Reasoning And Decision Making

Author : Philip N. Johnson-Laird,Eldar Shafir
Publisher : Wiley-Blackwell
Page : 208 pages
File Size : 52,7 Mb
Release : 1994-08-15
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 1557866015

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Reasoning and Decision Making by Philip N. Johnson-Laird,Eldar Shafir Pdf

This volume brings together two hitherto separate aspects of the psychology of thinking: how people reason, and how they make judgements and decisions. This exploration is timely for two major reasons. First, reasoning and decision making are increasingly examined in the role of reason in the construction of preferences, and students of deduction are examining the role of values and preferences in reasoning. Second, research in the two domains has revealed a striking parallel; human thinkers make radical departures from the canons of rationality - from formal logic in the case of reasoning, and from expected utility theory in the case of decision making. The two departures have forced social scientists to think again about the nature of human mentality. The contributors are all internationally known experts, and their chapters range over the nature of rationality, how individuals construct reasons for choices, how they are led astray by focusing on only certain aspects of situations, how they assess the strength of inductions, how they reach decisions on juries, and how their performance can be improved. Reasoning and Decision Making will be suitable for advanced undergraduate reading and beyond, and will be of interest to psychologists, decision theorists and philosophers.

Author : Roger C. Schank,Ellen Langer
Publisher : Psychology Press
Page : 437 pages
File Size : 51,9 Mb
Release : 2013-06-17
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9781134781621

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Beliefs, Reasoning, and Decision Making by Roger C. Schank,Ellen Langer Pdf

It is not unusual for a festschrift to include offerings from several areas of study, but it is highly unusual for those areas to cross disciplinary lines. This book, in doing just that, is a testimony to Bob Abelson's impact on the disciplines of social psychology, artificial intelligence and cognitive science, and the applied areas of political psychology and decision-making. The contributors demonstrate that their association with Abelson, whether as students or colleagues, has resulted in an impressive intellectual cross-fertilization.

Author : Kinga Morsanyi,Ruth M.J. Byrne
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 304 pages
File Size : 41,5 Mb
Release : 2019-10-11
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9781351060899

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Thinking, Reasoning, and Decision Making in Autism by Kinga Morsanyi,Ruth M.J. Byrne Pdf

Thinking and Reasoning in Autism provides fresh insights into the cognitive processes that underlie some of the typical characteristics of autism. Autism has long been considered an enigma, and no single theory so far has been able to explain, or even fully describe, the key characteristics of the autistic mind. From the interdisciplinary perspective of new research in cognitive psychology, linguistics, philosophy, and neuroscience, this book explores thinking, reasoning and decision making in autism. The new cognitive approaches challenge some of the existing assumptions of the nature of thought in autism, including presumed areas of impairments. Instead, this book focuses on the nuanced array of cognitive signatures that characterize the autistic mind, and in many cases it reveals the possibility of intact performance alongside instances of remarkably enhanced thinking. The book considers the implications of these characteristics, providing in-depth analyses of specific areas of cognitive functioning, and their everyday manifestations. Featuring contributions from world-leading researchers from the fields of cognitive science and autism research, this volume will be essential reading for advanced students and researchers, as well as those working with individuals with autism spectrum disorders.

Author : John Paul Minda
Publisher : SAGE
Page : 355 pages
File Size : 40,5 Mb
Release : 2015-09-26
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9781473933941

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The Psychology of Thinking by John Paul Minda Pdf

How do we define thinking? Is it simply memory, perception and motor activity or perhaps something more complex such as reasoning and decision making? This book argues that thinking is an intricate mix of all these things and a very specific coordination of cognitive resources. Divided into three key sections, there are chapters on the organization of human thought, general reasoning and thinking and behavioural outcomes of thinking. These three overarching themes provide a broad theoretical framework with which to explore wider issues in cognition and cognitive psychology and there are chapters on motivation and language plus a strong focus on problem solving, reasoning and decision making – all of which are central to a solid understanding of this field. The book also explores the cognitive processes behind perception and memory, how we might differentiate expertise from skilled, competent performance and the interaction between language, culture and thought.

Author : Henry Markovits
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 53,6 Mb
Release : 2014
Category : Education
ISBN : 1315856565

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The Developmental Psychology of Reasoning and Decision-making by Henry Markovits Pdf

Logical thinking is a critically important cognitive skill. It is not just essential for mathematical and scientific understanding, it is also of prime importance when trying to navigate our complex and increasingly sophisticated world. Written by world class researchers in the field, The Developmental Psychology of Reasoning and Decision-Making describes the ways that children learn to reason, and how reasoning can be used to overcome the influence of beliefs and intuitions. The chapters in this edited collection focus on the new, revolutionary paradigm in reasoning and cover the recent research on the development of reasoning in two important areas: Cognitive abilities required to reason well and how these abilities develop in children and adolescents. Recent empirical data showing the effect intuition and prior belief have on reasoning, even when the outcome is inappropriate. Different theoretical and empirical perspectives from recent Piagetian theory, mental models and gist processing are examined, along with empirical results looking at specific aspects of reasoning in children. The key theme of the book is to better understand how reasoning develops not only through examining 'logical' reasoning, but also the nature of the interactions between people's intuitions and their reasoning abilities. The Developmental Psychology of Reasoning and Decision-Making provides an overview of the main theories and key empirical results related to the development of reasoning and should be of particular interest to students and researchers in developmental psychology and education, along with those in cognitive psychology.

Author : Peter A. Facione,Noreen C. Facione
Publisher : Insight Assessment
Page : 236 pages
File Size : 48,5 Mb
Release : 2007
Category : Education
ISBN : UOM:39015079249192

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Thinking and Reasoning in Human Decision Making by Peter A. Facione,Noreen C. Facione Pdf

Author : K. I. Manktelow
Publisher : Psychology Press
Page : 330 pages
File Size : 47,7 Mb
Release : 2012
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9781841697413

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Thinking and Reasoning by K. I. Manktelow Pdf

This completely rewritten textbook reflects on the revolutionary changes that have occurred in the field of Thinking and Reasoning in recent years.

Author : David Hardman,Laura Macchi
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 395 pages
File Size : 42,9 Mb
Release : 2004-01-09
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9780470871775

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Thinking by David Hardman,Laura Macchi Pdf

The first international handbook to bring the areas of reasoning,judgment and decision making together, now in paperback format. The book brings three of the important topics of thinkingtogether - reasoning, judgment and decision making â?? anddiscusses key issues in each area. The studies described range fromthose that are purely laboratory based to those that involveexperts making real world judgments, in areas such as medical andlegal decision making and political and economic forecasting. * International collection of original chapters by leadingresearchers in the field * Several chapters contain important new theoreticalperspectives * Paperback version is more affordable for individualresearchers

Author : Valerie F. Reyna
Publisher : American Psychological Association (APA)
Page : 488 pages
File Size : 42,6 Mb
Release : 2012
Category : Psychology
ISBN : UCSD:31822039410113

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The Adolescent Brain by Valerie F. Reyna Pdf

The contributors reveal new findings about the basic mechanisms underlying brain development, with particular reference to mathematical reasoning as well as to decision-making in a variety of situations.

Author : Philip Nicholas Johnson-Laird,Eldar Shafir
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 187 pages
File Size : 54,7 Mb
Release : 1993
Category : Decision making
ISBN : OCLC:641155818

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Reasoning and Decision Making by Philip Nicholas Johnson-Laird,Eldar Shafir Pdf

Author : Yearwood, John,Stranieri, Andrew
Publisher : IGI Global
Page : 498 pages
File Size : 48,8 Mb
Release : 2010-10-31
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9781609600938

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Technologies for Supporting Reasoning Communities and Collaborative Decision Making: Cooperative Approaches by Yearwood, John,Stranieri, Andrew Pdf

The information age has enabled unprecedented levels of data to be collected and stored. At the same time, society and organizations have become increasingly complex. Consequently, decisions in many facets have become increasingly complex but have the potential to be better informed. Technologies for Supporting Reasoning Communities and Collaborative Decision Making: Cooperative Approaches includes chapters from diverse fields of enquiry including decision science, political science, argumentation, knowledge management, cognitive psychology and business intelligence. Each chapter illustrates a perspective on group reasoning that ultimately aims to lead to a greater understanding of reasoning communities and inform technological developments.

Author : Jonathon St. B.T. Evans,David E. Over
Publisher : Psychology Press
Page : 192 pages
File Size : 51,5 Mb
Release : 2013-09-13
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9781135472313

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Rationality and Reasoning by Jonathon St. B.T. Evans,David E. Over Pdf

This book addresses an apparent paradox in the psychology of thinking. On the one hand, human beings are a highly successful species. On the other, intelligent adults are known to exhibit numerous errors and biases in laboratory studies of reasoning and decision making. There has been much debate among both philosophers and psychologists about the implications of such studies for human rationality. The authors argue that this debate is marked by a confusion between two distinct notions: (a) personal rationality (rationality1 Evans and Over argue that people have a high degree of rationality1 but only a limited capacity for rationality2. The book re-interprets the psychological literature on reasoning and decision making, showing that many normative errors, by abstract standards, reflect the operation of processes that would normally help to achieve ordinary goals. Topics discussed include relevance effects in reasoning and decision making, the influence of prior beliefs on thinking, and the argument that apparently non-logical reasoning can reflect efficient decision making. The authors also discuss the problem of deductive competence - whether people have it, and what mechanism can account for it. As the book progresses, increasing emphasis is given to the authors' dual process theory of thinking, in which a distinction between tacit and explicit cognitive systems is developed. It is argued that much of human capacity for rationality1 is invested in tacit cognitive processes, which reflect both innate mechanisms and biologically constrained learning. However, the authors go on to argue that human beings also possess an explicit thinking system, which underlies their unique - if limited - capacity to be rational.

Author : Milos Jenicek
Publisher : CRC Press
Page : 550 pages
File Size : 54,8 Mb
Release : 2018-08-06
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781351684026

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How to Think in Medicine by Milos Jenicek Pdf

Mastery of quality health care and patient safety begins as soon as we open the hospital doors for the first time and start acquiring practical experience. The acquisition of such experience includes much more than the development of sensorimotor skills and basic knowledge of sciences. It relies on effective reason, decision making, and communication shared by all health professionals, including physicians, nurses, dentists, pharmacists, and administrators. How to Think in Medicine, Reasoning, Decision Making, and Communications in Health Sciences is about these essential skills. It describes how physicians and health professionals reason, make decision, and practice medicine. Covering the basic considerations related to clinical and caregiver reasoning, it lays out a roadmap to help those new to health care as well as seasoned veterans overcome the complexities of working for the well-being of those who trust us with their physical and mental health. This book provides a step-by-step breakdown of the reasoning process for clinical work and clinical care. It examines both the general and medical ways of thinking, reasoning, argumentation, fact finding, and using evidence. It explores the principles of formal logic as applied to clinical problems and the use of evidence in logical reasoning. In addition to outline the fundamentals of decision making, it integrates coverage of clinical reasoning risk assessment, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis in evidence-based medicine. Presented in four sections, this book discusses the history and position of the problem and the challenge of medical thinking; provides the philosophy interfacing topics of interest for health sciences professionals including the probabilities, uncertainties, risks, and other quantifications in health by steps of clinical work; decision making in clinical and community health care, research, and practice; Communication in clinical and community care including how to write medical articles, clinical case studies and case reporting, and oral and written communication in clinical and community practice and care.

Author : Jonathon St. B.T. Evans,David E. Over
Publisher : Psychology Press
Page : 196 pages
File Size : 41,9 Mb
Release : 2013-09-13
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9781135472306

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Rationality and Reasoning by Jonathon St. B.T. Evans,David E. Over Pdf

This book addresses an apparent paradox in the psychology of thinking. On the one hand, human beings are a highly successful species. On the other, intelligent adults are known to exhibit numerous errors and biases in laboratory studies of reasoning and decision making. There has been much debate among both philosophers and psychologists about the implications of such studies for human rationality. The authors argue that this debate is marked by a confusion between two distinct notions: (a) personal rationality (rationality1 Evans and Over argue that people have a high degree of rationality1 but only a limited capacity for rationality2. The book re-interprets the psychological literature on reasoning and decision making, showing that many normative errors, by abstract standards, reflect the operation of processes that would normally help to achieve ordinary goals. Topics discussed include relevance effects in reasoning and decision making, the influence of prior beliefs on thinking, and the argument that apparently non-logical reasoning can reflect efficient decision making. The authors also discuss the problem of deductive competence - whether people have it, and what mechanism can account for it. As the book progresses, increasing emphasis is given to the authors' dual process theory of thinking, in which a distinction between tacit and explicit cognitive systems is developed. It is argued that much of human capacity for rationality1 is invested in tacit cognitive processes, which reflect both innate mechanisms and biologically constrained learning. However, the authors go on to argue that human beings also possess an explicit thinking system, which underlies their unique - if limited - capacity to be rational.

Author : Ken Manktelow
Publisher : Psychology Press
Page : 330 pages
File Size : 40,9 Mb
Release : 2012-02-13
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9781136295232

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Thinking and Reasoning by Ken Manktelow Pdf

The area of psychological research reviewed in this book is one that is not only increasing in popularity in college curricula, but is also making an ever larger impact on the world outside the classroom. Drawing upon research originally cited in Ken Manktelow’s highly successful publication Reasoning and Thinking, this completely rewritten textbook reflects on the revolutionary changes that have occurred in the field in recent years, stemming from the huge expansion in research output, as well as new methods and explanations, and the appearance of numerous books on the subject aimed at the popular market. The main areas covered are probability judgment, deductive and inductive reasoning, decision making, hypothetical thinking and rationality. In each case, the material is almost entirely new, with topics such as the new paradigm in reasoning research, causal reasoning and counterfactual thinking appearing for the first time. The book also presents an extended treatment of decision making research, and contains a chapter on individual and cultural influences on thinking. Thinking and Reasoning provides a detailed, integrated and approachable treatment of this area of cognitive psychology, and is ideal reading for intermediate and advanced undergraduate students; indeed, for anyone interested in how we draw conclusions and make choices.