Reflections On Big Science

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Reflections on Big Science

Alvin M. Weinberg
Reflections on Big Science Book PDF

Author : Alvin M. Weinberg
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 182 pages
File Size : 43,8 Mb
Release : 1968
Category : Research
ISBN : 0262230240

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Reflections on Big Science by Alvin M. Weinberg Pdf

Alvin M. Weinberg has played a key role in scientific developments of the 20th century. In 1941 he joined the University of Chicago group that developed the first chain reactor. As a member of this team, he worked on the reactor that produced the plutonium that would ultimately be used for the bomb dropped on Nagasaki, Japan. He served as director of ORAU's Institute for Energy Analysis (IEA), which pioneered investigations of the greenhouse effect, alternate energy sources, and maximizing energy sources at minimum cost to the economy and the environment. Throughout his career, Weinberg has been a leading figure in the development of nuclear energy. Among his accomplishments was the proposal to use pressurized water for nuclear submarine propulsion. Weinberg has been recognized many times, winning the Atoms for Peace Award, the Harvey Prize, the Heinrich Award, and the Fermi Award. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, and a Foreign Member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences. In addition to his writings concerning scientific and administrative works, he is also a prolific writer on the interaction between modern technology and society. He has coined many phrases that have become part of our everyday language; "big science," "technological fix," and "faustian bargain" are just a few examples. May of his earlier essays are published in this book, Reflections on Big Science. These essays treat a number of acute or chronic problems and many prescribe remedies. Included are considerations of the population expansion and the concomitant expansion of energy and information, the new social structures built by the new technology, the effects of the organization and financing of Big Science on the nature of scientific inquiry, the potential contribution of the federal laboratories to science education, and the role of the scientist (which is distinct from, and as vital as, the role of the documentalist) is closing the Information Gap.

Reflections on Big Science

Alvin M. Weinberg
Reflections on Big Science Book PDF

Author : Alvin M. Weinberg
Publisher : MIT Press (MA)
Page : 192 pages
File Size : 55,7 Mb
Release : 1968-07-01
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 0262730189

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Reflections on Big Science by Alvin M. Weinberg Pdf

A gathering of essays answering fundamental questions about the changes in science, by one of its keenest observers.

Big Science, Innovation, and Societal Contributions

Anonim
Big Science Innovation and Societal Contributions Book PDF

Author : Anonim
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 449 pages
File Size : 49,6 Mb
Release : 2024-03-26
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780198881223

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Big Science, Innovation, and Societal Contributions by Anonim Pdf

Big Science, Innovation, and Societal Contributions offers a connection between Big Science and its societal impacts from a multidisciplinary perspective, drawing on physics and astrophysics scholars to explain the reasoning behind their work, and how such knowledge can be applied to everyday life. Through simplifying complex scientific concepts, Big Science, Innovation, and Societal Contributions explains the evolution of Big Science experiments and what it takes to manage and maintain complex scientific experiments with a human centred approach. Further, it examines the motivations behind international efforts to develop capital-intensive and human resource-rich, large-scale multi-national scientific investments to solve fundamental research problems concerning our future. Drawing on reliable scientific evidence, multi-disciplinary perspectives, and personal insights from collider physics, detectors, accelerator, and telescopes research, the volume outlines the mechanisms, benefits, and methodologies, as well as the potential challenges and short-comings, of Big Science, to learn and reflect on for future initiatives. This is an open access title available under the terms of a [CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International] licence. It is free to read at Oxford Scholarship Online and offered as a free PDF download from OUP and selected open access locations.

A Political History of Big Science

Katharina C. Cramer
A Political History of Big Science Book PDF

Author : Katharina C. Cramer
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 255 pages
File Size : 55,6 Mb
Release : 2020-08-31
Category : Science
ISBN : 9783030500498

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A Political History of Big Science by Katharina C. Cramer Pdf

This book investigates the political history of Big Science in Europe in the late twentieth century and the early twenty-first century, characterised by the founding histories of two collaborative, single-sited facilities namely the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) in Grenoble, France and the European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser (European XFEL) in Schenefeld, Germany. Under the heading of the other Europe, this book presents the history and politics of European Big Science as an alternative road to (Western) European integration besides the mainstream political integration process of the European Economic Community and the European Union. It shows that Big Science has a role to play in European politics and policymaking and that the crucial and unavoidable symbiosis between science, technology and politics brings the creation of Big Science projects back to geopolitical realities.

Big Science Transformed

Olof Hallonsten
Big Science Transformed Book PDF

Author : Olof Hallonsten
Publisher : Springer
Page : 310 pages
File Size : 44,8 Mb
Release : 2016-10-15
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9783319327389

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Big Science Transformed by Olof Hallonsten Pdf

This book analyses the emergence of a transformed Big Science in Europe and the United States, using both historical and sociological perspectives. It shows how technology-intensive natural sciences grew to a prominent position in Western societies during the post-World War II era, and how their development cohered with both technological and social developments. At the helm of post-war science are large-scale projects, primarily in physics, which receive substantial funds from the public purse. Big Science Transformed shows how these projects, popularly called 'Big Science', have become symbols of progress. It analyses changes to the political and sociological frameworks surrounding publicly-funding science, and their impact on a number of new accelerator and reactor-based facilities that have come to prominence in materials science and the life sciences. Interdisciplinary in scope, this book will be of great interest to historians, sociologists and philosophers of science.

Big Science and Research Infrastructures in Europe

Katharina C. Cramer,Olof Hallonsten
Big Science and Research Infrastructures in Europe Book PDF

Author : Katharina C. Cramer,Olof Hallonsten
Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
Page : 288 pages
File Size : 55,8 Mb
Release : 2020-08-28
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781839100017

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Big Science and Research Infrastructures in Europe by Katharina C. Cramer,Olof Hallonsten Pdf

This thought-provoking book expands on the notion that Big Science is not the only term to describe and investigate particularly large research projects, scientific collaborations and facilities. It investigates the significant overlap between Big Science and Research Infrastructures (RIs) in a European context since the early twenty-first century. Contributions to this innovative book not only augment the study of Big Science with new perspectives, but also launch the study of RIs as a promising new line of inquiry.

Millennial Biology: The National Science Foundation and American Biology, 1975-2005

Donald J. McGraw
Millennial Biology The National Science Foundation and American Biology 1975 2005 Book PDF

Author : Donald J. McGraw
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 641 pages
File Size : 40,9 Mb
Release : 2021-01-25
Category : Science
ISBN : 9783030563677

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Millennial Biology: The National Science Foundation and American Biology, 1975-2005 by Donald J. McGraw Pdf

National Science Foundation (NSF) is a unique federal agency because it supports scientific research financially, but does not engage in scientific work itself. Its history is known only in part because the NSF is a vibrant, expanding, and living entity that makes the final telling of its story impossible. Much can be learned from its beginning as well as its component parts. If the founding of the NSF in 1950 was couched in an era of physics, especially atomic physics, certainly by the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st, biology was, and remains, the queen of sciences for the predictable future. This book highlights the elite status of America’s biological sciences as they were funded, affected, and, to a very real degree, interactively guided by the NSF. It examines important events in the earlier history of the Foundation because they play strongly upon the development of the various biology directorates. Issues such as education, applied research, medical science, the National Institutes of Health, the beginnings of biotechnology, and other matters are also discussed.

Shaping Biology

Toby A. Appel
Shaping Biology Book PDF

Author : Toby A. Appel
Publisher : JHU Press
Page : 409 pages
File Size : 47,7 Mb
Release : 2003-04-30
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780801873478

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Shaping Biology by Toby A. Appel Pdf

Historians of the postwar transformation of science have focused largely on the physical sciences, especially the relation of science to the military funding agencies. In Shaping Biology, Toby A. Appel brings attention to the National Science Foundation and federal patronage of the biological sciences. Scientists by training, NSF biologists hoped in the 1950s that the new agency would become the federal government's chief patron for basic research in biology, the only agency to fund the entire range of biology—from molecules to natural history museums—for its own sake. Appel traces how this vision emerged and developed over the next two and a half decades, from the activities of NSF's Division of Biological and Medical Sciences, founded in 1952, through the cold war expansion of the 1950s and 1960s and the constraints of the Vietnam War era, to its reorganization out of existence in 1975. This history of NSF highlights fundamental tensions in science policy that remain relevant today: the pull between basic and applied science; funding individuals versus funding departments or institutions; elitism versus distributive policies of funding; issues of red tape and accountability. In this NSF-funded study, Appel explores how the agency developed, how it worked, and what difference it made in shaping modern biology in the United States. Based on formerly untapped archival sources as well as on interviews of participants, and building upon prior historical literature, Shaping Biology covers new ground and raises significant issues for further research on postwar biology and on federal funding of science in general.

Supersizing Science

Niki Vermeulen
Supersizing Science Book PDF

Author : Niki Vermeulen
Publisher : Universal-Publishers
Page : 234 pages
File Size : 52,5 Mb
Release : 2010
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781599423647

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Supersizing Science by Niki Vermeulen Pdf

In recent years there has been a clear rise in scientific collaboration, as well as in studies on the subject. While most scholars examine disciplines traditionally known to be collaborative, such as physics and space research, this book focuses on biology. It investigates the growing collaboration in the life sciences, or the emergence of what is called 'big biology'. While the Human Genome Project is often presented as the first large-scale research project in biology, cooperation in the life sciences has a longer history. A comparison between centralised 'big physics' and 'big biology' reveals how the latter has a networked structure, which evolved in interaction with the integration of information and communication technologies. By concentrating on the construction of these networks, three contemporary large-scale research collaborations are analysed: the Census of Marine Life that aims to make an inventory of life in the oceans, the Silicon Cell initiative that wants to design a replica of a cell in a computer, and the VIRGO consortium, which investigates host-virus interaction to develop a new therapy against influenza. This book demonstrates how the process of making science bigger, or the 'supersizing of science', transforms the ways in which science is organised while it also changes the work of scientists involved. As such, this has both scholarly and professional implications for the next generation of scientists.

History of Science in United States

Marc Rothenberg
History of Science in United States Book PDF

Author : Marc Rothenberg
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 637 pages
File Size : 51,7 Mb
Release : 2012-10-12
Category : History
ISBN : 9781135583187

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History of Science in United States by Marc Rothenberg Pdf

This Encyclopedia examines all aspects of the history of science in the United States, with a special emphasis placed on the historiography of science in America. It can be used by students, general readers, scientists, or anyone interested in the facts relating to the development of science in the United States. Special emphasis is placed in the history of medicine and technology and on the relationship between science and technology and science and medicine.

Encyclopedia of Science and Technology Communication

Susanna Hornig Priest
Encyclopedia of Science and Technology Communication Book PDF

Author : Susanna Hornig Priest
Publisher : SAGE
Page : 1145 pages
File Size : 52,6 Mb
Release : 2010-07-14
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 9781412959209

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Encyclopedia of Science and Technology Communication by Susanna Hornig Priest Pdf

The explosion of scientific information is exacerbating the information gap between richer/poorer, educated/less-educated publics. The proliferation of media technology and the popularity of the Internet help some keep up with these developments but also make it more likely others fall further behind. This is taking place in a globalizing economy and society that further complicates the division between information haves and have-nots and compounds the challenge of communicating about emerging science and technology to increasingly diverse audiences. Journalism about science and technology must fill this gap, yet journalists and journalism students themselves struggle to keep abreast of contemporary scientific developments. Scientist - aided by public relations and public information professionals - must get their stories out, not only to other scientists but also to broader public audiences. Funding agencies increasingly expect their grantees to engage in outreach and education, and such activity can be seen as both a survival strategy and an ethical imperative for taxpayer-supported, university-based research. Science communication, often in new forms, must expand to meet all these needs. Providing a comprehensive introduction to students, professionals and scholars in this area is a unique challenge because practitioners in these fields must grasp both the principles of science and the principles of science communication while understanding the social contexts of each. For this reason, science journalism and science communication are often addressed only in advanced undergraduate or graduate specialty courses rather than covered exhaustively in lower-division courses. Even so, those entering the field rarely will have a comprehensive background in both science and communication studies. This circumstance underscores the importance of compiling useful reference materials. The Encyclopedia of Science and Technology Communication presents resources and strategies for science communicators, including theoretical material and background on recent controversies and key institutional actors and sources. Science communicators need to understand more than how to interpret scientific facts and conclusions; they need to understand basic elements of the politics, sociology, and philosophy of science, as well as relevant media and communication theory, principles of risk communication, new trends, and how to evaluate the effectiveness of science communication programmes, to mention just a few of the major challenges. This work will help to develop and enhance such understanding as it addresses these challenges and more. Topics covered include: advocacy, policy, and research organizations environmental and health communication philosophy of science media theory and science communication informal science education science journalism as a profession risk communication theory public understanding of science pseudo-science in the news special problems in reporting science and technology science communication ethics.

Science and Spectacle

John Agar
Science and Spectacle Book PDF

Author : John Agar
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 283 pages
File Size : 49,8 Mb
Release : 2014-02-04
Category : History
ISBN : 9781317743033

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Science and Spectacle by John Agar Pdf

Science and Spectacle relates the construction of the telescope to the politics and culture of post-war Britain. From radar and atomic weapons, to the Festival of Britain and, later, Harold Wilson's rhetoric of scientific revolution, science formed a cultural resource from which post-war careers and a national identity could be built. The Jodrell Bank Radio Telescope was once a symbol of British science and a much needed prestigious project for the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, but it also raised questions regarding the proper role of universities as sites for scientific research.

The Big Picture

David Suzuki,David Taylor
The Big Picture Book PDF

Author : David Suzuki,David Taylor
Publisher : Greystone Books
Page : 272 pages
File Size : 53,6 Mb
Release : 2009-05-01
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781926685441

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The Big Picture by David Suzuki,David Taylor Pdf

Whether he's discussing how to reconcile economy with ecology, why a warmer world will result in more poison ivy, why Britney Spears gets more hits on Google than global warming does, or why we might need to start eating jellyfish for supper, David Suzuki points the direction we must take as a society if we hope to meet the environmental challenges we face in our still-young century. Covering suburban sprawl, sustainable transportation, food shortages, biodiversity, technology, public policy, and more, The Big Picture not only identifies the problems we face but proposes solid, science-based solutions. These engaging essays look beyond environmental challenges to examine the forces that are preventing real change from occurring. Together they tell the story of a species struggling to come to grips with its own biological nature, a nature we must ultimately embrace to live in balance with the systems that sustain us.

Science and the American Century

Sally Gregory Kohlstedt,David Kaiser
Science and the American Century Book PDF

Author : Sally Gregory Kohlstedt,David Kaiser
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
Page : 483 pages
File Size : 53,8 Mb
Release : 2013-03-14
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780226925158

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Science and the American Century by Sally Gregory Kohlstedt,David Kaiser Pdf

The twentieth century was one of astonishing change in science, especially as pursued in the United States. Against a backdrop of dramatic political and economic shifts brought by world wars, intermittent depressions, sporadic and occasionally massive increases in funding, and expanding private patronage, this scientific work fundamentally reshaped everyday life. Science and the American Century offers some of the most significant contributions to the study of the history of science, technology, and medicine during the twentieth century, all drawn from the pages of the journal Isis. Fourteen essays from leading scholars are grouped into three sections, each presented in roughly chronological order. The first section charts several ways in which our knowledge of nature was cultivated, revealing how scientific practitioners and the public alike grappled with definitions of the “natural” as they absorbed and refracted global information. The essays in the second section investigate the changing attitudes and fortunes of scientists during and after World War II. The final section documents the intricate ways that science, as it advanced, became intertwined with social policies and the law. This important and useful book provides a thoughtful and detailed overview for scholars and students of American history and the history of science, as well as for scientists and others who want to better understand modern science and science in America.

Science in the Contemporary World

Eric G. Swedin
Science in the Contemporary World Book PDF

Author : Eric G. Swedin
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
Page : 409 pages
File Size : 50,7 Mb
Release : 2005-03-08
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781851095292

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Science in the Contemporary World by Eric G. Swedin Pdf

This work is a unique introductory A–Z resource detailing the scientific achievements of the contemporary world and analyzing the key scientific trends, discoveries, and personalities of the modern age. An authoritative reference survey of the modern age of scientific discovery, Science in the Contemporary World is a scholarly yet accessible chronicle of scientific achievement from the discovery of penicillin to the latest developments in space exploration and cloning. Over 200 A–Z entries cover the full spectrum of contemporary science, with emphasis on its diverse nature. Within the last 50 years, medicine has eradicated the killer disease smallpox, but primarily because the virus can live only in humans. Space probes have revealed that on Europa, a moon of Jupiter, an ice-capped ocean with the potential to support life probably exists. Marvels from animal psychology and deep-sea exploration are also explored extensively.