X Ray Diffraction Imaging

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X-Ray Diffraction Imaging

Joel Greenberg
X Ray Diffraction Imaging Book PDF

Author : Joel Greenberg
Publisher : CRC Press
Page : 256 pages
File Size : 51,5 Mb
Release : 2018-11-02
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9780429591808

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X-Ray Diffraction Imaging by Joel Greenberg Pdf

This book explores novel methods for implementing X-ray diffraction technology as an imaging modality, which have been made possible through recent breakthroughs in detector technology, computational power, and data processing algorithms. The ability to perform fast, spatially-resolved X-ray diffraction throughout the volume of a sample opens up entirely new possibilities in areas such as material analysis, cancer diagnosis, and explosive detection, thus offering the potential to revolutionize the fields of medical, security, and industrial imaging and detection. Featuring chapters written by an international selection of authors from both academia and industry, the book provides a comprehensive discussion of the underlying physics, architectures, and applications of X-ray diffraction imaging that is accessible and relevant to neophytes and experts alike. Teaches novel methods for X-ray diffraction imaging Comprehensive and self-contained discussion of the relevant physics, imaging techniques, system components, and data processing algorithms Features state-of-the-art work of international authors from both academia and industry. Includes practical applications in the medical, industrial, and security sectors

X-ray Diffraction Imaging

Joel Alter Greenberg,Krzysztof Iniewski
X ray Diffraction Imaging Book PDF

Author : Joel Alter Greenberg,Krzysztof Iniewski
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 51,9 Mb
Release : 2018
Category : TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING
ISBN : 1138387029

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X-ray Diffraction Imaging by Joel Alter Greenberg,Krzysztof Iniewski Pdf

This book explores novel use of X-ray diffraction technology that opens an entirely new field of looking at objects, human organs, baggage suitcases, or contraband substances. The ability to perform spatially-resolved material discrimination significantly enhances the performance of medical and industrial radiography, as well as contraband and explosives detection systems. To this end, a number of approaches have been developed, including fluorescence, hyperspectral transmission, phase contrast, and coherent scatter imaging, that are explained throughout the book. Featuring chapters written by an international selection of authors from both academia and industry, the book covers both imaging and detection in practical applications for medical, industrial, and security fields.

X-Ray Diffraction Imaging of Biological Cells

Masayoshi Nakasako
X Ray Diffraction Imaging of Biological Cells Book PDF

Author : Masayoshi Nakasako
Publisher : Springer
Page : 243 pages
File Size : 46,8 Mb
Release : 2018-03-29
Category : Science
ISBN : 9784431566182

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X-Ray Diffraction Imaging of Biological Cells by Masayoshi Nakasako Pdf

In this book, the author describes the development of the experimental diffraction setup and structural analysis of non-crystalline particles from material science and biology. Recent advances in X-ray free electron laser (XFEL)-coherent X-ray diffraction imaging (CXDI) experiments allow for the structural analysis of non-crystalline particles to a resolution of 7 nm, and to a resolution of 20 nm for biological materials. Now XFEL-CXDI marks the dawn of a new era in structural analys of non-crystalline particles with dimensions larger than 100 nm, which was quite impossible in the 20th century. To conduct CXDI experiments in both synchrotron and XFEL facilities, the author has developed apparatuses, named KOTOBUKI-1 and TAKASAGO-6 for cryogenic diffraction experiments on frozen-hydrated non-crystalline particles at around 66 K. At the synchrotron facility, cryogenic diffraction experiments dramatically reduce radiation damage of specimen particles and allow tomography CXDI experiments. In addition, in XFEL experiments, non-crystalline particles scattered on thin support membranes and flash-cooled can be used to efficiently increase the rate of XFEL pulses. The rate, which depends on the number density of scattered particles and the size of X-ray beams, is currently 20-90%, probably the world record in XFEL-CXDI experiments. The experiment setups and results are introduced in this book. The author has also developed software suitable for efficiently processing of diffraction patterns and retrieving electron density maps of specimen particles based on the diffraction theory used in CXDI.

Inverse Fan-Beam X-ray Diffraction Imaging with Applications in Liquids Identification

Johannes Delfs
Inverse Fan Beam X ray Diffraction Imaging with Applications in Liquids Identification Book PDF

Author : Johannes Delfs
Publisher : Cuvillier Verlag
Page : 126 pages
File Size : 47,7 Mb
Release : 2013-06-28
Category : Science
ISBN : 9783736944428

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Inverse Fan-Beam X-ray Diffraction Imaging with Applications in Liquids Identification by Johannes Delfs Pdf

The Inverse Fan-beam (IF) confi guration for X-ray Diffraction Imaging (XDI) and its capability of identifying liquid and amorphous substances for the purpose of explosive detection are described and investigated. Material specifi c information can be obtained by measuring x-ray diffraction profi-les from selected volume elements within inhomogeneous extended objects. This new technique can be used to fi ngerprint liquid explosives and may eliminate the inconvenience, uncertainty, and expense associated with monitoring liquids separately from hand luggage at airport checkpoints. Design concepts for multi-detector arrangements, a multidirectional primary collimator and the scatter imaging collimator are presented and evaluated using numerical procedures. A computer program using ray-tracing methods is described for calculating the primary beam profi le, the scattering angle distribution, and the radiation effi ciency with respect to the x-ray collimation geometry. Synchrotron x-ray diffraction measurements were performed on various liquids which are of interest for security applications. The diffraction profi les are presented and the key features which are potentially suitable for the purpose of explosive detection identifi ed. Material specific information is obtained about the morphology and its effective atomic number. Several additional parameters describing the structure and density of the object under investigation can be derived from the peaks in the molecular interference function.

X-Ray Diffraction

Oliver H. Seeck,Bridget Murphy
X Ray Diffraction Book PDF

Author : Oliver H. Seeck,Bridget Murphy
Publisher : CRC Press
Page : 414 pages
File Size : 41,5 Mb
Release : 2015-02-10
Category : Science
ISBN : 9789814303606

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X-Ray Diffraction by Oliver H. Seeck,Bridget Murphy Pdf

High-resolution x-ray diffraction and scattering is a key tool for structure analysis not only in bulk materials but also at surfaces and buried interfaces from the sub-nanometer range to micrometers. This book offers an overview of diffraction and scattering methods currently available at modern synchrotron sources and illustrates bulk and interface investigations of solid and liquid matter with up-to-date research examples. It presents important characteristics of the sources, experimental set-up, and new detector developments. The book also considers future exploitation of x-ray free electron lasers for diffraction applications.

X-Ray Metrology in Semiconductor Manufacturing

D. Keith Bowen,Brian K. Tanner
X Ray Metrology in Semiconductor Manufacturing Book PDF

Author : D. Keith Bowen,Brian K. Tanner
Publisher : CRC Press
Page : 296 pages
File Size : 48,6 Mb
Release : 2018-10-03
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9781420005653

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X-Ray Metrology in Semiconductor Manufacturing by D. Keith Bowen,Brian K. Tanner Pdf

The scales involved in modern semiconductor manufacturing and microelectronics continue to plunge downward. Effective and accurate characterization of materials with thicknesses below a few nanometers can be achieved using x-rays. While many books are available on the theory behind x-ray metrology (XRM), X-Ray Metrology in Semiconductor Manufacturing is the first book to focus on the practical aspects of the technology and its application in device fabrication and solving new materials problems. Following a general overview of the field, the first section of the book is organized by application and outlines the techniques that are best suited to each. The next section delves into the techniques and theory behind the applications, such as specular x-ray reflectivity, diffraction imaging, and defect mapping. Finally, the third section provides technological details of each technique, answering questions commonly encountered in practice. The authors supply real examples from the semiconductor and magnetic recording industries as well as more than 150 clearly drawn figures to illustrate the discussion. They also summarize the principles and key information about each method with inset boxes found throughout the text. Written by world leaders in the field, X-Ray Metrology in Semiconductor Manufacturing provides real solutions with a focus on accuracy, repeatability, and throughput.

Nanobeam X-Ray Scattering

Julian Stangl,Cristian Mocuta,Virginie Chamard,Dina Carbone
Nanobeam X Ray Scattering Book PDF

Author : Julian Stangl,Cristian Mocuta,Virginie Chamard,Dina Carbone
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 361 pages
File Size : 54,7 Mb
Release : 2013-09-10
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9783527655083

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Nanobeam X-Ray Scattering by Julian Stangl,Cristian Mocuta,Virginie Chamard,Dina Carbone Pdf

A comprehensive overview of the possibilities and potential of X-ray scattering using nanofocused beams for probing matter at the nanoscale, including guidance on the design of nanobeam experiments. The monograph discusses various sources, including free electron lasers, synchrotron radiation and other portable and non-portable X-ray sources. For scientists using synchrotron radiation or students and scientists with a background in X-ray scattering methods in general.

Multiscale X-Ray Analysis of Biological Cells and Tissues by Scanning Diffraction and Coherent Imaging

Jan-David Nicolas
Multiscale X Ray Analysis of Biological Cells and Tissues by Scanning Diffraction and Coherent Imaging Book PDF

Author : Jan-David Nicolas
Publisher : Göttingen University Press
Page : 183 pages
File Size : 40,9 Mb
Release : 2019
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 9783863954208

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Multiscale X-Ray Analysis of Biological Cells and Tissues by Scanning Diffraction and Coherent Imaging by Jan-David Nicolas Pdf

Understanding the intricate details of muscle contraction has a long-standing tradition in biophysical research. X-ray diffraction has been one of the key techniques to resolve the nanometer-sized molecular machinery involved in force generation. Modern, powerful X-ray sources now provide billions of X-ray photons in time intervals as short as microseconds, enabling fast time-resolved experiments that shed further light on the complex relationship between muscle structure and function. Another approach harnesses this power by repeatedly performing such an experiment at different locations in a sample. With millions of repeated exposures in a single experiment, X-ray diffraction can seamlessly be turned into a raster imaging method, neatly combining real- and reciprocal space information. This thesis has focused on the advancement of this scanning scheme and its application to soft biological tissue, in particular muscle tissue. Special emphasis was placed on the extraction of meaningful, quantitative structural parameters such as the interfilament distance of the actomyosin lattice in cardiac muscle. The method was further adapted to image biological samples on a range of scales, from isolated cells to millimeter-sized tissue sections. Due to the ‘photon-hungry’ nature of the technique, its full potential is often exploited in combination with full-field imaging techniques. From the vast set of microscopic tools available, coherent full-field X-ray imaging has proven to be particularly useful. This multimodal approach allows to correlate two- and three-dimensional images of cells and tissue with diffraction maps of structure parameters. With the set of tools developed in this thesis, scanning X-ray diffraction can now be efficiently used for the structural analysis of soft biological tissues with overarching future applications in biophysical and biomedical research.

Light and X-Ray Optics

Emil Zolotoyabko
Light and X Ray Optics Book PDF

Author : Emil Zolotoyabko
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
Page : 298 pages
File Size : 45,7 Mb
Release : 2023-06-19
Category : Science
ISBN : 9783111140100

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Light and X-Ray Optics by Emil Zolotoyabko Pdf

Contemporary optics is the foundation of many of today’s technologies including various focusing and defocusing devices, microscopies and imaging techniques. Light and X-ray Optis for Materials Scientists and Engineers offers a guide to basic concepts and provides an accessible framework for understanding this highly application-relevant branch of science for materials scientists, physicists, chemists, biologists, and engineers trained in different disciplines. The text links the fundamentals of optics to modern applications, especially for promotion of nanotechnology and life science, such as conventional, near-field, confocal, phase-contrast microscopies and imaging schemes based on interference and diffraction phenomena. Written by a noted expert and experienced instructor, the book contains numerous worked examples throughout to help the reader gain a thorough understanding of the concepts and information presented. The text covers a wide range of relevant topics, including reflection, refraction, and focusing phenomena, wave polarization and birefringence in crystals, optics in negative materials, metamaterials, and photonic structures, holography, light and X-ray interferometry, extensive description of diffraction optics, including dynamical X-ray diffraction, and more.

Elements of Modern X-ray Physics

Jens Als-Nielsen,Des McMorrow
Elements of Modern X ray Physics Book PDF

Author : Jens Als-Nielsen,Des McMorrow
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 432 pages
File Size : 53,9 Mb
Release : 2011-04-20
Category : Science
ISBN : 1119970156

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Elements of Modern X-ray Physics by Jens Als-Nielsen,Des McMorrow Pdf

Eagerly awaited, this second edition of a best-selling text comprehensively describes from a modern perspective the basics of x-ray physics as well as the completely new opportunities offered by synchrotron radiation. Written by internationally acclaimed authors, the style of the book is to develop the basic physical principles without obscuring them with excessive mathematics. The second edition differs substantially from the first edition, with over 30% new material, including: A new chapter on non-crystalline diffraction - designed to appeal to the large community who study the structure of liquids, glasses, and most importantly polymers and bio-molecules A new chapter on x-ray imaging - developed in close cooperation with many of the leading experts in the field Two new chapters covering non-crystalline diffraction and imaging Many important changes to various sections in the book have been made with a view to improving the exposition Four-colour representation throughout the text to clarify key concepts Extensive problems after each chapter There is also supplementary book material for this title available online (http://booksupport.wiley.com). Praise for the previous edition: “The publication of Jens Als-Nielsen and Des McMorrow’s Elements of Modern X-ray Physics is a defining moment in the field of synchrotron radiation... a welcome addition to the bookshelves of synchrotron–radiation professionals and students alike.... The text is now my personal choice for teaching x-ray physics...” – Physics Today, 2002

Coherent X-Ray Optics

David Paganin
Coherent X Ray Optics Book PDF

Author : David Paganin
Publisher : OUP Oxford
Page : 424 pages
File Size : 40,8 Mb
Release : 2006-01-12
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780191524318

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Coherent X-Ray Optics by David Paganin Pdf

This book gives a thorough treatment of the rapidly-expanding field of coherent x-ray optics, which has recently experienced something of a renaissance with the availability of third-generation synchrotron sources. It is the first book of its kind. The author begins with a treatment of the fundamentals of x-ray diffraction for both coherent and partially coherent radiation, together with the interactions of x-rays with matter. X-ray sources, optics elements and detectors are then discussed, with an emphasis on their role in coherent x-ray optics. Various facets of coherent x-ray imaging are then discussed, including holography, interferometry, self imaging, phase contrast and phase retrieval. Lastly, the foundations of the new field of singular x-ray optics are examined. Most topics are developed from first principles, with numerous references given to the contemporary research literature. This book will be useful to x-ray physicists and students, together with optical physicists and engineers who wish to learn more about the fascinating subject of coherent x-ray optics.

Coherent-Domain Optical Methods

Valery V. Tuchin
Coherent Domain Optical Methods Book PDF

Author : Valery V. Tuchin
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 963 pages
File Size : 47,8 Mb
Release : 2004-10-15
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9781402075766

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Coherent-Domain Optical Methods by Valery V. Tuchin Pdf

For the first time in one set of books, coherent-domain optical methods are discussed in the framework of various applications, which are characterized by a strong light scattering. A few chapters describe basic research containing the updated results on coherent and polarized light non-destructive interactions with a scattering medium, in particular, diffraction, interference, and speckle formation at multiple scattering. These chapters allow for understanding coherent-domain diagnostic techniques presented in later chapters. A large portion of Volume I is dedicated to analysis of various aspects of optical coherence tomography (OCT) - a very new and growing field of coherent optics. Two chapters on laser scanning confocal microscopy give insight to recent extraordinary results on in vivo imaging and compare the possibilities and achievements of confocol, excitation multiphoton, and OCT microscopy. This two volume reference contains descriptions of holography, interferometry and optical heterodyning techniques in their application for diagnostics of turbid materials. The most prospective methods of coherent and polarization optical imaging and spectroscopy, including polarization-sensitive optical coherent tomography, polarization diffusion wave spectroscopy, and elastic and quasi-elastic light scattering spectroscopies and image techniques, are presented.

Diffraction and Imaging Techniques in Material Science P2

S Amelinckx
Diffraction and Imaging Techniques in Material Science P2 Book PDF

Author : S Amelinckx
Publisher : Elsevier
Page : 412 pages
File Size : 50,7 Mb
Release : 2012-12-02
Category : Computers
ISBN : 9780444601865

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Diffraction and Imaging Techniques in Material Science P2 by S Amelinckx Pdf

Diffraction and Imaging Techniques in Material Science reviews recent developments in diffraction and imaging techniques used in the study of materials. It discusses advances in high-voltage electron microscopy, low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), X-ray and neutron diffraction, X-ray topography, mirror electron microscopy, and field emission microscopy. Organized into five parts encompassing nine chapters, this volume begins with an overview of the dynamical theory of the diffraction of high-energy electrons in crystals and methodically introduces the reader to dynamical diffraction in perfect and imperfect crystals, inelastic scattering of electrons in crystals, and X-ray production. It then explores back scattering effects, the technical features of high-voltage electron microscopes, and surface characterization by LEED. Other chapters focus on the kinematical theory of X-ray diffraction, techniques and interpretation in X-ray topography, and interpretation of the contrast of the images of defects on X-ray topographs. The book also describes theory and applications of mirror electron microscopy, surface studies by field emission of electrons, field ionization and field evaporation, and gas-surface interactions before concluding with a discussion on lattice imperfections. Scientists and students taking courses on diffraction and solid-state electron microscopy will benefit from this book.

Coherent X-ray diffractive imaging on the single-cell-level of microbial samples

Robin Niklas Wilke
Coherent X ray diffractive imaging on the single cell level of microbial samples Book PDF

Author : Robin Niklas Wilke
Publisher : Göttingen University Press
Page : 254 pages
File Size : 48,5 Mb
Release : 2015
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 9783863951900

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Coherent X-ray diffractive imaging on the single-cell-level of microbial samples by Robin Niklas Wilke Pdf

Since its first experimental demonstration in 1999, Coherent X-Ray Diffractive Imaging has become one of the most promising high resolution X-Ray imaging techniques using coherent radiation produced by brilliant synchrotron storage rings. The ability to directly invert diffraction data with the help of advanced algorithms has paved the way for microscopic investigations and wave-field analyses on the spatial scale of nanometres without the need for inefficient imaging lenses. X-Ray phase contrast which is a measure of the electron density is an important contrast mode of soft biological specimens. For the case of many dominant elements of soft biological matter, the electron density can be converted into an effective mass density offering a unique quantitative information channel which may shed light on important questions such as DNA compaction in the bacterial nucleoid through ‚weighing with light‘. In this work X-Ray phase contrast maps have been obtained from different biological samples by exploring different methods. In particular, the techniques Ptychography and Waveguide-Holographic-Imaging have been used to obtain twodimensional and three-dimensional mass density maps on the single-cell-level of freeze-dried cells of the bacteria Deinococcus radiodurans, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus thuringiensis allowing, for instance, to estimate the dry weight of the bacterial genome in a near native state. On top of this, reciprocal space information from coherent small angle X-Ray scattering (cellular Nano-Diffraction) of the fine structure of the bacterial cells has been recorded in a synergistic manner and has been analysed down to a resolution of about 2.3/nm exceeding current limits of direct imaging approaches. Furthermore, the dynamic range of present detector technology being one of the major limiting factors of ptychographic phasing of farfield diffraction data has been significantly increased. Overcoming this problem for the case of the very intense X-Ray beam produced by Kirkpatrick-Baez mirrors has been explored by using semi-transparent central stops.

Nanoscale Photonic Imaging

Tim Salditt,Alexander Egner,D. Russell Luke
Nanoscale Photonic Imaging Book PDF

Author : Tim Salditt,Alexander Egner,D. Russell Luke
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 634 pages
File Size : 49,6 Mb
Release : 2020-06-09
Category : Science
ISBN : 9783030344139

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Nanoscale Photonic Imaging by Tim Salditt,Alexander Egner,D. Russell Luke Pdf

This open access book, edited and authored by a team of world-leading researchers, provides a broad overview of advanced photonic methods for nanoscale visualization, as well as describing a range of fascinating in-depth studies. Introductory chapters cover the most relevant physics and basic methods that young researchers need to master in order to work effectively in the field of nanoscale photonic imaging, from physical first principles, to instrumentation, to mathematical foundations of imaging and data analysis. Subsequent chapters demonstrate how these cutting edge methods are applied to a variety of systems, including complex fluids and biomolecular systems, for visualizing their structure and dynamics, in space and on timescales extending over many orders of magnitude down to the femtosecond range. Progress in nanoscale photonic imaging in Göttingen has been the sum total of more than a decade of work by a wide range of scientists and mathematicians across disciplines, working together in a vibrant collaboration of a kind rarely matched. This volume presents the highlights of their research achievements and serves as a record of the unique and remarkable constellation of contributors, as well as looking ahead at the future prospects in this field. It will serve not only as a useful reference for experienced researchers but also as a valuable point of entry for newcomers.