Meaning And Cognition The Development Of Categorisation Concepts And Prototypes

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Meaning and cognition - The development of categorisation, concepts and prototypes

Nadine Richters
Meaning and cognition The development of categorisation concepts and prototypes Book PDF

Author : Nadine Richters
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
Page : 17 pages
File Size : 41,5 Mb
Release : 2008-08-18
Category : Literary Collections
ISBN : 9783640140268

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Meaning and cognition - The development of categorisation, concepts and prototypes by Nadine Richters Pdf

Seminar paper from the year 2008 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Linguistics, grade: 2,3, University of Hamburg (IAA), course: Seminar Linguistik: Semantics: Understanding the meaning of words and their combinations, language: English, abstract: This term paper deals with the development of categorisation, concepts and prototypes in terms of cognitive psychology. In recent decades, prototype semantics has begun to gain an important role in linguistics and led to a pardigm shift. This is proved by research in cognitive psychology. People have a command of categorising, all times. Without the process of categorisation, our brain would be overstrained because the flood of information, the brain receives, has to be memorised and, thus, categorised, in a certain way. First of all, I will explain the importance of categorisation and concepts in everyday life, then I will introduce some forms of categorisations (Artistotle’s traditional view and the prototype theory), explain them by giving examples, analyse and criticise them, insofar as I consider them critisisable. In section three I will describe the development of categorisation, concepts and prototypes with regard to childhood. One important question in this context will be whether prototypes are changeable in the course of life? The process of categorisation by having some concepts in mind, is an important factor in human existence. Human beings categorise what they perceive by comparing the perceived object with their mentally represented concept. All people think categorically because it helps them to establish a certainty and order. People need certainty and order, for not drowning in chaos. Without categorising, human beings would have to store the information of each single element which encounters him. Categories and concepts help us to understand the world, its elements and we establish a form of cohesive network by building up concepts and categories and having prototypical exemplars in mind. If we see people, we categorise them, whether it is their outward appearance or how they talk or how they behave towards us. By doing this, we sometimes practise a form of pigeonholing other people. This pigeonholing, though, is human, as we cannot cease to categorise what we perceive. “Categorization provides the gateway between perception and cognition. After a perceptual system acquires information about an entity in the environment, the cognitive system places the entity into a category”.

Concepts and Conceptual Development

Ulric Neisser
Concepts and Conceptual Development Book PDF

Author : Ulric Neisser
Publisher : CUP Archive
Page : 340 pages
File Size : 48,6 Mb
Release : 1989-03-31
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 0521378753

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Concepts and Conceptual Development by Ulric Neisser Pdf

Concepts and Conceptual Development draws together a wide range of theorists to consider many different aspects of 'the psychology of concepts'.

Meaning and Cognition - The Development of Categorisation, Concepts and Prototypes

Nadine Richters
Meaning and Cognition The Development of Categorisation Concepts and Prototypes Book PDF

Author : Nadine Richters
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
Page : 38 pages
File Size : 54,5 Mb
Release : 2008-08
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 9783640140169

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Meaning and Cognition - The Development of Categorisation, Concepts and Prototypes by Nadine Richters Pdf

Seminar paper from the year 2008 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Linguistics, grade: 2,3, University of Hamburg (IAA), course: Seminar Linguistik: Semantics: Understanding the meaning of words and their combinations, 18 entries in the bibliography, language: English, abstract: This term paper deals with the development of categorisation, concepts and prototypes in terms of cognitive psychology. In recent decades, prototype semantics has begun to gain an important role in linguistics and led to a pardigm shift. This is proved by research in cognitive psychology. People have a command of categorising, all times. Without the process of categorisation, our brain would be overstrained because the flood of information, the brain receives, has to be memorised and, thus, categorised, in a certain way. First of all, I will explain the importance of categorisation and concepts in everyday life, then I will introduce some forms of categorisations (Artistotle's traditional view and the prototype theory), explain them by giving examples, analyse and criticise them, insofar as I consider them critisisable. In section three I will describe the development of categorisation, concepts and prototypes with regard to childhood. One important question in this context will be whether prototypes are changeable in the course of life? The process of categorisation by having some concepts in mind, is an important factor in human existence. Human beings categorise what they perceive by comparing the perceived object with their mentally represented concept. All people think categorically because it helps them to establish a certainty and order. People need certainty and order, for not drowning in chaos. Without categorising, human beings would have to store the information of each single element which encounters him. Categories and concepts help us to understand the world, its elements and we establish a form of cohesive network by building up concepts and categori

Cognition and Categorization

Eleanor Rosch,Barbara B. Lloyd
Cognition and Categorization Book PDF

Author : Eleanor Rosch,Barbara B. Lloyd
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
Page : 342 pages
File Size : 52,5 Mb
Release : 2024-03-08
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9781003827528

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Cognition and Categorization by Eleanor Rosch,Barbara B. Lloyd Pdf

Originally published in 1978, the papers in this book derive from a 1976 meeting sponsored by the Social Science Research Council to discuss the nature and principles of category formation. It is organized in three sections: real-world categories, the cognitive processes underlying categorization, and the nature of representation. Part I examines different structural aspects of real-world categories: folk biological taxonomies, within and between category structures for material objects, and some categories in a language that codes the world in a visual–gestural mode. All three chapters in Part I assume category processors who are able to perform at least three cognitive functions: They can judge similarity between stimuli; they can perceive and process the attributes of a stimulus; and they can learn. Part II presents analyses of these three cognitive functions. All discussion of psychological structures and processes lead eventually to the issue of representation, and Part III examines representational assumptions underlying the earlier discussions. Today it can be read and enjoyed in its historical context.

Linguistic Categorization

John R. Taylor
Linguistic Categorization Book PDF

Author : John R. Taylor
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
Page : 298 pages
File Size : 40,9 Mb
Release : 1989
Category : History
ISBN : UCSC:32106008710524

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Linguistic Categorization by John R. Taylor Pdf

This is the first accessible introduction to the "cognitive paradigm" in linguistics. Constrasting cognitive linguistics with the assumptions of Chomskyan linguistics, and drawing examples mainly from English, the book explores the potential of the study of word meaning, syntax, and phonology.

Meanings and Prototypes (RLE Linguistics B: Grammar)

S.L. Tsohatzidis
Meanings and Prototypes RLE Linguistics B Grammar Book PDF

Author : S.L. Tsohatzidis
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 631 pages
File Size : 45,7 Mb
Release : 2014-02-03
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 9781317933588

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Meanings and Prototypes (RLE Linguistics B: Grammar) by S.L. Tsohatzidis Pdf

There are fewer distinctions in any language than there are distinct things in the universe. If, therefore, languages are ways of representing the universe, a primary function of their elements must be to allow the much more varied kinds of elements out of which the universe is made to be categorized in specific ways. A prototype approach to linguistic categories is a particular way of answering the question of how this categorization operates. It involves two claims. First, that linguistic categorization exploits principles that are not specific to language but characterize most, if not all, processes of cognition. Secondly, that a basic principle by which cognitive and linguistic categories are organized is the prototype principle, which assigns elements to a category not because they exemplify properties that are absolutely required of each one of its members, but because they exhibit, in varying degrees, certain types of similarity with a particular category member which has been established as the best example (or: prototype) of its kind. The development of the prototype approach into a satisfactory body of theory obviously requires both that its empirical base be enriched, and that its conceptual foundations be clarified. These are the areas where this volume, in its 26 essays, makes original contributions. The first two parts contain discussions in which various kinds of linguistic phenomena are analysed in ways that make essential use of prototype notions. The last two parts contain discussions in which prototype notions themselves become the object, rather than the instrument, of analytical scrutiny.

The Origin of Concepts

Susan Carey
The Origin of Concepts Book PDF

Author : Susan Carey
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 608 pages
File Size : 46,7 Mb
Release : 2009-05-06
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9780199887910

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The Origin of Concepts by Susan Carey Pdf

Only human beings have a rich conceptual repertoire with concepts like tort, entropy, Abelian group, mannerism, icon and deconstruction. How have humans constructed these concepts? And once they have been constructed by adults, how do children acquire them? While primarily focusing on the second question, in The Origin of Concepts , Susan Carey shows that the answers to both overlap substantially. Carey begins by characterizing the innate starting point for conceptual development, namely systems of core cognition. Representations of core cognition are the output of dedicated input analyzers, as with perceptual representations, but these core representations differ from perceptual representations in having more abstract contents and richer functional roles. Carey argues that the key to understanding cognitive development lies in recognizing conceptual discontinuities in which new representational systems emerge that have more expressive power than core cognition and are also incommensurate with core cognition and other earlier representational systems. Finally, Carey fleshes out Quinian bootstrapping, a learning mechanism that has been repeatedly sketched in the literature on the history and philosophy of science. She demonstrates that Quinian bootstrapping is a major mechanism in the construction of new representational resources over the course of childrens cognitive development. Carey shows how developmental cognitive science resolves aspects of long-standing philosophical debates about the existence, nature, content, and format of innate knowledge. She also shows that understanding the processes of conceptual development in children illuminates the historical process by which concepts are constructed, and transforms the way we think about philosophical problems about the nature of concepts and the relations between language and thought.

Concept Development and the Development of Word Meaning

T. B. Seiler,W. Wannenmacher
Concept Development and the Development of Word Meaning Book PDF

Author : T. B. Seiler,W. Wannenmacher
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 349 pages
File Size : 44,8 Mb
Release : 2012-12-06
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9783642690006

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Concept Development and the Development of Word Meaning by T. B. Seiler,W. Wannenmacher Pdf

This volume owes its existance to many different sources and influ ences. It is based on a meeting that took place from April 30 to May 2, 1982 at the University of Technology in Darmstadt. The idea for that meeting came while we were elaborating a research program on concept development and the development of word meaning; we were inspired by Werner Deutsch of the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics in Nijmegen (The Netherlands) and by the Volkswagen Foundation in Hannover (Federal Republic of Germany) to organize an international conference on the same topic. We set out to invite a long list of colleagues, and we only regret that not all of them were able to attend. This volume should not be viewed as the proceedings of that conference. On the one hand, it does not include all of the papers presented there, and on the other hand, some of our colleagues who were unable to attend were nevertheless willing to write contributions. Furthermore, some who did pre sent papers at the conference revised and reformulated them or even submitted completely new ones for this book. We feel, however, that in the end we have arranged a valuable collection of work in the theory and research of a field that has occupied not only psychologists and linguists, but also philosophers, anthropologists, and many others for a long time.

Concepts, Kinds, and Cognitive Development

Frank C. Keil
Concepts Kinds and Cognitive Development Book PDF

Author : Frank C. Keil
Publisher : MIT Press
Page : 352 pages
File Size : 41,5 Mb
Release : 1992-01-30
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 0262610760

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Concepts, Kinds, and Cognitive Development by Frank C. Keil Pdf

In Concepts, Kinds, and Cognitive Development, Frank C. Keil provides a coherent account of how concepts and word meanings develop in children, adding to our understanding of the representational nature of concepts and word meanings at all ages. Keil argues that it is impossible to adequately understand the nature of conceptual representation without also considering the issue of learning. Weaving together issues in cognitive development, philosophy, and cognitive psychology, he reconciles numerous theories, backed by empirical evidence from nominal kinds studies, natural-kinds studies, and studies of fundamental categorical distinctions. He shows that all this evidence, when put together, leads to a better understanding of semantic and conceptual development. The book opens with an analysis of the problems of modeling qualitative changes in conceptual development, investigating how concepts of natural kinds, nominal kinds, and artifacts evolve. The studies on nominal kinds document a powerful and unambiguous developmental pattern indicating a shift from a reliance on global tabulations of characteristic features to what appears to be a small set of defining ones. The studies on natural kinds document an analogous shift toward a core theory instead of simple definition. Both sets of studies are strongly supported by cross cultural data. While these patterns seem to suggest that the young child organizes concepts according to characteristic features, Keil argues that there is a framework of conceptual categories and causal beliefs that enables even very young children to understand kinds at a deeper, theoretically guided, level. This account suggests a new way of understanding qualitative change and carries strong implications for how concepts are represented at any point in development. A Bradford Book

Categories and Concepts

Iven van Mechelen
Categories and Concepts Book PDF

Author : Iven van Mechelen
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 394 pages
File Size : 54,7 Mb
Release : 1993
Category : Computers
ISBN : UOM:39015029276329

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Categories and Concepts by Iven van Mechelen Pdf

A book aimed at advanced undergraduates and graduates in cognitive science and artificial intelligence, linguistics, applied mathematics and data analysis.

Categorizing Cognition

Graeme S. Halford,William H. Wilson,Glenda Andrews
Categorizing Cognition Book PDF

Author : Graeme S. Halford,William H. Wilson,Glenda Andrews
Publisher : MIT Press
Page : 375 pages
File Size : 41,8 Mb
Release : 2014-12-19
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9780262028073

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Categorizing Cognition by Graeme S. Halford,William H. Wilson,Glenda Andrews Pdf

A proposal for a categorization of cognition based on core properties of the constituent processes that integrates theory and empirical findings across domains. All sciences need ways to classify the phenomena they investigate; chemistry has the periodic table and biology a taxonomic system for classifying life forms. These classification schemes depend on conceptual coherence, demonstrated correspondences across paradigms. This conceptual coherence has proved elusive in psychology, although recent advances have brought the field to the point at which it is possible to define the type of classificatory system needed. This book proposes a categorization of cognition based on core properties of constituent processes, recognizing correspondences between cognitive processes with similar underlying structure but different surface properties. These correspondences are verified mathematically and shown not to be merely coincidental. The proposed formulation leads to general principles that transcend domains and paradigms and facilitate the interpretation of empirical findings. It covers human and nonhuman cognition and human cognition in all age ranges. Just as the periodic table classifies elements and not compounds, this system classifies relatively basic versions of cognitive tasks but allows for complexity. The book shows that a more integrated, coherent account of cognition would have many benefits. It would reduce the conceptual fragmentation of psychology; offer defined criteria by which to categorize new empirical results; and lead to fruitful hypotheses for the acquisition of higher cognition.

The Big Book of Concepts

Gregory Murphy
The Big Book of Concepts Book PDF

Author : Gregory Murphy
Publisher : MIT Press
Page : 564 pages
File Size : 45,7 Mb
Release : 2004-01-30
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9780262632997

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The Big Book of Concepts by Gregory Murphy Pdf

Concepts embody our knowledge of the kinds of things there are in the world. Tying our past experiences to our present interactions with the environment, they enable us to recognize and understand new objects and events. Concepts are also relevant to understanding domains such as social situations, personality types, and even artistic styles. Yet like other phenomenologically simple cognitive processes such as walking or understanding speech, concept formation and use are maddeningly complex. Research since the 1970s and the decline of the "classical view" of concepts have greatly illuminated the psychology of concepts. But persistent theoretical disputes have sometimes obscured this progress. The Big Book of Concepts goes beyond those disputes to reveal the advances that have been made, focusing on the major empirical discoveries. By reviewing and evaluating research on diverse topics such as category learning, word meaning, conceptual development in infants and children, and the basic level of categorization, the book develops a much broader range of criteria than is usual for evaluating theories of concepts.

The Cambridge Handbook of Psycholinguistics

Michael Spivey,Ken McRae,Marc Joanisse
The Cambridge Handbook of Psycholinguistics Book PDF

Author : Michael Spivey,Ken McRae,Marc Joanisse
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 1297 pages
File Size : 50,5 Mb
Release : 2012-08-20
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9781139536141

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The Cambridge Handbook of Psycholinguistics by Michael Spivey,Ken McRae,Marc Joanisse Pdf

Our ability to speak, write, understand speech and read is critical to our ability to function in today's society. As such, psycholinguistics, or the study of how humans learn and use language, is a central topic in cognitive science. This comprehensive handbook is a collection of chapters written not by practitioners in the field, who can summarize the work going on around them, but by trailblazers from a wide array of subfields, who have been shaping the field of psycholinguistics over the last decade. Some topics discussed include how children learn language, how average adults understand and produce language, how language is represented in the brain, how brain-damaged individuals perform in terms of their language abilities and computer-based models of language and meaning. This is required reading for advanced researchers, graduate students and upper-level undergraduates who are interested in the recent developments and the future of psycholinguistics.

Cognitive Development and Acquisition of Language

Timothy E. Moore
Cognitive Development and Acquisition of Language Book PDF

Author : Timothy E. Moore
Publisher : Elsevier
Page : 321 pages
File Size : 49,9 Mb
Release : 2014-06-28
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9781483294568

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Cognitive Development and Acquisition of Language by Timothy E. Moore Pdf

Cognitive Development and Acquisition of Language

Meaning and Cognition

Liliana Albertazzi
Meaning and Cognition Book PDF

Author : Liliana Albertazzi
Publisher : John Benjamins Publishing
Page : 284 pages
File Size : 48,5 Mb
Release : 2000-01-01
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9027238871

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Meaning and Cognition by Liliana Albertazzi Pdf

The aim of this book is to present significant aspects of cognitive grammar by adopting an interdisciplinary approach. The book provides an interplay of contributions by some exponents of cognitive grammar (Langacker, Croft, Wood, Geeraerts, Kövecses, Wildgen), and philosophers of language (Albertazzi, Marconi, Peruzzi, Violi) who, in most cases, share a phenomenological and Gestalt approach to the problem of semantics. The topics covered include themes that are central to the debate in cognitive grammar, such as, metaphor, construal operations, prototypicality, Gestalt schemes and field semantics. The book offers evidence to support the cognitive hypothesis in semantics and the existence of a close connection between the structures of perception and the categories of natural language. Because of the approach employed, with its consideration of borderline aspects among semantics, linguistics, theoretical reflection and historical analysis, the book marks out a route for a philosophical inquiry complementary to a cognitive approach to the semantics of natural language.