Meanings And Prototypes

Author : S.L. Tsohatzidis
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 595 pages
File Size : 51,8 Mb
Release : 2014-02-03
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 9781317933595

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Meanings and Prototypes by S.L. Tsohatzidis Pdf

There are fewer distinctions in any language than there are distinct things in the universe. If, therefore, languages are ways of representing the universe, a primary function of their elements must be to allow the much more varied kinds of elements out of which the universe is made to be categorized in specific ways. A prototype approach to linguistic categories is a particular way of answering the question of how this categorization operates. It involves two claims. First, that linguistic categorization exploits principles that are not specific to language but characterize most, if not all, processes of cognition. Secondly, that a basic principle by which cognitive and linguistic categories are organized is the prototype principle, which assigns elements to a category not because they exemplify properties that are absolutely required of each one of its members, but because they exhibit, in varying degrees, certain types of similarity with a particular category member which has been established as the best example (or: prototype) of its kind. The development of the prototype approach into a satisfactory body of theory obviously requires both that its empirical base be enriched, and that its conceptual foundations be clarified. These are the areas where this volume, in its 26 essays, makes original contributions. The first two parts contain discussions in which various kinds of linguistic phenomena are analysed in ways that make essential use of prototype notions. The last two parts contain discussions in which prototype notions themselves become the object, rather than the instrument, of analytical scrutiny.

Author : Kathryn McElroy
Publisher : "O'Reilly Media, Inc."
Page : 326 pages
File Size : 41,6 Mb
Release : 2016-12-29
Category : Computers
ISBN : 9781491954034

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Prototyping for Designers by Kathryn McElroy Pdf

Prototyping and user testing is the best way to create successful products, but many designers skip this important step and use gut instinct instead. By explaining the goals and methodologies behind prototyping—and demonstrating how to prototype for both physical and digital products—this practical guide helps beginning and intermediate designers become more comfortable with creating and testing prototypes early and often in the process. Author Kathryn McElroy explains various prototyping methods, from fast and dirty to high fidelity and refined, and reveals ways to test your prototypes with users. You’ll gain valuable insights for improving your product, whether it’s a smartphone app or a new electronic gadget. Learn similarities and differences between prototyping for physical and digital products Know what fidelity level is needed for different prototypes Get best practices for prototyping in a variety of mediums, and choose which prototyping software or components to use Learn electronics prototyping basics and resources for getting started Write basic pseudocode and translate it into usable code for Arduino Conduct user tests to gain insights from prototypes

Author : S.L. Tsohatzidis
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 631 pages
File Size : 49,8 Mb
Release : 2014-02-03
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 9781317933588

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Meanings and Prototypes (RLE Linguistics B: Grammar) by S.L. Tsohatzidis Pdf

There are fewer distinctions in any language than there are distinct things in the universe. If, therefore, languages are ways of representing the universe, a primary function of their elements must be to allow the much more varied kinds of elements out of which the universe is made to be categorized in specific ways. A prototype approach to linguistic categories is a particular way of answering the question of how this categorization operates. It involves two claims. First, that linguistic categorization exploits principles that are not specific to language but characterize most, if not all, processes of cognition. Secondly, that a basic principle by which cognitive and linguistic categories are organized is the prototype principle, which assigns elements to a category not because they exemplify properties that are absolutely required of each one of its members, but because they exhibit, in varying degrees, certain types of similarity with a particular category member which has been established as the best example (or: prototype) of its kind. The development of the prototype approach into a satisfactory body of theory obviously requires both that its empirical base be enriched, and that its conceptual foundations be clarified. These are the areas where this volume, in its 26 essays, makes original contributions. The first two parts contain discussions in which various kinds of linguistic phenomena are analysed in ways that make essential use of prototype notions. The last two parts contain discussions in which prototype notions themselves become the object, rather than the instrument, of analytical scrutiny.

Author : Sabbas L. Tsochatzidēs
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 584 pages
File Size : 45,5 Mb
Release : 2014
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 1315857391

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Meanings and Prototypes by Sabbas L. Tsochatzidēs Pdf

Author : Christoph Molnar
Publisher : Lulu.com
Page : 320 pages
File Size : 42,5 Mb
Release : 2020
Category : Artificial intelligence
ISBN : 9780244768522

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Interpretable Machine Learning by Christoph Molnar Pdf

This book is about making machine learning models and their decisions interpretable. After exploring the concepts of interpretability, you will learn about simple, interpretable models such as decision trees, decision rules and linear regression. Later chapters focus on general model-agnostic methods for interpreting black box models like feature importance and accumulated local effects and explaining individual predictions with Shapley values and LIME. All interpretation methods are explained in depth and discussed critically. How do they work under the hood? What are their strengths and weaknesses? How can their outputs be interpreted? This book will enable you to select and correctly apply the interpretation method that is most suitable for your machine learning project.

Author : John R. Taylor
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 325 pages
File Size : 53,9 Mb
Release : 2003-11-06
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 9780199266647

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Linguistic Categorization by John R. Taylor Pdf

This book provides a readable and clearly articulated introduction to an important area in the broader field of Cognitive Linguistics. Taking as its starting point the categorization of colour it explores the far reaching implications of Eleanor Rosch's seminal work on prototype categorization extending it's application of prototype theory from lexical semantics to the study of morphology, syntax, and phonology. First published in 1989 the third edition of this populat text has been fully revised and updated to include recent developments in Cognitive Linguistics. It introduces basic issues in the study of word meaning, and demonstrates the viability of the prototype approach to the study of phonology, syntax and acquistion. The new edition expands the treatment of polysemy, meaning relatedness, idioms and grammatical constructions The book presupposes no prior knowledge of linguistics and will therefore be particulary suited to undergraduate courses.

Author : Matt LeMay
Publisher : O'Reilly Media
Page : 162 pages
File Size : 52,5 Mb
Release : 2018-10-10
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781492033486

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Agile for Everybody by Matt LeMay Pdf

The Agile movement provides real, actionable answers to the question that keeps many company leaders awake at night: How do we stay successful in a fast-changing and unpredictable world? Agile has already transformed how modern companies build and deliver software. This practical book demonstrates how entire organizations—from product managers and engineers to marketers and executives—can put Agile to work. Author Matt LeMay explains Agile in clear, jargon-free terms and provides concrete and actionable steps to help any team put its values and principles into practice. Examples from a wide variety of organizations, including small nonprofits and global financial enterprises, bring to life the on-the-ground realities of Agile across industries and functions. Understand exactly what Agile is and why it matters Use Agile to address your organization’s specific needs and goals Take customer centricity from theory into practice Stop wasting time in "report and critique" meetings and start making better decisions Create a harmonious cycle of learning, collaborating, and delivering Learn from Agile experts at companies like IBM, Spotify, and Coca-Cola

Author : Thomas Glöckner
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
Page : 22 pages
File Size : 46,9 Mb
Release : 2001-11-12
Category : Literary Collections
ISBN : 9783638104029

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Semantic Features vs. Prototypes by Thomas Glöckner Pdf

Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 1997 im Fachbereich Anglistik - Linguistik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (Institut für englische Philologie), Veranstaltung: Proseminar: Language and Psychology, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: 1 Introduction According to Aristotle, every word is to be defined by naming its genus proximum and differentia specifica. The linguistic debate concerning the issue of word-meaning and its adequate description has split researchers into two opposing parties. Traditional linguists whose position is relatively close to Aristotle ́s idea favour a theory called Feature Semantics (hereafter FS) whereas many scientists rather support a more modern approach which can be labelled Prototype Theory (hereafter PT). The aim of this research paper is to describe and compare these two concepts. As a conclusion of the first (theoretical) part, it will try to show that the two approaches are not incompatible but that they even seem to function on a complementary basis. In the second (more practical) part, I will try to decompose the meaning elements of some verbs of selected English semantic fields and thus give an example for the use (and usefulness) of semantic features. [...]

Author : John R. Taylor
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
Page : 298 pages
File Size : 49,6 Mb
Release : 1989
Category : History
ISBN : UCSC:32106008710524

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Linguistic Categorization by John R. Taylor Pdf

This is the first accessible introduction to the "cognitive paradigm" in linguistics. Constrasting cognitive linguistics with the assumptions of Chomskyan linguistics, and drawing examples mainly from English, the book explores the potential of the study of word meaning, syntax, and phonology.

Author : Cindy Härcher
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
Page : 20 pages
File Size : 46,8 Mb
Release : 2013-11-11
Category : Literary Collections
ISBN : 9783656538707

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Lie to me. Theory of semantic features vs. Prototype theory by Cindy Härcher Pdf

Essay from the year 2012 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Linguistics, grade: 2,7, University of Bayreuth, course: Forensic Linguistics, language: English, abstract: “Parents lie to their children about sex to spare them knowledge they think their children are not ready for, just as their children when they become adolescents, will conceal sexual adventures because the parents won't understand. Lies occur between friends, witness and jury, lawyer and client, salesperson and customer. Lying is such a central characteristic of life that better understanding of it is relevant to almost all human affairs.” (Ekmann 2009:23) But what is a lie and which features make an utterance becoming a lie? Two possible theories for a semantic analysis of lie exist, one the one hand the theory of semantic features, and on the other other hand the semantic prototype theory. This paper will deal with a prototypical analysis of lie. At first both theories will be shortly explained and it will be explained why the prototype theory is more suitable for the analysis of, than the theory of semantic features. Then a prototype schema for lie, as well as a prototype analysis of lie will be given. To confirm the general prototype hypothesis, the prototype definition of lie, and other hypotheses that will be made, an experiment of Coleman and Kay will be explained and its results will be analyzed. To check and confirm the hypotheses of Coleman and Kay again, two fellow students and me did the same experiment within the context of our presentation about linguistic clues to lie detection. The expectations we had and the results will be presented and our results will be compared with that of Coleman and Kay.

Author : Geert E. Booij,Christian Lehmann,Joachim Mugdan
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter
Page : 1001 pages
File Size : 44,9 Mb
Release : 2008-07-14
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 9783110194012

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Morphologie / Morphology. 1. Halbband by Geert E. Booij,Christian Lehmann,Joachim Mugdan Pdf

No detailed description available for "MORPHOLOGY (BOOIJ ET AL.) 1.TLBD HSK 17.1 E-BOOK".

Author : Sheila Geering Keppel
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 522 pages
File Size : 42,6 Mb
Release : 1986
Category : Electronic
ISBN : UCAL:C2927770

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Meaning and Prototypes in Chinese Transitional Porcelain Design by Sheila Geering Keppel Pdf

Author : Ramón Reichert,Annika Richterich,Pablo Abend,Mathias Fuchs,Karin Wenz
Publisher : transcript Verlag
Page : 243 pages
File Size : 48,6 Mb
Release : 2015-10-31
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9783839431535

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Digital Culture & Society (DCS) by Ramón Reichert,Annika Richterich,Pablo Abend,Mathias Fuchs,Karin Wenz Pdf

»Digital Culture & Society« is a refereed, international journal, fostering discussion about the ways in which digital technologies, platforms and applications reconfigure daily lives and practices. It offers a forum for critical analysis and inquiry into digital media theory. The journal provides a venue for publication for interdisciplinary research approaches, contemporary theory developments and methodological innovation in digital media studies. It invites reflection on how culture unfolds through the use of digital technology, and how it conversely influences the development of digital technology itself. The inaugural issue »Digital Material/ism« presents methodological and theoretical insights into digital materiality and materialism.

Author : Anna Wierzbicka
Publisher : Oxford University Press, UK
Page : 518 pages
File Size : 45,9 Mb
Release : 1996-03-28
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 9780191588594

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Semantics : Primes and Universals by Anna Wierzbicka Pdf

This book provides a synthesis of Wierzbicka's theory of meaning, which is based on conceptual primitives and semantic universals, using empirical findings from a wide range of languages. While addressed primarily to linguists, the book deals with highly topical and controversial issues of central importance to several disciplines, including anthropology, psychology, and philosophy. - ;Conceptual primitives and semantic universals are the cornerstones of a semantic theory which Anna Wierzbicka has been developing for many years. Semantics: Primes and Universals is a major synthesis of her work, presenting a full and systematic exposition of that theory in a non-technical and readable way. It delineates a full set of universal concepts, as they have emerged from large-scale investigations across a wide range of languages undertaken by the author and her colleagues. On the basis of empirical cross-linguistic studies it vindicates the old notion of the 'psychic unity of mankind', while at the same time offering a framework for the rigorous description of different languages and cultures. - ;A major synthesis of Anna Wierzbicka's work -

Author : Nadine Richters
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
Page : 14 pages
File Size : 43,8 Mb
Release : 2008-08-18
Category : Literary Collections
ISBN : 9783640140268

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Meaning and cognition - The development of categorisation, concepts and prototypes by Nadine Richters Pdf

Seminar paper from the year 2008 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Linguistics, grade: 2,3, University of Hamburg (IAA), course: Seminar Linguistik: Semantics: Understanding the meaning of words and their combinations, 18 entries in the bibliography, language: English, abstract: This term paper deals with the development of categorisation, concepts and prototypes in terms of cognitive psychology. In recent decades, prototype semantics has begun to gain an important role in linguistics and led to a pardigm shift. This is proved by research in cognitive psychology. People have a command of categorising, all times. Without the process of categorisation, our brain would be overstrained because the flood of information, the brain receives, has to be memorised and, thus, categorised, in a certain way. First of all, I will explain the importance of categorisation and concepts in everyday life, then I will introduce some forms of categorisations (Artistotle’s traditional view and the prototype theory), explain them by giving examples, analyse and criticise them, insofar as I consider them critisisable. In section three I will describe the development of categorisation, concepts and prototypes with regard to childhood. One important question in this context will be whether prototypes are changeable in the course of life? The process of categorisation by having some concepts in mind, is an important factor in human existence. Human beings categorise what they perceive by comparing the perceived object with their mentally represented concept. All people think categorically because it helps them to establish a certainty and order. People need certainty and order, for not drowning in chaos. Without categorising, human beings would have to store the information of each single element which encounters him. Categories and concepts help us to understand the world, its elements and we establish a form of cohesive network by building up concepts and categories and having prototypical exemplars in mind. If we see people, we categorise them, whether it is their outward appearance or how they talk or how they behave towards us. By doing this, we sometimes practise a form of pigeonholing other people. This pigeonholing, though, is human, as we cannot cease to categorise what we perceive. “Categorization provides the gateway between perception and cognition. After a perceptual system acquires information about an entity in the environment, the cognitive system places the entity into a category”.