of applied linguistics research that integrates Vygotsky's theory of concepts with current work on metaphor into a coherent framework for investigating how teachers and learners negotiate figurative language in order to promote development in the classroom setting. In what is likely to become the standard for future studies in this area, Lynne Cameron meticulously demonstrates the central role of linguistic metaphors in classroom learning - designed to lead learners to a deeper understanding of complex mathematical and scientific concepts.' James P. Lantolf, Professor of Applied Linguistics, The Pennsylvania State University. This book reports research into metaphor in use with school students. The setting for the research is a UK school and the participants are around ten years old, with their first language well established but still developing concepts and understandings. Close examination of a corpus of classroom spoken discourse reveals how metaphor is employed by their teachers, not just in explaining ideas, but, in managing and mediating the activity of the classroom and the learning of the students. Particular issues discussed include: the problems of identifying metaphors in spoken discourse, the conventionalism of metaphors in the discourse of socio-cultural groups, and how a socio-cultural approach can account for systematicity in metaphor use.

Metaphor and Communication

Elisabetta Gola,Francesca Ervas
Metaphor and Communication Book PDF

Author : Elisabetta Gola,Francesca Ervas
Publisher : John Benjamins Publishing Company
Page : 297 pages
File Size : 54,6 Mb
Release : 2016-02-24
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 9789027267580

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Metaphor and Communication by Elisabetta Gola,Francesca Ervas Pdf

This collection of papers presents different views on metaphor in communication. The overall aim is to show that the communicative dimension of metaphor cannot be reduced to its conceptual and/or linguistic dimension. The volume addresses two main questions: does the communicative dimension of metaphor have specific features that differentiate it from its linguistic and cognitive dimensions? And how could these specific properties of communication change our understanding of the linguistic and cognitive dimensions of metaphor? The authors of the papers collected in this volume offer answers to these questions that raise new interests in metaphor and communication.

Metaphors in Learner English

Susan Nacey
Metaphors in Learner English Book PDF

Author : Susan Nacey
Publisher : John Benjamins Publishing
Page : 293 pages
File Size : 54,9 Mb
Release : 2013-11-15
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 9789027271563

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Metaphors in Learner English by Susan Nacey Pdf

This volume presents results from a corpus-based investigation into the metaphorical production of foreign language learners, comparing texts written by Norwegian (L2) learners of English with those written by British (L1) students. Three types of questions are addressed. The first has empirically measured answers: For example, do L2 English writers produce more metaphors than L1 novice writers? How frequent are novel metaphors in an L2, as compared with an L1? The second type has more subjective answers: How creatively do L2 English learners employ metaphor? Are they even expected to be able to produce metaphor at all? The third type combines theoretical and methodological perspectives: How is metaphorical creativity identified? What is the potential role of metaphoric competence? Most importantly, how are metaphors identified? To this end, the newly-developed ‘Metaphor Identification Procedure’ is tested and critiqued. This book is intended for metaphor researchers, corpus linguists, applied linguists and language educators.

Perception Metaphors

Laura J. Speed,Carolyn O'Meara,Lila San Roque,Asifa Majid
Perception Metaphors Book PDF

Author : Laura J. Speed,Carolyn O'Meara,Lila San Roque,Asifa Majid
Publisher : John Benjamins Publishing Company
Page : 382 pages
File Size : 53,6 Mb
Release : 2019-02-15
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 9789027263049

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Perception Metaphors by Laura J. Speed,Carolyn O'Meara,Lila San Roque,Asifa Majid Pdf

Metaphor allows us to think and talk about one thing in terms of another, ratcheting up our cognitive and expressive capacity. It gives us concrete terms for abstract phenomena, for example, ideas become things we can grasp or let go of. Perceptual experience—characterised as physical and relatively concrete—should be an ideal source domain in metaphor, and a less likely target. But is this the case across diverse languages? And are some sensory modalities perhaps more concrete than others? This volume presents critical new data on perception metaphors from over 40 languages, including many which are under-studied. Aside from the wealth of data from diverse languages—modern and historical; spoken and signed—a variety of methods (e.g., natural language corpora, experimental) and theoretical approaches are brought together. This collection highlights how perception metaphor can offer both a bedrock of common experience and a source of continuing innovation in human communication.

Beyond Cognitive Metaphor Theory

Monika Fludernik
Beyond Cognitive Metaphor Theory Book PDF

Author : Monika Fludernik
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 316 pages
File Size : 40,5 Mb
Release : 2012-03-29
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 9781136717659

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Beyond Cognitive Metaphor Theory by Monika Fludernik Pdf

In this innovative collection, an international group of scholars come together to discuss literary metaphors and cognitive metaphor theory. The volume presents recent approaches to metaphor, illustrates a range of successful applications of the new cognitive models to literary texts, and provides an assessment of cognitive metaphor theory from a literary point of view.

The Ubiquity of Metaphor

Wolf Paprotté,René Dirven
The Ubiquity of Metaphor Book PDF

Author : Wolf Paprotté,René Dirven
Publisher : John Benjamins Publishing
Page : 657 pages
File Size : 48,8 Mb
Release : 1985-01-01
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9789027235213

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The Ubiquity of Metaphor by Wolf Paprotté,René Dirven Pdf

This volume brings together a number of articles representative of the present outlook on the importance of metaphors, and of the work done on metaphors in several domains of (psycho)linguistics. The first part of the volume deals with metaphor and the system of language. The second part offers papers on metaphor and language use. In the third part psychological and psycholinguistic aspects of metaphor are discussed.

Metaphor

L. David Ritchie
Metaphor Book PDF

Author : L. David Ritchie
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 241 pages
File Size : 40,5 Mb
Release : 2013-01-10
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 9781107022546

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Metaphor by L. David Ritchie Pdf

A summary, critique and comparison of the most important theories on how metaphors are used and understood, drawing on research from linguistics, psychology and other disciplines. Written in a non-technical style, the book includes clear definitions, examples, discussion questions and a glossary, making it ideal for graduate-level seminars.

The Conceptual Metaphor

Andrea-Anja Gschaider
The Conceptual Metaphor Book PDF

Author : Andrea-Anja Gschaider
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
Page : 25 pages
File Size : 53,7 Mb
Release : 2006-07-10
Category : Literary Collections
ISBN : 9783638518840

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The Conceptual Metaphor by Andrea-Anja Gschaider Pdf

Seminar paper from the year 2002 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Linguistics, grade: 1,3, Ruhr-University of Bochum, course: Hauptseminar Linguistik, language: English, abstract: Classical theorists since Aristotle have referred to metaphor as an instance of novel poetic language in which words likemother, night,andgoare not used in their normal everyday meaning. Metaphor was considered as a matter of language, not a matter of thought. It was assumed that in everyday language, there was no metaphor, and that metaphor used mechanisms which were not used in conventional language. This theory was taken as a definition. The wordmetaphorwas defined as a linguistic expression in which one or more words for a concept are used outside of the conventional meaning to express a similar concept. From a linguistic point of view, one has to ask what these generalizations governing the linguistic expression are. Trying to answer this question, the classical theory turns out to be false: the generalizations are not in language, but in thought; they can be seen as general mappings across conceptual domains. These conceptual mappings do not only apply to poetic expressions but also in everyday language. As a result, metaphor is a central aspect of ordinary language semantics. Everyday metaphor consists of a large number of cross-domain mappings which are used in novel metaphor. So when studying literary metaphor, it is an extension of the study of everyday metaphor. This paper will also show that the idea of metaphor is not limited to linguistics, but also concerns many areas of life and how we understand the world.

Implications of the Conceptual Metaphor "Languages are Creatures"

Maryna Zühlke
Implications of the Conceptual Metaphor Languages are Creatures Book PDF

Author : Maryna Zühlke
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
Page : 14 pages
File Size : 48,9 Mb
Release : 2010-07-27
Category : Literary Collections
ISBN : 9783640669790

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Implications of the Conceptual Metaphor "Languages are Creatures" by Maryna Zühlke Pdf

Seminar paper from the year 2006 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Linguistics, grade: 1,0, Humboldt-University of Berlin (Institut für Anglistik und Amerikanistik), course: HS The Politics of English as a Global Language, language: English, abstract: Much of today’s ecolinguistic discourse is characterized by the extensive use of the conceptual metaphor LANGUAGES ARE CREATURES. The language of the Linguistic Human Rights Movement and that of such ecolinguists as MÜHLHÄUSLERand SKUTTNABB-KANGAS, to mention but a few, abound in such expressions as “language murder” or “linguistic genocide”, especially when they engage in the criticism of post-colonial English and the so-called “linguistic imperialism”. To unravel the knot of the problems that arise from the use of the conceptual metaphor LANGUAGES ARE CREATURES, the notion of conceptual metaphor as defined by the originators of the Conceptual Metaphor Theory George LAKOFF and Mark JOHNSON is to be dwelt on first. Second, in order to better grasp the conceptual metaphor LANGUAGES ARE CREATURES in its functioning, some of the linguistic examples structured by virtue of this conceptual metaphor will be given. Finally, some of the implications of the conceptual metaphor LANGUAGES ARE CREATURES will be indicated. In short, I would like to show what the consequences of an unrestrained use of the conceptual metaphor LANGUAGES ARE CREATURES are, how they arise from the conceptual metaphor under consideration, and why these consequences are untenable from the point of view of those linguists who structure their scholarly discourse by virtue of another conceptual metaphor, namely LANGUAGE IS A TOOL. My aim is to make the reader more sensitive to the use of metaphors in general and to the use and implications of the conceptual metaphor LANGUAGES ARE CREATURES in particular.