Input And Evidence

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Input and Evidence

Susanne Carroll
Input and Evidence Book PDF

Author : Susanne Carroll
Publisher : John Benjamins Publishing
Page : 490 pages
File Size : 44,5 Mb
Release : 2001-01-01
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 9027224935

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Input and Evidence by Susanne Carroll Pdf

Input and Evidence: the raw material of second language acquisition is an empirical and theoretical treatment of one of the essential components of SLA: the input to language learning mechanisms. It reviews and adds to the empirical studies showing that negative evidence (correction, feedback, repetitions, reformulations) play a role in language acquisition in addition to that played by ordinary conversation. At the same time, it embeds discussion of input within a framework which includes a serious treatment of language processing, including the problem of modularity and the question of how semantic representations can influence grammatical ones. It lays the foundation for the development of a truly explanatory theory of SLA in the form of the Autonomous Induction Theory which combines a model of induction with an interpretation of Universal Grammar, thereby permitting, for the the first time, a coherent approach to the problem of constraining induction in SLA.

Input and Evidence

Susanne Elizabeth Carroll
Input and Evidence Book PDF

Author : Susanne Elizabeth Carroll
Publisher : John Benjamins Publishing
Page : 480 pages
File Size : 48,6 Mb
Release : 2001-10-04
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 9789027298218

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Input and Evidence by Susanne Elizabeth Carroll Pdf

Input and Evidence: the raw material of second language acquisition is an empirical and theoretical treatment of one of the essential components of SLA: the input to language learning mechanisms. It reviews and adds to the empirical studies showing that negative evidence (correction, feedback, repetitions, reformulations) play a role in language acquisition in addition to that played by ordinary conversation. At the same time, it embeds discussion of input within a framework which includes a serious treatment of language processing, including the problem of modularity and the question of how semantic representations can influence grammatical ones. It lays the foundation for the development of a truly explanatory theory of SLA in the form of the Autonomous Induction Theory which combines a model of induction with an interpretation of Universal Grammar, thereby permitting, for the the first time, a coherent approach to the problem of constraining induction in SLA.

Land scarcity impedes sustainable input intensification in smallholder irrigated agriculture: Evidence from Egypt

Abay, Kibrom A.,El-Enbaby, Hoda,Abdelfattah, Lina,Breisinger, Clemens
Land scarcity impedes sustainable input intensification in smallholder irrigated agriculture Evidence from Egypt Book PDF

Author : Abay, Kibrom A.,El-Enbaby, Hoda,Abdelfattah, Lina,Breisinger, Clemens
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 25 pages
File Size : 54,6 Mb
Release : 2021-02-01
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Land scarcity impedes sustainable input intensification in smallholder irrigated agriculture: Evidence from Egypt by Abay, Kibrom A.,El-Enbaby, Hoda,Abdelfattah, Lina,Breisinger, Clemens Pdf

Increasing population pressure and population density in many African countries are inducing land scarcity and land constraints. These increasing land constraints are expected to trigger various responses and adaptation strategies, including agricultural intensification induced by land scarcity, as postulated by the Boserup hypothesis. However, most empirical evaluations of the Boserup hypothesis come from rainfed agriculture and mostly from Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), where application of improved agricultural inputs remains historically low. Agricultural intensification practices as well as the relevance of the Boserup hypothesis in irrigated agriculture and in contexts where application of improved inputs is high remains unexplored. Furthermore, while much of the debate on the topic in Africa has focused on how to boost agricultural intensification, there is scant evidence on whether evolving agricultural intensification practices in some parts of Africa are sustainable, yield-enhancing, and optimal. In this paper we investigate the implication of land scarcity on agricultural intensification and the relevance of the Boserup hypothesis in the context of Egypt, where agriculture is dominated by irrigation and input application rates are much higher than SSA. We also examine whether evolving agricultural intensification practices induced by land scarcity are agronomically appropriate and yield-enhancing. We find that land scarcity induces higher application of agricultural inputs, mainly nitrogen fertilizers, sometimes beyond the level that is agronomically recommended. More importantly, land scarcity increases overapplication of nitrogen fertilizer relative to crop-specific agronomic recommendations. This implies that land constraints remain as important challenges for sustainable agricultural intensification. Finally, we find suggestive evidence that such overapplication of nitrogen fertilizers is not yield-enhancing, but, rather, yield-reducing. We also document that land scarcity impedes mechanization of agriculture. Our findings have important implications to inform appropriate farm management and sustainable intensification practices. Furthermore, our results can inform long-term policy responses to land scarcity.

Climate change, income sources, crop mix, and input use decisions: Evidence from Nigeria

Amare, Mulubrhan,Balana, Bedru
Climate change income sources crop mix and input use decisions Evidence from Nigeria Book PDF

Author : Amare, Mulubrhan,Balana, Bedru
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 45 pages
File Size : 41,9 Mb
Release : 2023-06-02
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Climate change, income sources, crop mix, and input use decisions: Evidence from Nigeria by Amare, Mulubrhan,Balana, Bedru Pdf

This paper combines panel data from nationally representative household-level surveys in Nigeria with long-term satellite-based spatial data on temperature and precipitation using geo-referenced information related to households. It aims to quantify the impacts of climate change on agricultural productivity, income shares, crop mix, and input use decisions. We measure climate change in harmful degree days, growing degree days, and changes in precipitation using long-term (30 year) changes in temperature and precipitation anomalies during the crop calendars. We find that, controlling for other factors, a 15 percent (one standard deviation) increase in change in harmful degree days leads to a decrease in agricultural productivity of 5.22 percent on average. Similarly, precipitation change has resulted in a significant and negative impact on agricultural productivity. Our results further show that the change in harmful degree days decreases the income share from crops and nonfarm self-employment, while it increases the income share from livestock and wage employment. Examining possible transmission channels for this effect, we find that farmers change their crop mix and input use to respond to climate changes, for instance reducing fertilizer use and seed purchases as a response to increases in extreme heat. Based on our findings, we suggest policy interventions that incentivize adoption of climate-resilient agriculture, such as small-scale irrigation and livelihood diversification. We also propose targeted pro-poor interventions, such as low-cost financing options for improving smallholders’ access to climate-proof agricultural inputs and technologies, and policy measures to reduce the inequality of access to livelihood capital such as land and other productive assets.

Transmission of Domestic and External Shocks through Input-Output Network: Evidence from Korean Industries

Dongyeol Lee
Transmission of Domestic and External Shocks through Input Output Network Evidence from Korean Industries Book PDF

Author : Dongyeol Lee
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 25 pages
File Size : 44,9 Mb
Release : 2019-05-24
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781498315821

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Transmission of Domestic and External Shocks through Input-Output Network: Evidence from Korean Industries by Dongyeol Lee Pdf

In the last two decades, manufacturing industries in Korea have become more concentrated, and interconnectedness across industries and to foreign countries has risen via vertical relationships and trade linkages. This paper investigates the transmission of economic shocks in such a highly concentrated and interconnected structure, focusing on the role of vertical and trade linkages and using the industry-level international input-output data. The results suggest that, first, the role of vertical and trade linkages in propagating growth shocks from both domestic sources and external sources is important. Second, the growth impact of a few key sources of economic shocks is relatively large. These findings highlight that economic shocks in a few key industries and/or major trading partners that are transmitted through vertical and trade linkages can lead to large swings in the overall economy. This paper contributes to the understanding of the potential interactions between the industrial structure and economic growth and stability.

Input Trade Liberalization in China

Wei Tian,Miaojie Yu
Input Trade Liberalization in China Book PDF

Author : Wei Tian,Miaojie Yu
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 293 pages
File Size : 55,9 Mb
Release : 2023-12-15
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9789819975990

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Input Trade Liberalization in China by Wei Tian,Miaojie Yu Pdf

This book focuses on input trade liberalization in China and discusses the underlying causes and profound effects of Chinese enterprises facing import liberalization of intermediate input. The content of this book includes ten chapters. The analysis of this book mainly uses academic research, with policy study for a few chapters. Most chapters in this book apply the standard method of contemporary economic systems, integrating into the most advanced economic theories of international trade. The author uses theoretical models to obtain predictions which receive empirical support and carries out strict empirical research using data of China's manufacturing enterprises and China's customs to analyze the causes which affect Chinese enterprises facing import liberalization of intermediate input after China’s reform and opening-up. The suggested readership would be the public who are willing to understand the issues closely related to China’s input trade liberalization and opening-up policy, and basic knowledge in economics would be necessary in understanding the academic research part of the book. Meanwhile, this book is also specifically compelling to business persons and policy makers in that it enables deeper understanding on issues about outward foreign investment of enterprises and China’s opening-up policy and facilitates their decision-making process.

Input and Interaction in Language Acquisition

Clare Gallaway,Brian J. Richards
Input and Interaction in Language Acquisition Book PDF

Author : Clare Gallaway,Brian J. Richards
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 340 pages
File Size : 45,6 Mb
Release : 1994-04-14
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 0521437253

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Input and Interaction in Language Acquisition by Clare Gallaway,Brian J. Richards Pdf

Language addressed to children, or 'Baby Talk', became the subject of research interest thirty years ago. Since then, the linguistic environment of infants and toddlers has been widely studied. Input and Interaction in Language Acquisition is an up-to-date statement of the facts and controversies surrounding 'Baby Talk', its nature and likely effects. With contributions from leading linguists and psychologists, it explores language acquisition in different cultures and family contexts, in typical and atypical learners, and in second and foreign language learners. It is designed as a sequel to the now famous Talking to Children, edited by Catherine Snow and Charles Ferguson, and Professor Snow here provides an introduction, comparing issues of importance in the field today with the previous concerns of researchers.

Input, Interaction, and the Second Language Learner

Susan M. Gass
Input Interaction and the Second Language Learner Book PDF

Author : Susan M. Gass
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 219 pages
File Size : 55,6 Mb
Release : 2017-10-06
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 9781351700306

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Input, Interaction, and the Second Language Learner by Susan M. Gass Pdf

Twenty years after its first publication, Susan M. Gass’s Input, Interaction, and the Second Language Learner has become a classical text in the field of second language acquisition (SLA). This new printing includes the original text, along with a new preface that comprises individual consultations between the author and Alison Mackey, Rod Ellis, and Mike Long on the importance of the project two decades later. The volume provides an important view of the relationship between input, interaction, and SLA. In so doing, it should prove useful to those whose major concern is with the acquisition of a second or foreign language, as well as those who are primarily interested in these issues from a pedagogical perspective. The book does not explicate or advocate a particular teaching methodology, but does attempt to lay out some of the underpinnings of what is involved in interaction—what interaction is and what purpose it serves. Research in SLA is concerned with the knowledge that second language learners do and do not acquire, and how that knowledge comes about. This book ties these issues together from three perspectives: the input/interaction framework, information-processing, and learnability. This Routledge Linguistics Classic remains a key text for all SLA scholars and an essential supplementary volume for students on SLA courses.

Variation in the Input

Merete Anderssen,Kristine Bentzen,Marit Westergaard
Variation in the Input Book PDF

Author : Merete Anderssen,Kristine Bentzen,Marit Westergaard
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 276 pages
File Size : 47,9 Mb
Release : 2010-09-22
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 9789048192076

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Variation in the Input by Merete Anderssen,Kristine Bentzen,Marit Westergaard Pdf

The topic of variation in language has received considerable attention in the field of general linguistics in recent years. This includes research on linguistic micro-variation that is dependent on fine distinctions in syntax and information structure. However, relatively little work has been done on how this variation is acquired. This book focuses on how different types of variation are expressed in the input and how this is acquired by young children. The collection of papers includes studies of the acquisition of variation in a number of different languages, including English, German, Greek, Italian, Korean, Norwegian, Swiss German, Ukrainian, and American Sign Language. Different kinds of linguistic variation are considered, ranging from pure word order variation to optionally doubly filled COMPs and the resolution of scopal ambiguities. In addition, papers in the volume deal with the extreme case of variation found in bilingual acquisition.

VAT Notches, Voluntary Registration, and Bunching: Theory and UK Evidence

Ms.Li Liu,Mr.Ben Lockwood,Miguel Almunia,Eddy H.F. Tam
VAT Notches Voluntary Registration and Bunching Theory and UK Evidence Book PDF

Author : Ms.Li Liu,Mr.Ben Lockwood,Miguel Almunia,Eddy H.F. Tam
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 78 pages
File Size : 52,7 Mb
Release : 2019-09-27
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781513515779

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VAT Notches, Voluntary Registration, and Bunching: Theory and UK Evidence by Ms.Li Liu,Mr.Ben Lockwood,Miguel Almunia,Eddy H.F. Tam Pdf

Using administrative tax records for UK businesses, we document both bunching in annual turnover below the VAT registration threshold and persistent voluntary registration by almost half of the firms below the threshold. We develop a conceptual framework that can simultaneously explain these two apparently conflicting facts. The framework also predicts that higher intermediate input shares, lower product-market competition and a lower share of business to consumer (B2C) sales lead to voluntary registration. The predictions are exactly the opposite for bunching. We test the theory using linked VAT and corporation tax records from 2004-2014, finding empirical support for these predictions.

Pass-Through of Imported Input Prices to Domestic Producer Prices

Mr.JaeBin Ahn,Chang-Gui Park,Mr.Chanho Park
Pass Through of Imported Input Prices to Domestic Producer Prices Book PDF

Author : Mr.JaeBin Ahn,Chang-Gui Park,Mr.Chanho Park
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 24 pages
File Size : 55,6 Mb
Release : 2016-02-12
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781498331944

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Pass-Through of Imported Input Prices to Domestic Producer Prices by Mr.JaeBin Ahn,Chang-Gui Park,Mr.Chanho Park Pdf

Motivated by stylized facts pointing to a dominant role of imported inputs in transmitting external price shocks to domestic prices, this paper zooms in to study the pass-through of imported input costs to domestic producer prices. Our approach constructs effective input price indices from sector-level price data combined with sector-level information on input-output linkages. Applying an error correction model specification to sector-level output and input prices, the long-run pass-through rate of effective imported input costs to domestic producer prices is estimated to be around 70 percent in Korea and almost 100 percent in selected European countries.

Handbook of Input–Output Analysis

Thijs ten Raa
Handbook of Input Output Analysis Book PDF

Author : Thijs ten Raa
Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
Page : 520 pages
File Size : 49,5 Mb
Release : 2017-06-30
Category : Economics, Mathematical
ISBN : 9781783476329

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Handbook of Input–Output Analysis by Thijs ten Raa Pdf

In this authoritative Handbook, leading experts from international statistical offices and universities explain in detail the treatment and role of input-output statistics in the System of National Accounts. Furthermore, they address the derivation of input-output coefficients for the purpose of economic and environmental modeling, the building of applied general equilibrium models, the use of these models for efficiency analysis, and the extensions to stochastic and dynamic input-output analysis. As well as revealing and exploring the theoretical foundations, the Handbook also acts as a useful guide for practitioners.

Agricultural Input Subsidies

Ephraim Chirwa,Andrew Dorward
Agricultural Input Subsidies Book PDF

Author : Ephraim Chirwa,Andrew Dorward
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 315 pages
File Size : 48,5 Mb
Release : 2013-09-26
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780199683529

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Agricultural Input Subsidies by Ephraim Chirwa,Andrew Dorward Pdf

This book takes forward our understanding of agricultural input subsidies in low income countries.

Uncertain Input Data Problems and the Worst Scenario Method

Ivan Hlavacek,Jan Chleboun,Ivo Babuska
Uncertain Input Data Problems and the Worst Scenario Method Book PDF

Author : Ivan Hlavacek,Jan Chleboun,Ivo Babuska
Publisher : Elsevier
Page : 484 pages
File Size : 46,9 Mb
Release : 2004-12-09
Category : Science
ISBN : 0080543375

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Uncertain Input Data Problems and the Worst Scenario Method by Ivan Hlavacek,Jan Chleboun,Ivo Babuska Pdf

This book deals with the impact of uncertainty in input data on the outputs of mathematical models. Uncertain inputs as scalars, tensors, functions, or domain boundaries are considered. In practical terms, material parameters or constitutive laws, for instance, are uncertain, and quantities as local temperature, local mechanical stress, or local displacement are monitored. The goal of the worst scenario method is to extremize the quantity over the set of uncertain input data. A general mathematical scheme of the worst scenario method, including approximation by finite element methods, is presented, and then applied to various state problems modeled by differential equations or variational inequalities: nonlinear heat flow, Timoshenko beam vibration and buckling, plate buckling, contact problems in elasticity and thermoelasticity with and without friction, and various models of plastic deformation, to list some of the topics. Dozens of examples, figures, and tables are included. Although the book concentrates on the mathematical aspects of the subject, a substantial part is written in an accessible style and is devoted to various facets of uncertainty in modeling and to the state of the art techniques proposed to deal with uncertain input data. A chapter on sensitivity analysis and on functional and convex analysis is included for the reader's convenience. · Rigorous theory is established for the treatment of uncertainty in modeling · Uncertainty is considered in complex models based on partial differential equations or variational inequalities · Applications to nonlinear and linear problems with uncertain data are presented in detail: quasilinear steady heat flow, buckling of beams and plates, vibration of beams, frictional contact of bodies, several models of plastic deformation, and more · Although emphasis is put on theoretical analysis and approximation techniques, numerical examples are also present · Main ideas and approaches used today to handle uncertainties in modeling are described in an accessible form · Fairly self-contained book

Second Language Acquisition

Susan M. Gass,Larry Selinker
Second Language Acquisition Book PDF

Author : Susan M. Gass,Larry Selinker
Publisher : Psychology Press
Page : 508 pages
File Size : 50,6 Mb
Release : 2001
Category : Education
ISBN : 0805835288

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Second Language Acquisition by Susan M. Gass,Larry Selinker Pdf

This book is a thorough revision of the highly successful text first published in 1994. The authors retain the multidisciplinary approach that presents research from linguistics, sociology, psychology, and education, in a format designed for use in an introductory course for undergraduate or graduate students. The research is updated throughout and there are new sections and chapters in this second edition as well. New chapters cover child language acquisition (first and second), Universal Grammar, and instructed language learning; new sections address issues, such as what data analysis doesn't show, replication of research findings, interlanguage transfer (multilingual acquisition and transfer), the aspect hypothesis, general nativism, connectionist approaches, and implicit/explicit knowledge. Major updates include nonlanguage influences and the lexicon. The workbook, Second Language Learning Data Analysis, Second Edition, makes an ideal accompaniment to the text.