Gender Disparities In Africa S Labor Market

Author : Jorge Saba Arbache,Alexandre Kolev,Ewa Filipiak
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 450 pages
File Size : 43,9 Mb
Release : 2010-08-05
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9780821380703

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Gender Disparities in Africa's Labor Market by Jorge Saba Arbache,Alexandre Kolev,Ewa Filipiak Pdf

Women's earnings are a fraction of male's earnings in several African countries. It is tempting to conclude that this wage gap is a sign of discrimination against women in the labor market. Yet this book uses new datasets to show that the gap is not simply the result of discrimination in the labor markets, but rather the result of multiple factors, including access to education and credit, cultural values and household duties, and, above all, labor market conditions. It shows that gender disparities grow when economies are not functioning well and labor markets are tiny. More than the effect of discrimination, it seems that job rationing causes those with better human capital and those with more power in the household usually the men to take the few jobs that are available. It is hardly surprising, then, that in a region where only a fraction of the labor force finds jobs in the formal sector, gender disparities in earnings are so high. The book further documents that firm-level and sector characteristics are additional powerful factors in explaining the gender disparities in the labor market. As the causes are not simple, neither are the solutions; multifaceted strategies are needed. By providing environments that support economic growth and, more importantly, job creation, as well as by promoting equal access for women to education and rethinking the attitudes that limit what women may achieve, governments in the region will substantially improve the well-being of all their peoples. 'Gender Disparities in Africa's Labor Market' helps to fill the knowledge gap and identify the links between gender disparities and poverty reduction. The work was implemented in collaboration with a range of poverty and labor market studies to maximize its usefulness for policy dialogue in specific countries. This book will be of interest to policy makers, students, academics, gender experts, and all those interested in gender issues and development.

Author : Ms.Christine Dieterich,Anni Huang,Mr.Alun H. Thomas
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 28 pages
File Size : 49,6 Mb
Release : 2016-09-23
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781475540772

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Women’s Opportunities and Challenges in Sub-Saharan African Job Markets by Ms.Christine Dieterich,Anni Huang,Mr.Alun H. Thomas Pdf

As labor market data is scarce in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), this paper uses household survey data to analyze the determinants of the gender gap in the labor market and its welfare implications for five SSA countries in multinomial logit models with propensity score matching method. The analysis confirms that education opens up opportunities for women to escape agricultural feminization and engage in formal wage employment, but these opportunities diminish when women marry—a disadvantage increasingly relevant when countries develop and urbanization progresses. Opening a household enterprise offers women an alternative avenue to escape low-paid jobs in agriculture, but the increase in per capita income is lower than male-owned household enterprises. These findings underline that improving women’s education needs to be supported by measures to allow married women to keep their jobs in the wage sector.

Author : United Nations Women
Publisher : United Nations
Page : 46 pages
File Size : 52,5 Mb
Release : 2017-07-31
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9789213628966

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Gender Analysis of Labour Market Outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa by United Nations Women Pdf

Using micro data from two recent labour force surveys collected in Cameroon and Mali, this paper explores gender differentials in labour market outcomes covering key areas such as occupational segregation, informality, part-time work and gender wage gaps. While women’s participation to the labour market is relatively high in Africa compared to other regions of the world, the examples of Cameroon and Mali suggest it varies significantly within the continent. The data also show that the differential between the two countries in terms of women’s participation is driven by the differential in education levels. The analysis also reveals that noticeable gender differences can be observed in the employment patterns: while men are more likely to be salaried workers, women are more often unpaid family workers. However, in both countries, informal employment is the norm for both sexes. Gender gaps in monthly earnings are found to be much bigger for self-employed than for wage workers, a result that is consistent with other studies. Although education of both women and men is likely to play an important role, social norms in general deserve to be studied more thoroughly in order to understand remaining differences and their evolution in a context of rising education levels.

Author : Ms. Chie Aoyagi
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 43 pages
File Size : 55,9 Mb
Release : 2021-06-18
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781513583846

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Effects of COVID-19 on Regional and Gender Equality in Sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from Nigeria and Ethiopia by Ms. Chie Aoyagi Pdf

The labor structure in sub-Saharan Africa is characterized by a high share of informal employment in the rural agricultural sector. The impact of COVID-19 on female employment may not appear to be large as the share of such employment is particularly high among women. Nevertheless, widespread income reduction was observed both in rural and urban households. This could worsen the opportunities for women as husbands’ control over the household resource is the norm. The paper also finds that rural children struggled to continue learning during school closures. Gender-sensitive policies are needed to narrow the gap during and post-pandemic.

Author : Maty Konte,Nyasha Tirivayi
Publisher : Springer
Page : 418 pages
File Size : 51,5 Mb
Release : 2019-06-29
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9783030149352

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Women and Sustainable Human Development by Maty Konte,Nyasha Tirivayi Pdf

This book adds significantly to the discourse surrounding the progress made in empowering women in Africa over the last decade, providing strong research evidence on diverse and timely gender issues in varied African countries. Topics covered include climate change and environmental degradation, agriculture and land rights, access to – and quality of – education, maternal and reproductive health, unpaid care and women’s labor market participation, financial inclusion and women’s political participation. Cross cutting issues such as migration, masculinities and social norms are also addressed in this volume, which is aimed at policy makers, academics, and indeed anyone else interested in the UN Sustainable Development Goal of the empowerment of women and girls.

Author : Kate Grantham,Gillian Dowie,Arjan de Haan
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 211 pages
File Size : 47,5 Mb
Release : 2021-03-04
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9781000340341

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Women's Economic Empowerment by Kate Grantham,Gillian Dowie,Arjan de Haan Pdf

This book investigates the barriers to women’s economic empowerment in the Global South. Drawing on evidence from a wide range of countries, the book outlines important lessons and practical solutions for promoting gender equality. Despite global progress in closing gender gaps in education and health, women’s economic empowerment has lagged behind, with little evidence that economic growth promotes gender equality. International Development Research Centre’s (IDRC) Growth and Economic Opportunities for Women (GrOW) programme was set up to provide policy lessons, insights, and concrete solutions that could lead to advances in gender equality, particularly on the role of institutions and macroeconomic growth, barriers to labour market access for women, and the impact of women’s care responsibilities. This book showcases rigorous and multi-disciplinary research emerging from this ground-breaking programme, covering topics such as the school-to-work transition, child marriage, unpaid domestic work and childcare, labour market segregation, and the power of social and cultural norms that prevent women from fully participating in better paid sectors of the economy. With a range of rich case studies from Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, India, Kenya, Nepal, Rwanda, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, and Uganda, this book is perfect for students, researchers, practitioners, and policymakers working on women’s economic empowerment and gender equality in the Global South.

Author : Ms.Heloisa Marone
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 25 pages
File Size : 55,6 Mb
Release : 2016-08-09
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781475524246

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Demographic Dividends, Gender Equality, and Economic Growth by Ms.Heloisa Marone Pdf

This study analyzes Cabo Verde’s demographic transition from the perspective of gender equality. As the pace of the demographic transition slows, promoting gender equality and increasing women’s labor force participation will be progressively more important in enhancing otherwise slow-growth dynamics, reducing poverty, and improving the lives of all, women and men. The study investigates gender gaps in the labor market participation rate, employment conditions, and the use of time dedicated to unpaid work. It also discusses policy options to decrease the time women spend on unpaid work, enhance their employability, and enable them to secure employment. Overall, this study contributes to the debate on how better to manage the potential dividends resulting from demographic transitions on the still young but rapidly aging African continent.

Author : Ms.Dalia S Hakura,Mr.Mumtaz Hussain,Ms.Monique Newiak,Vimal Thakoor,Mr.Fan Yang
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 29 pages
File Size : 51,7 Mb
Release : 2016-09-23
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781475540345

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Inequality, Gender Gaps and Economic Growth by Ms.Dalia S Hakura,Mr.Mumtaz Hussain,Ms.Monique Newiak,Vimal Thakoor,Mr.Fan Yang Pdf

A growing body of empirical evidence suggests that inequality—income or gender related—can impede economic growth. Using dynamic panel regressions and new time series data, this paper finds that both income and gender inequalities, including from legal gender-based restrictions, are jointly negatively associated with per capita GDP growth. Examining the relationship for countries at different stages of development, we find that this effect prevails mainly in lower income countries. In particular, per capita income growth in sub-Saharan Africa could be higher by as much as 0.9 percentage points on average if inequality was reduced to the levels observed in the fastgrowing emerging Asian countries. High levels of income inequality in sub-Saharan Africa appear partly driven by structural features. However, the paper’s findings show that policies that influence the opportunities of low-income households and women to participate in economic activities also matter and, therefore, if well-designed and targeted, could play a role in alleviating inequalities.

Author : Vivian Malta,Ms.Lisa L Kolovich,Angelica Martinez,Ms.Marina Mendes Tavares
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 34 pages
File Size : 51,5 Mb
Release : 2019-05-23
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9781498317061

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Informality and Gender Gaps Going Hand in Hand by Vivian Malta,Ms.Lisa L Kolovich,Angelica Martinez,Ms.Marina Mendes Tavares Pdf

In sub-Saharan Africa women work relatively more in the informal sector than men. Many factors could explain this difference, including women’s lower education levels, legal barriers, social norms and demographic characteristics. Cross-country comparisons indicate strong associations between gender gaps and higher female informality. This paper uses microdata from Senegal to assess the probability of a worker being informal, and our main findings are: (i) in urban areas, being a woman increases this probability by 8.5 percent; (ii) education is usually more relevant for women; (iii) having kids reduces men’s probability of being informal but increases women’s.

Author : Can Sever
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 23 pages
File Size : 52,6 Mb
Release : 2024-05-17
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9798400276811

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Gender Inequality in the WAEMU by Can Sever Pdf

This paper documents the current state of gender inequalities in the WAEMU by focusing on outcomes (health, education, labor market and financial inclusion) and opportunities (economic rights). The findings show that despite significant progress toward gender equality over the last three decades, there are still prevalent gender-based disparities, which prevent women from fulfilling their economic potential. Both empirical and model-based estimates suggest that the WAEMU can reap substantial economic gains by mitigating the existing gender gaps in schooling and labor market outcomes. Hence, achieving gender equality remains a macro-critical goal for the region. Going forward, the need for specific policies supportive of gender equality may vary in each member country, but a multifaceted and holistic approach is needed to unleash the related economic potential in the WAEMU as a whole.

Author : Ms. Lisa L Kolovich,Ms. Monique Newiak
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 429 pages
File Size : 52,8 Mb
Release : 2024-04-11
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9798400246968

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Gender Equality and Economic Development in Sub-Saharan Africa by Ms. Lisa L Kolovich,Ms. Monique Newiak Pdf

Efforts to achieve gender equality will not only help sub-Saharan Africa revive its inclusive growth engine but also will ensure progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals and help address the main disruptive challenges of this century. This book explores the progress made in gender equality in the region, highlighting both the challenges and successes in areas such as legal reforms; education; health; gender-based violence; harmful practices, such as child marriage; and financial inclusion. It takes stock of initiatives towards integrating gender into core macroeconomic and structural reforms, such as through implementing gender budgeting and examines the role that fiscal and other policies can play in closing gender gaps when they are mindful of distributional impacts. Drawing from extensive research across different institutions, the book underscores the macroeconomic significance of gender equality, emphasizing its potential to drive GDP growth, enhance economic stability, reduce income inequality, and foster sustainable development. It lays out how gender gaps interact with emerging challenges, such as digitalization, and explores the impact of global megatrends, such as climate change, on gender inequality, offering strategies for inclusive policy responses—including in a context where women and girls are still carrying a disproportionate care burden that is often not captured in economic measurement. The book aims to serve as a roadmap for policymakers, stakeholders, and advocates seeking to harness the untapped potential of gender equality—for its own sake and for the region's inclusive, sustainable, and green development. It calls for concerted efforts to dismantle structural barriers, transform social norms, and prioritize gender-responsive policies to unlock the full economic potential of sub-Saharan Africa.

Author : Christian Zamo Akono
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 60 pages
File Size : 51,8 Mb
Release : 2019
Category : Women
ISBN : 9966610499

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Econometric Analysis of Gender and Labour Market Outcomes in Urban Cameroon by Christian Zamo Akono Pdf

Author : Jacqueline L. Scott,Shirley Dex,Heather Joshi
Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
Page : 393 pages
File Size : 42,5 Mb
Release : 2009-01-01
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781848442931

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Women and Employment by Jacqueline L. Scott,Shirley Dex,Heather Joshi Pdf

An informative and important volume. Johanna Kumlin, European Sociological Review This collection further contributes to our awareness of the complicated intersection of work and family life for women and men and to a few of the socio-economic factors which serve as impediments to its synchronization. It is well written, carefully researched, and rather detailed in its analysis. Susan Cody, Sex Roles This excellent collection deserves to be read, and from cover to cover. . . all the contributions focus on the UK situation over the past 25 years, although some offer comparative exemplars and analysis. This national focus makes this collection an essential resource for those working in the UK (and Europe). But, the general empirical excellence of the collection, as well as the theoretical insights generated in some of the chapters, make this an essential collection for anyone interested in gender and work. Lesley Patterson, Gender in Management: An International Journal There cannot be a richer collection than this on the topic of women, their employment conditions and how they balance home and work life. . . a valuable resource that can be returned to for hard statistics and proven solutions you can use in your own policy creation. Equality and Diversity This collection will be an invaluable resource for anyone concerned with changes in women s employment over the last twenty-five years. Authoritative and up to date, it is simultaneously wide-ranging and focused, analytical and policy oriented. The editors have brought together the knowledge of many renowned experts to reflect on labour market developments and gendered employment. Attention to transitions across the life course is a particularly welcome feature of the book, as is the linking of employment studies with family research. Miriam Glucksmann, University of Essex, UK How is women s employment shaped by family and domestic responsibilities? This book, written by leading experts in the field, examines twenty-five years of change in women s employment and addresses the challenges facing women today. The authors offer an innovative analysis of how global changes including new migration processes, educational expansion, transnational labour markets, technological advances and the global economy affect women s labour market experiences. They tackle issues relevant for future change, including gender inequalities and ethnic diversities, and confront contentious questions such as what is meant by work life balance. The book provides new empirical research that both advances our understanding of the challenges posed by women s employment in our changing society and draws out the policy lessons that could improve economic and social wellbeing. Providing dynamic analysis of employment family inter relationships, Women and Employment will be of great relevance to social scientists and academics interested in employment and family as well as policymakers concerned with changing women s employment.

Author : Janet Siltanen,Jennifer Jarman,Robert Martin Blackburn,International Labour Office
Publisher : International Labour Organization
Page : 144 pages
File Size : 42,7 Mb
Release : 1995
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9221091368

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Gender Inequality in the Labour Market by Janet Siltanen,Jennifer Jarman,Robert Martin Blackburn,International Labour Office Pdf

This user-friendly manual, which can be used as a self-learning or as a teaching tool, guides readers through all stages in producing data on occupational concentration and segregation. It clarifies concepts and measures, discusses quality and availability of information, and reviews various methodological tools, using well-known statistical software packages. It should be of interest to researchers and analysts of occupational data.

Author : Asian Development Bank
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 88 pages
File Size : 40,6 Mb
Release : 2013-12
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9292544039

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Gender Equality in the Labor Market in the Philippines by Asian Development Bank Pdf

This report analyzes gender equality in the labor market and related policies and legislation in the Philippines, and concludes with recommendations to promote gender equality. Key mechanisms for attaining inclusive growth for women requires expanding employment opportunities and decent work outcomes for women to promote gender equality in labor markets. Economic growth in the Philippines, however, has not translated into sufficient employment growth and the employment growth has not been inclusive for women. Generally speaking, there has been little improvement in gender equality in the labor market, as measured by the share of women in waged employment in the nonagriculture sector. In the Philippines, the estimated proportion of women's annual earnings to men's annual earnings stands at less than 60%. However, employment growth alone is not sufficient to judge whether there is inclusive growth, especially in low-income countries where there is significant underemployment and a large informal employment sector. Gender inequality in the labor market is ascertained here by reference to seven gender gaps (or deficits for women): labor force participation, human capital, the unpaid domestic and care work burden, vulnerable employment, wage employment, decent work, and social protection. Despite a variety of gender-responsive legal and policy initiatives, an assessment of the labor market in the Philippines reveals that although some gender gaps have been reduced, women still suffer from persistent gender deficits.