Macroeconomic Impacts Of Gender Inequality And Informality In India

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Macroeconomic Impacts of Gender Inequality and Informality in India

Purva Khera
Macroeconomic Impacts of Gender Inequality and Informality in India Book PDF

Author : Purva Khera
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 66 pages
File Size : 40,9 Mb
Release : 2016-02-09
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9781475590784

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Macroeconomic Impacts of Gender Inequality and Informality in India by Purva Khera Pdf

This paper examines the macroeconomic interaction between informality and gender inequality in the labor market. A dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model is built to study the impact of gender-targeted policies on female labor force participation, female formal employment, gender wage gap, as well as on aggregate economic outcomes. The model is estimated using Bayesian techniques and Indian data. Although these policies are found to increase female labor force participation and output, lack of sufficient formal job creation due to labor market rigidities leads to an increase in unemployment and informality, and further widens gender gaps in formal employment and wages. Simultaneously implementing such policies with formal job creating policies helps remove these adverse impacts while also leading to significantly larger gains in output.

Macroeconomic Impacts of Gender Inequality and Informality in India

Purva Khera
Macroeconomic Impacts of Gender Inequality and Informality in India Book PDF

Author : Purva Khera
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 66 pages
File Size : 45,6 Mb
Release : 2016-02-09
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781498310260

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Macroeconomic Impacts of Gender Inequality and Informality in India by Purva Khera Pdf

This paper examines the macroeconomic interaction between informality and gender inequality in the labor market. A dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model is built to study the impact of gender-targeted policies on female labor force participation, female formal employment, gender wage gap, as well as on aggregate economic outcomes. The model is estimated using Bayesian techniques and Indian data. Although these policies are found to increase female labor force participation and output, lack of sufficient formal job creation due to labor market rigidities leads to an increase in unemployment and informality, and further widens gender gaps in formal employment and wages. Simultaneously implementing such policies with formal job creating policies helps remove these adverse impacts while also leading to significantly larger gains in output.

Economic Gains From Gender Inclusion

Mr.Jonathan David Ostry,Jorge Alvarez,Mr.Raphael A Espinoza,Mr.Chris Papageorgiou
Economic Gains From Gender Inclusion Book PDF

Author : Mr.Jonathan David Ostry,Jorge Alvarez,Mr.Raphael A Espinoza,Mr.Chris Papageorgiou
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 54,6 Mb
Release : 2018-10-09
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781484379721

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Economic Gains From Gender Inclusion by Mr.Jonathan David Ostry,Jorge Alvarez,Mr.Raphael A Espinoza,Mr.Chris Papageorgiou Pdf

While progress has been made in increasing female labor force participation (FLFP) in the last 20 years, large gaps remain. The latest Fund research shows that improving gender diversity can result in larger economic gains than previously thought. Indeed, gender diversity brings benefits all its own. Women bring new skills to the workplace. This may reflect social norms and their impact on upbringing and social interactions, or underlying differences in risk preference and response to incentives for example. As such, there is an economic benefit from diversity, that is from bringing women into the labor force, over and above the benefit resulting from more (male) workers. The study finds that male and female labor are imperfect substitutes in production, and therefore gender differences in the labor force matter. The results also imply that standard models, which ignore such differences, understate the favorable impact of gender inclusion on growth, and misattribute to technology a part of growth that is actually caused by women’s participation. The study further suggests that narrowing gender gaps benefits both men and women, because of a boost to male wages from higher FLFP. The paper also examines the role of women in the process of sectoral reallocation from traditional agriculture to services and the resulting effect on productivity and growth. Because FLFP is relatively high in services, sectoral reallocation along development paths serves to boost gender parity and productivity.

Women, gender and the informal economy : an assessment of ILO research and suggested ways forward

Sylvia Chant,Carolyn Pedwell
Women gender and the informal economy an assessment of ILO research and suggested ways forward Book PDF

Author : Sylvia Chant,Carolyn Pedwell
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 56 pages
File Size : 42,9 Mb
Release : 2008
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 9221206084

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Women, gender and the informal economy : an assessment of ILO research and suggested ways forward by Sylvia Chant,Carolyn Pedwell Pdf

Reviews ILO research on women, gender and the informal economy. It compares and contrasts analytical and methodological frameworks used in various studies, identifies research gaps and directions for future research, and indicates key findings that may assist concerned ILO units in taking action and formulating policy directions.

Closing Gender Gaps in India: Does Increasing Womens’ Access to Finance Help?

Purva Khera
Closing Gender Gaps in India Does Increasing Womens Access to Finance Help Book PDF

Author : Purva Khera
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 43 pages
File Size : 40,8 Mb
Release : 2018-09-28
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781484377468

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Closing Gender Gaps in India: Does Increasing Womens’ Access to Finance Help? by Purva Khera Pdf

Gender gaps in womens’ economic opportunities—labor market and entrepreneurship—have remained high in India. Lack of adequate collateral limits women entrepreneurs’ ability to access formal finance, leaving them to rely on informal sources, constraining their growth. A small-open economy DSGE model is built to investigate the long-run macroeconomic impacts from closing gender gaps in financial access. Results suggest that an increase in women entrepreneurs access to formal credit results in higher female entrepreneurship and employment, which boosts India’s output by 1.6 percent. However, regulations and gender-specific constraints in the labor market limit potential gains as females’ access to quality jobs in the formal sector remains restricted. The paper shows that the factors influencing the number of females are different from those influencing the share of females in formal economic activity. Combining gender-targeted financial inclusion policies with policies that lower constraints on formal sector employment could boost India’s output by 6.8 percent.

Women, Work, and the Economy

Ms.Katrin Elborgh-Woytek,Ms.Monique Newiak,Ms.Kalpana Kochhar,Ms.Stefania Fabrizio,Mr.Kangni R Kpodar,Mr.Philippe Wingender,Mr.Benedict J. Clements,Mr.Gerd Schwartz
Women Work and the Economy Book PDF

Author : Ms.Katrin Elborgh-Woytek,Ms.Monique Newiak,Ms.Kalpana Kochhar,Ms.Stefania Fabrizio,Mr.Kangni R Kpodar,Mr.Philippe Wingender,Mr.Benedict J. Clements,Mr.Gerd Schwartz
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 42 pages
File Size : 52,7 Mb
Release : 2013-12-01
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9781484371244

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Women, Work, and the Economy by Ms.Katrin Elborgh-Woytek,Ms.Monique Newiak,Ms.Kalpana Kochhar,Ms.Stefania Fabrizio,Mr.Kangni R Kpodar,Mr.Philippe Wingender,Mr.Benedict J. Clements,Mr.Gerd Schwartz Pdf

The proposed SDN discusses the specific macro-critical aspects of women’s participation in the labor market and the constraints that prevent women from developing their full economic potential. Building on earlier Fund analysis, work undertaken by other organizations and academic research, the SDN presents possible policies to overcome these obstacles in different types of countries.

India

International Monetary Fund. Asia and Pacific Dept
India Book PDF

Author : International Monetary Fund. Asia and Pacific Dept
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 92 pages
File Size : 51,7 Mb
Release : 2017-02-22
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781475579819

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India by International Monetary Fund. Asia and Pacific Dept Pdf

India: Selected Issues

Women's Economic Empowerment

Kate Grantham,Gillian Dowie,Arjan de Haan
Women s Economic Empowerment Book PDF

Author : Kate Grantham,Gillian Dowie,Arjan de Haan
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 211 pages
File Size : 50,8 Mb
Release : 2021-03-04
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9781000340341

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Women's Economic Empowerment by Kate Grantham,Gillian Dowie,Arjan de Haan Pdf

This book investigates the barriers to women’s economic empowerment in the Global South. Drawing on evidence from a wide range of countries, the book outlines important lessons and practical solutions for promoting gender equality. Despite global progress in closing gender gaps in education and health, women’s economic empowerment has lagged behind, with little evidence that economic growth promotes gender equality. International Development Research Centre’s (IDRC) Growth and Economic Opportunities for Women (GrOW) programme was set up to provide policy lessons, insights, and concrete solutions that could lead to advances in gender equality, particularly on the role of institutions and macroeconomic growth, barriers to labour market access for women, and the impact of women’s care responsibilities. This book showcases rigorous and multi-disciplinary research emerging from this ground-breaking programme, covering topics such as the school-to-work transition, child marriage, unpaid domestic work and childcare, labour market segregation, and the power of social and cultural norms that prevent women from fully participating in better paid sectors of the economy. With a range of rich case studies from Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, India, Kenya, Nepal, Rwanda, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, and Uganda, this book is perfect for students, researchers, practitioners, and policymakers working on women’s economic empowerment and gender equality in the Global South.

The Influence of Gender Budgeting in Indian States on Gender Inequality and Fiscal Spending

Ms.Janet Gale Stotsky,Mr.Asad Zaman
The Influence of Gender Budgeting in Indian States on Gender Inequality and Fiscal Spending Book PDF

Author : Ms.Janet Gale Stotsky,Mr.Asad Zaman
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 44 pages
File Size : 50,5 Mb
Release : 2016-11-16
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9781475555219

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The Influence of Gender Budgeting in Indian States on Gender Inequality and Fiscal Spending by Ms.Janet Gale Stotsky,Mr.Asad Zaman Pdf

This study investigates the effect of gender budgeting in India on gender inequality and fiscal spending. Gender budgeting is an approach to budgeting in which governments use fiscal policies and administration to address gender inequality and women’s advancement. There is little quantitative study of its impact. Indian states offer a relatively unique framework for assessing the effect of gender budgeting. States with gender budgeting efforts have made more progress on gender equality in primary school enrollment than those without, though economic growth appears insufficient to generate equality on its own. The implications of gender budgeting for fiscal spending were more ambiguous.

International Monetary Fund Annual Report 2016

International Monetary Fund
International Monetary Fund Annual Report 2016 Book PDF

Author : International Monetary Fund
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 130 pages
File Size : 41,8 Mb
Release : 2016-09-26
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781513565637

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International Monetary Fund Annual Report 2016 by International Monetary Fund Pdf

The year was marked by difficult challenges and milestone achievements. To reinvigorate modest growth at a time of uncertainty about a complicated global economy, the IMF membership endorsed a three-pronged approach of monetary, fiscal, and structural policies to get the world economy back on a stronger and safer growth track. Highlights of the IMF’s work during the year included entry into effect of its quota and governance reforms approved in 2010, which increase the Fund’s core resources and make it more representative of the membership; commitments for increased financial support, policy advice, expertise, and training to help low-income developing countries achieve the U.N. Sustainable Development Goals; analysis of the international monetary system; inclusion of the Chinese currency in the basket of currencies that make up the Special Drawing Right; and policy advice on the economic repercussions of mass migration of refugees from Syria and other conflict-afflicted states. The IMF Annual Report, which covers the period May 1, 2015 to April 30, 2016, discusses all of these issues, plus a wide range of policy matters that the Executive Board addressed during the year.

Development Centre Studies Is Informal Normal ? Towards More and Better Jobs in Developing Countries

Jütting Johannes,de Laiglesia Juan Ramón
Development Centre Studies Is Informal Normal Towards More and Better Jobs in Developing Countries Book PDF

Author : Jütting Johannes,de Laiglesia Juan Ramón
Publisher : OECD Publishing
Page : 167 pages
File Size : 46,9 Mb
Release : 2009-03-24
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 9789264059245

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Development Centre Studies Is Informal Normal ? Towards More and Better Jobs in Developing Countries by Jütting Johannes,de Laiglesia Juan Ramón Pdf

Provides evidence for policy makers on how to deal with informal employment in developing and developed countries alike.

The Long Shadow of Informality

Franziska Ohnsorge,Shu Yu
The Long Shadow of Informality Book PDF

Author : Franziska Ohnsorge,Shu Yu
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 397 pages
File Size : 44,7 Mb
Release : 2022-02-09
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781464817540

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The Long Shadow of Informality by Franziska Ohnsorge,Shu Yu Pdf

A large percentage of workers and firms operate in the informal economy, outside the line of sight of governments in emerging market and developing economies. This may hold back the recovery in these economies from the deep recessions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic--unless governments adopt a broad set of policies to address the challenges of widespread informality. This study is the first comprehensive analysis of the extent of informality and its implications for a durable economic recovery and for long-term development. It finds that pervasive informality is associated with significantly weaker economic outcomes--including lower government resources to combat recessions, lower per capita incomes, greater poverty, less financial development, and weaker investment and productivity.

Pursuing Women's Economic Empowerment

International Monetary Fund. Strategy, Policy, & Review Department,International Monetary Fund. African Dept.
Pursuing Women s Economic Empowerment Book PDF

Author : International Monetary Fund. Strategy, Policy, & Review Department,International Monetary Fund. African Dept.
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 29 pages
File Size : 54,9 Mb
Release : 2018-05-31
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9781498308922

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Pursuing Women's Economic Empowerment by International Monetary Fund. Strategy, Policy, & Review Department,International Monetary Fund. African Dept. Pdf

"The economic and social imperative for women’s economic empowerment is clear. Greater gender equality boosts economic growth and leads to better development outcomes. It contributes to reducing income inequality and boosting economic diversification and, in turn, supports economic resilience. Gender equality is one of the 17 global UN Sustainable Development Goals, which provide a roadmap for ending poverty, protecting the planet, and ensuring that all people enjoy peace and prosperity. The G7 has emphasized the need for closing the gender gap. The Taormina Leaders’ Summit in 2017 renewed the emphasis on promoting women’s empowerment, which the leaders see as a crucial contribution to promoting sustainable development. In this regard, leaders committed to mainstreaming gender equality into all their policies. This is carried forward by Canada’s G7 Presidency. With growing recognition that gender equality promotes economic stability and growth, the IMF has scaled up its work in this area and is committed to continue these efforts. Work by the IMF will focus on (i) deepening its understanding of the economic benefits of women’s empowerment, both in the labor market and through more equal opportunities for boys and girls, also against the background of persistent megatrends, including in an environment of rapid technological change; (ii) integrating the analysis into Fund policy dialogue with member countries; (iii) providing customized assistance, workshops, and peer-learning courses in areas such as gender budgeting; and (iv) expanding collaboration with other international institutions on the subject to benefit from complementary areas of expertise."

Using Fiscal Policy and Public Financial Management to Promote Gender Equality

Janet G. Stotsky
Using Fiscal Policy and Public Financial Management to Promote Gender Equality Book PDF

Author : Janet G. Stotsky
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 224 pages
File Size : 48,5 Mb
Release : 2020-01-27
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781000030624

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Using Fiscal Policy and Public Financial Management to Promote Gender Equality by Janet G. Stotsky Pdf

This book examines how fiscal policy and management can promote gender equality in developing as well as developed countries. Providing an international look at gender budgeting, it draws on countries at different levels of development, with an emphasis on low-income developing countries. It introduces the reader to the main trends in gender equality, the key ideas and rationale of gender budgeting from a fiscal policy perspective and where gender budgeting fits into public financial management. It offers case studies and other empirical evidence from developing, emerging, and developed countries on what works in using fiscal policy and public financial management to narrow gender gaps in education, health care, access to infrastructure, and economic empowerment. It also provides policy recommendations appropriate to countries at different levels of development. The reader will gain an understanding of how fiscal policy and public financial management can contribute to gender equality and women’s advancement. The book provides a well-grounded set of conclusions and policy recommendations, drawn from evaluation of the evidence. The focus is on low-income developing countries but is combined with a well-rounded look at developing countries, more generally, emerging markets, and developed countries as well. This book will be a valuable resource for economists and policy makers, particularly those in developing countries still grappling with large disparities between women and men. It will also prove useful to researchers and those who provide technical assistance and aid to countries on fiscal policies and tools for gender equality.

Tackling Legal Impediments to Women’s Economic Empowerment

Katharine Christopherson,Audrey Yiadom,Juliet Johnson,Francisca Fernando,Hanan Yazid,Clara Thiemann
Tackling Legal Impediments to Women s Economic Empowerment Book PDF

Author : Katharine Christopherson,Audrey Yiadom,Juliet Johnson,Francisca Fernando,Hanan Yazid,Clara Thiemann
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 74 pages
File Size : 53,5 Mb
Release : 2022-02-18
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9798400203640

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Tackling Legal Impediments to Women’s Economic Empowerment by Katharine Christopherson,Audrey Yiadom,Juliet Johnson,Francisca Fernando,Hanan Yazid,Clara Thiemann Pdf

It is well established that a wide range of legal impediments in countries’ domestic laws have prevented women from achieving full economic empowerment, which in turn has negative macroeconomic implications. In many countries, laws often reflect and perpetuate gender norms that limit women’s economic participation, and removal of these impediments through legal reform has been shown to be an effective method to catalyze greater participation of women in the economy—along with the related macroeconomic benefits. Once legal barriers are removed and provisions for more equal treatment under the law are embedded, the law can also be employed as a powerful tool to incentivize women to pursue equal opportunities, change mindsets regarding the role of women, and hold institutions and individuals accountable for achieving results. Accordingly, it is imperative for countries to focus on eliminating existing legal impediments and designing appropriate incentives to increase women’s participation in the economy. This paper goes beyond previous Fund work by categorizing the key sources of laws that impede women’s economic empowerment, as well as ways in which the law can be used as a tool to create behavioral changes and shifts in perceptions of women in the economy. Case studies of six countries (Iceland, Peru, Rwanda, The Philippines, Tunisia, and the United States) that rank high in gender equality in their respective regions demonstrate how legal reforms have been implemented in differing contexts to help achieve women’s economic empowerment. Given the relevance to the Fund’s mandate, the paper also notes the case for a stepped-up role for the IMF in advising on legal reforms that remove barriers to, and incentivize, women’s economic empowerment. Although this paper highlights dominant belief systems and cultural norms that have contributed to limiting the economic empowerment of women, it does not intend to render any judgment on these systems or norms.