Closing Gender Gaps In India Does Increasing Womens Access To Finance Help

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Closing Gender Gaps in India: Does Increasing Womens’ Access to Finance Help?

Purva Khera
Closing Gender Gaps in India Does Increasing Womens Access to Finance Help Book PDF

Author : Purva Khera
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 43 pages
File Size : 48,5 Mb
Release : 2018-09-28
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781484377468

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Closing Gender Gaps in India: Does Increasing Womens’ Access to Finance Help? by Purva Khera Pdf

Gender gaps in womens’ economic opportunities—labor market and entrepreneurship—have remained high in India. Lack of adequate collateral limits women entrepreneurs’ ability to access formal finance, leaving them to rely on informal sources, constraining their growth. A small-open economy DSGE model is built to investigate the long-run macroeconomic impacts from closing gender gaps in financial access. Results suggest that an increase in women entrepreneurs access to formal credit results in higher female entrepreneurship and employment, which boosts India’s output by 1.6 percent. However, regulations and gender-specific constraints in the labor market limit potential gains as females’ access to quality jobs in the formal sector remains restricted. The paper shows that the factors influencing the number of females are different from those influencing the share of females in formal economic activity. Combining gender-targeted financial inclusion policies with policies that lower constraints on formal sector employment could boost India’s output by 6.8 percent.

Women in Finance: A Case for Closing Gaps

Ms.Ratna Sahay,Mr.Martin Cihak
Women in Finance A Case for Closing Gaps Book PDF

Author : Ms.Ratna Sahay,Mr.Martin Cihak
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 42 pages
File Size : 46,8 Mb
Release : 2018-09-17
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9781484375907

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Women in Finance: A Case for Closing Gaps by Ms.Ratna Sahay,Mr.Martin Cihak Pdf

Women are underrepresented at all levels of the global financial system, from depositors and borrowers to bank board members and regulators. A new study at the IMF finds that greater inclusion of women as users, providers, and regulators of financial services would have benefits beyond addressing gender inequality. Narrowing the gender gap would foster greater stability in the banking system and enhance economic growth. It could also contribute to more effective monetary and fiscal policy. New evidence suggests that greater access for women to and use of accounts for financial transactions, savings, and insurance can have both economic and societal benefits. For example, women merchants who opened a basic bank account tend to invest more in their businesses, while female-headed households often spend more on education after opening a savings account. More inclusive financial systems in turn can magnify the effectiveness of fiscal and monetary policies by broadening financial markets and the tax base. The paper also studies the large gaps between the representation of men and women in leadership positions in banks and in banking-supervision agencies worldwide. It finds that, shockingly, women accounted for less than 2 percent of financial institutions’ chief executive officers and less than 20 percent of executive board members. The analysis suggests that, controlling for relevant bank- and country-specific factors, the presence of women as well as a higher share of women on bank boards appears associated with greater financial resilience. This study also finds that a higher share of women on boards of banking-supervision agencies is associated with greater bank stability. This evidence strengthens the case for closing the gender gaps in leadership positions in finance.

Finance & Development, March 2012

International Monetary Fund. External Relations Dept.
Finance Development March 2012 Book PDF

Author : International Monetary Fund. External Relations Dept.
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 60 pages
File Size : 43,8 Mb
Release : 2012-03-14
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781451922141

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Finance & Development, March 2012 by International Monetary Fund. External Relations Dept. Pdf

Young people, hardest hit by the global economic downturn, are speaking out and demanding change. F&D looks at the need to urgently address the challenges facing youth and create opportunities for them. Harvard professor David Bloom lays out the scope of the problem and emphasizes the importance of listening to young people in "Youth in the Balance." "Making the Grade" looks at how to teach today's young people what they need to get jobs. IMF Deputy Managing Director, Nemat Shafik shares her take on the social and economic consequences of youth unemployment in our "Straight Talk" column. "Scarred Generation" looks at the effects the global economic crisis had on young workers in advanced economies, and we hear directly from young people across the globe in "Voices of Youth." Renminbi's rise, financial system regulation, and boosting GDP by empowering women. Also in the magazine, we examine the rise of the Chinese currency, look at the role of the credit rating agencies, discuss how to boost the empowerment of women, and present our primer on macroprudential regulation, seen as increasingly important to financial stability. People in economics - C. Fred Bergsten, American Globalist. Back to basics - The multi-dimensional role of banks in our financial systems.

Gender Equality and Inclusive Growth

Raquel Fernández,Asel Isakova,Francesco Luna,Barbara Rambousek
Gender Equality and Inclusive Growth Book PDF

Author : Raquel Fernández,Asel Isakova,Francesco Luna,Barbara Rambousek
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 50 pages
File Size : 40,7 Mb
Release : 2021-03-04
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9781513571164

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Gender Equality and Inclusive Growth by Raquel Fernández,Asel Isakova,Francesco Luna,Barbara Rambousek Pdf

This paper considers various dimensions and sources of gender inequality and presents policies and best practices to address these. With women accounting for fifty percent of the global population, inclusive growth can only be achieved if it promotes gender equality. Despite recent progress, gender gaps remain across all stages of life, including before birth, and negatively impact health, education, and economic outcomes for women. The roadmap to gender equality has to rely on legal framework reforms, policies to promote equal access, and efforts to tackle entrenched social norms. These need to be set in the context of arising new trends such as digitalization, climate change, as well as shocks such as pandemics.

Women and Trade

World Bank;World Trade Organization
Women and Trade Book PDF

Author : World Bank;World Trade Organization
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 270 pages
File Size : 55,7 Mb
Release : 2020-09-04
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781464815560

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Women and Trade by World Bank;World Trade Organization Pdf

Trade can dramatically improve women’s lives, creating new jobs, enhancing consumer choices, and increasing women’s bargaining power in society. It can also lead to job losses and a concentration of work in low-skilled employment. Given the complexity and specificity of the relationship between trade and gender, it is essential to assess the potential impact of trade policy on both women and men and to develop appropriate, evidence-based policies to ensure that trade helps to enhance opportunities for all. Research on gender equality and trade has been constrained by limited data and a lack of understanding of the connections among the economic roles that women play as workers, consumers, and decision makers. Building on new analyses and new sex-disaggregated data, Women and Trade: The Role of Trade in Promoting Gender Equality aims to advance the understanding of the relationship between trade and gender equality and to identify a series of opportunities through which trade can improve the lives of women.

The Global Findex Database 2017

Asli Demirguc-Kunt,Leora Klapper,Dorothe Singer,Saniya Ansar
The Global Findex Database 2017 Book PDF

Author : Asli Demirguc-Kunt,Leora Klapper,Dorothe Singer,Saniya Ansar
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 148 pages
File Size : 43,5 Mb
Release : 2018-04-19
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781464812682

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The Global Findex Database 2017 by Asli Demirguc-Kunt,Leora Klapper,Dorothe Singer,Saniya Ansar Pdf

In 2011 the World Bank—with funding from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation—launched the Global Findex database, the world's most comprehensive data set on how adults save, borrow, make payments, and manage risk. Drawing on survey data collected in collaboration with Gallup, Inc., the Global Findex database covers more than 140 economies around the world. The initial survey round was followed by a second one in 2014 and by a third in 2017. Compiled using nationally representative surveys of more than 150,000 adults age 15 and above in over 140 economies, The Global Findex Database 2017: Measuring Financial Inclusion and the Fintech Revolution includes updated indicators on access to and use of formal and informal financial services. It has additional data on the use of financial technology (or fintech), including the use of mobile phones and the Internet to conduct financial transactions. The data reveal opportunities to expand access to financial services among people who do not have an account—the unbanked—as well as to promote greater use of digital financial services among those who do have an account. The Global Findex database has become a mainstay of global efforts to promote financial inclusion. In addition to being widely cited by scholars and development practitioners, Global Findex data are used to track progress toward the World Bank goal of Universal Financial Access by 2020 and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. The database, the full text of the report, and the underlying country-level data for all figures—along with the questionnaire, the survey methodology, and other relevant materials—are available at www.worldbank.org/globalfindex.

Economic Gains From Gender Inclusion

Mr.Jonathan David Ostry,Jorge Alvarez,Mr.Raphael A Espinoza,Mr.Chris Papageorgiou
Economic Gains From Gender Inclusion Book PDF

Author : Mr.Jonathan David Ostry,Jorge Alvarez,Mr.Raphael A Espinoza,Mr.Chris Papageorgiou
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 40,5 Mb
Release : 2018-10-09
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781484379721

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Economic Gains From Gender Inclusion by Mr.Jonathan David Ostry,Jorge Alvarez,Mr.Raphael A Espinoza,Mr.Chris Papageorgiou Pdf

While progress has been made in increasing female labor force participation (FLFP) in the last 20 years, large gaps remain. The latest Fund research shows that improving gender diversity can result in larger economic gains than previously thought. Indeed, gender diversity brings benefits all its own. Women bring new skills to the workplace. This may reflect social norms and their impact on upbringing and social interactions, or underlying differences in risk preference and response to incentives for example. As such, there is an economic benefit from diversity, that is from bringing women into the labor force, over and above the benefit resulting from more (male) workers. The study finds that male and female labor are imperfect substitutes in production, and therefore gender differences in the labor force matter. The results also imply that standard models, which ignore such differences, understate the favorable impact of gender inclusion on growth, and misattribute to technology a part of growth that is actually caused by women’s participation. The study further suggests that narrowing gender gaps benefits both men and women, because of a boost to male wages from higher FLFP. The paper also examines the role of women in the process of sectoral reallocation from traditional agriculture to services and the resulting effect on productivity and growth. Because FLFP is relatively high in services, sectoral reallocation along development paths serves to boost gender parity and productivity.

Women, Business and the Law 2021

World Bank
Women Business and the Law 2021 Book PDF

Author : World Bank
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 381 pages
File Size : 55,5 Mb
Release : 2021-04-05
Category : Law
ISBN : 9781464816536

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Women, Business and the Law 2021 by World Bank Pdf

Women, Business and the Law 2021 is the seventh in a series of annual studies measuring the laws and regulations that affect women’s economic opportunity in 190 economies. The project presents eight indicators structured around women’s interactions with the law as they move through their lives and careers: Mobility, Workplace, Pay, Marriage, Parenthood, Entrepreneurship, Assets, and Pension. This year’s report updates all indicators as of October 1, 2020 and builds evidence of the links between legal gender equality and women’s economic inclusion. By examining the economic decisions women make throughout their working lives, as well as the pace of reform over the past 50 years, Women, Business and the Law 2021 makes an important contribution to research and policy discussions about the state of women’s economic empowerment. Prepared during a global pandemic that threatens progress toward gender equality, this edition also includes important findings on government responses to COVID-19 and pilot research related to childcare and women’s access to justice.

Gender and Economics

Jane Humphries
Gender and Economics Book PDF

Author : Jane Humphries
Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
Page : 606 pages
File Size : 43,6 Mb
Release : 1995
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : STANFORD:36105012364035

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Gender and Economics by Jane Humphries Pdf

Presents 27 articles dating from 1923 to 1994 on gender differences, female labour supply, male-female wage differences and on the historical significance of women's work.

Gender, Technology, and the Future of Work

Mariya Brussevich,Ms.Era Dabla-Norris,Christine Kamunge,Pooja Karnane,Salma Khalid,Ms.Kalpana Kochhar
Gender Technology and the Future of Work Book PDF

Author : Mariya Brussevich,Ms.Era Dabla-Norris,Christine Kamunge,Pooja Karnane,Salma Khalid,Ms.Kalpana Kochhar
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 36 pages
File Size : 41,6 Mb
Release : 2018-10-08
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9781484379769

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Gender, Technology, and the Future of Work by Mariya Brussevich,Ms.Era Dabla-Norris,Christine Kamunge,Pooja Karnane,Salma Khalid,Ms.Kalpana Kochhar Pdf

New technologies?digitalization, artificial intelligence, and machine learning?are changing the way work gets done at an unprecedented rate. Helping people adapt to a fast-changing world of work and ameliorating its deleterious impacts will be the defining challenge of our time. What are the gender implications of this changing nature of work? How vulnerable are women’s jobs to risk of displacement by technology? What policies are needed to ensure that technological change supports a closing, and not a widening, of gender gaps? This SDN finds that women, on average, perform more routine tasks than men across all sectors and occupations?tasks that are most prone to automation. Given the current state of technology, we estimate that 26 million female jobs in 30 countries (28 OECD member countries, Cyprus, and Singapore) are at a high risk of being displaced by technology (i.e., facing higher than 70 percent likelihood of being automated) within the next two decades. Female workers face a higher risk of automation compared to male workers (11 percent of the female workforce, relative to 9 percent of the male workforce), albeit with significant heterogeneity across sectors and countries. Less well-educated and older female workers (aged 40 and above), as well as those in low-skill clerical, service, and sales positions are disproportionately exposed to automation. Extrapolating our results, we find that around 180 million female jobs are at high risk of being displaced globally. Policies are needed to endow women with required skills; close gender gaps in leadership positions; bridge digital gender divide (as ongoing digital transformation could confer greater flexibility in work, benefiting women); ease transitions for older and low-skilled female workers.

China's Rebalancing and Gender Inequality

International Monetary Fund
China s Rebalancing and Gender Inequality Book PDF

Author : International Monetary Fund
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 27 pages
File Size : 42,9 Mb
Release : 2021-05-11
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781513573779

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China's Rebalancing and Gender Inequality by International Monetary Fund Pdf

This paper examines gender inequality in the context of structural transformation and rebalancing in China. We document declining women's relative wages and labor force participation in China during the last two decades, despite rapid growth and expansion of the service sector. Using household data, we provide evidence consistent with a U-shaped relationship between economic development and women's labor market outcomes. Using a model of structural transformation, we show that labor market barriers for women have increased over time. Model counterfactuals suggest that removing these barriers and increasing service sector productivity can boost both gender equality and economic growth in China.

Women, Work, and the Economy

Ms.Katrin Elborgh-Woytek,Ms.Monique Newiak,Ms.Kalpana Kochhar,Ms.Stefania Fabrizio,Mr.Kangni R Kpodar,Mr.Philippe Wingender,Mr.Benedict J. Clements,Mr.Gerd Schwartz
Women Work and the Economy Book PDF

Author : Ms.Katrin Elborgh-Woytek,Ms.Monique Newiak,Ms.Kalpana Kochhar,Ms.Stefania Fabrizio,Mr.Kangni R Kpodar,Mr.Philippe Wingender,Mr.Benedict J. Clements,Mr.Gerd Schwartz
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 42 pages
File Size : 48,7 Mb
Release : 2013-12-01
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9781484371244

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Women, Work, and the Economy by Ms.Katrin Elborgh-Woytek,Ms.Monique Newiak,Ms.Kalpana Kochhar,Ms.Stefania Fabrizio,Mr.Kangni R Kpodar,Mr.Philippe Wingender,Mr.Benedict J. Clements,Mr.Gerd Schwartz Pdf

The proposed SDN discusses the specific macro-critical aspects of women’s participation in the labor market and the constraints that prevent women from developing their full economic potential. Building on earlier Fund analysis, work undertaken by other organizations and academic research, the SDN presents possible policies to overcome these obstacles in different types of countries.

Voice and Agency

Jeni Klugman,Lucia Hanmer,Sarah Twigg,Tazeen Hasan,Jennifer McCleary-Sills,Julieth Santamaria
Voice and Agency Book PDF

Author : Jeni Klugman,Lucia Hanmer,Sarah Twigg,Tazeen Hasan,Jennifer McCleary-Sills,Julieth Santamaria
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 239 pages
File Size : 44,8 Mb
Release : 2014-09-29
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781464803604

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Voice and Agency by Jeni Klugman,Lucia Hanmer,Sarah Twigg,Tazeen Hasan,Jennifer McCleary-Sills,Julieth Santamaria Pdf

Despite recent advances in important aspects of the lives of girls and women, pervasive challenges remain. These challenges reflect widespread deprivations and constraints and include epidemic levels of gender-based violence and discriminatory laws and norms that prevent women from owning property, being educated, and making meaningful decisions about their own lives--such as whether and when to marry or have children. These often violate their most basic rights and are magnified and multiplied by poverty and lack of education. This groundbreaking book distills vast data and hundreds of studies to shed new light on deprivations and constraints facing the voice and agency of women and girls worldwide, and on the associated costs for individuals, families, communities, and global development. The volume presents major new findings about the patterns of constraints and overlapping deprivations and focuses on several areas key to women s empowerment: freedom from violence, sexual and reproductive health and rights, ownership of land and housing, and voice and collective action. It highlights promising reforms and interventions from around the world and lays out an urgent agenda for governments, civil society, development agencies, and other stakeholders, including a call for greater investment in data and knowledge to benchmark progress.

Women's Control Over Economic Resources and Access to Financial Resources, Including Microfinance

Anonim
Women s Control Over Economic Resources and Access to Financial Resources Including Microfinance Book PDF

Author : Anonim
Publisher : United Nations Publications
Page : 114 pages
File Size : 47,8 Mb
Release : 2009
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9211302757

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Women's Control Over Economic Resources and Access to Financial Resources, Including Microfinance by Anonim Pdf

Ensuring women's economic empowerment and access to and control over resources requires an integrated approach to growth and development, focused on gender-responsive employment promotion and informed by the interdependency between economic and social development. Social objectives need to be incorporated into economic policies. Economic growth strategies should give attention to the real economy and focus on creating a gender-sensitive macroeconomic environment, full employment and decent work, access to land, property and other productive resources as well as financial services, and full coverage of social protection measures. The Survey outlines a number of concrete recommendations in these critical areas, which if adopted, will facilitate women's equitable access to and control over economic and financial resources.

Women's Economic Empowerment

Kate Grantham,Gillian Dowie,Arjan de Haan
Women s Economic Empowerment Book PDF

Author : Kate Grantham,Gillian Dowie,Arjan de Haan
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 211 pages
File Size : 55,7 Mb
Release : 2021-03-04
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9781000340341

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Women's Economic Empowerment by Kate Grantham,Gillian Dowie,Arjan de Haan Pdf

This book investigates the barriers to women’s economic empowerment in the Global South. Drawing on evidence from a wide range of countries, the book outlines important lessons and practical solutions for promoting gender equality. Despite global progress in closing gender gaps in education and health, women’s economic empowerment has lagged behind, with little evidence that economic growth promotes gender equality. International Development Research Centre’s (IDRC) Growth and Economic Opportunities for Women (GrOW) programme was set up to provide policy lessons, insights, and concrete solutions that could lead to advances in gender equality, particularly on the role of institutions and macroeconomic growth, barriers to labour market access for women, and the impact of women’s care responsibilities. This book showcases rigorous and multi-disciplinary research emerging from this ground-breaking programme, covering topics such as the school-to-work transition, child marriage, unpaid domestic work and childcare, labour market segregation, and the power of social and cultural norms that prevent women from fully participating in better paid sectors of the economy. With a range of rich case studies from Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, India, Kenya, Nepal, Rwanda, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, and Uganda, this book is perfect for students, researchers, practitioners, and policymakers working on women’s economic empowerment and gender equality in the Global South.