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Author : Peter A. Facione,Noreen C. Facione
Publisher : Insight Assessment
Page : 236 pages
File Size : 46,5 Mb
Release : 2007
Category : Education
ISBN : UOM:39015079249192
Author : John Paul Minda
Publisher : SAGE
Page : 355 pages
File Size : 52,9 Mb
Release : 2015-09-26
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9781473933941
How do we define thinking? Is it simply memory, perception and motor activity or perhaps something more complex such as reasoning and decision making? This book argues that thinking is an intricate mix of all these things and a very specific coordination of cognitive resources. Divided into three key sections, there are chapters on the organization of human thought, general reasoning and thinking and behavioural outcomes of thinking. These three overarching themes provide a broad theoretical framework with which to explore wider issues in cognition and cognitive psychology and there are chapters on motivation and language plus a strong focus on problem solving, reasoning and decision making – all of which are central to a solid understanding of this field. The book also explores the cognitive processes behind perception and memory, how we might differentiate expertise from skilled, competent performance and the interaction between language, culture and thought.
Author : Ken Manktelow
Publisher : Psychology Press
Page : 330 pages
File Size : 48,7 Mb
Release : 2012-02-13
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9781136295232
The area of psychological research reviewed in this book is one that is not only increasing in popularity in college curricula, but is also making an ever larger impact on the world outside the classroom. Drawing upon research originally cited in Ken Manktelow’s highly successful publication Reasoning and Thinking, this completely rewritten textbook reflects on the revolutionary changes that have occurred in the field in recent years, stemming from the huge expansion in research output, as well as new methods and explanations, and the appearance of numerous books on the subject aimed at the popular market. The main areas covered are probability judgment, deductive and inductive reasoning, decision making, hypothetical thinking and rationality. In each case, the material is almost entirely new, with topics such as the new paradigm in reasoning research, causal reasoning and counterfactual thinking appearing for the first time. The book also presents an extended treatment of decision making research, and contains a chapter on individual and cultural influences on thinking. Thinking and Reasoning provides a detailed, integrated and approachable treatment of this area of cognitive psychology, and is ideal reading for intermediate and advanced undergraduate students; indeed, for anyone interested in how we draw conclusions and make choices.
Author : Philip N. Johnson-Laird,Eldar Shafir
Publisher : Wiley-Blackwell
Page : 208 pages
File Size : 51,9 Mb
Release : 1994-08-15
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 1557866015
This volume brings together two hitherto separate aspects of the psychology of thinking: how people reason, and how they make judgements and decisions. This exploration is timely for two major reasons. First, reasoning and decision making are increasingly examined in the role of reason in the construction of preferences, and students of deduction are examining the role of values and preferences in reasoning. Second, research in the two domains has revealed a striking parallel; human thinkers make radical departures from the canons of rationality - from formal logic in the case of reasoning, and from expected utility theory in the case of decision making. The two departures have forced social scientists to think again about the nature of human mentality. The contributors are all internationally known experts, and their chapters range over the nature of rationality, how individuals construct reasons for choices, how they are led astray by focusing on only certain aspects of situations, how they assess the strength of inductions, how they reach decisions on juries, and how their performance can be improved. Reasoning and Decision Making will be suitable for advanced undergraduate reading and beyond, and will be of interest to psychologists, decision theorists and philosophers.
Author : Jonathon St. B.T. Evans,David E. Over
Publisher : Psychology Press
Page : 196 pages
File Size : 48,5 Mb
Release : 2013-09-13
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9781135472306
This book addresses an apparent paradox in the psychology of thinking. On the one hand, human beings are a highly successful species. On the other, intelligent adults are known to exhibit numerous errors and biases in laboratory studies of reasoning and decision making. There has been much debate among both philosophers and psychologists about the implications of such studies for human rationality. The authors argue that this debate is marked by a confusion between two distinct notions: (a) personal rationality (rationality1 Evans and Over argue that people have a high degree of rationality1 but only a limited capacity for rationality2. The book re-interprets the psychological literature on reasoning and decision making, showing that many normative errors, by abstract standards, reflect the operation of processes that would normally help to achieve ordinary goals. Topics discussed include relevance effects in reasoning and decision making, the influence of prior beliefs on thinking, and the argument that apparently non-logical reasoning can reflect efficient decision making. The authors also discuss the problem of deductive competence - whether people have it, and what mechanism can account for it. As the book progresses, increasing emphasis is given to the authors' dual process theory of thinking, in which a distinction between tacit and explicit cognitive systems is developed. It is argued that much of human capacity for rationality1 is invested in tacit cognitive processes, which reflect both innate mechanisms and biologically constrained learning. However, the authors go on to argue that human beings also possess an explicit thinking system, which underlies their unique - if limited - capacity to be rational.
Author : Kinga Morsanyi,Ruth M.J. Byrne
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 304 pages
File Size : 40,9 Mb
Release : 2019-10-11
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9781351060899
Thinking and Reasoning in Autism provides fresh insights into the cognitive processes that underlie some of the typical characteristics of autism. Autism has long been considered an enigma, and no single theory so far has been able to explain, or even fully describe, the key characteristics of the autistic mind. From the interdisciplinary perspective of new research in cognitive psychology, linguistics, philosophy, and neuroscience, this book explores thinking, reasoning and decision making in autism. The new cognitive approaches challenge some of the existing assumptions of the nature of thought in autism, including presumed areas of impairments. Instead, this book focuses on the nuanced array of cognitive signatures that characterize the autistic mind, and in many cases it reveals the possibility of intact performance alongside instances of remarkably enhanced thinking. The book considers the implications of these characteristics, providing in-depth analyses of specific areas of cognitive functioning, and their everyday manifestations. Featuring contributions from world-leading researchers from the fields of cognitive science and autism research, this volume will be essential reading for advanced students and researchers, as well as those working with individuals with autism spectrum disorders.
Author : Colin Wastell,Stephanie Howarth
Publisher : SAGE
Page : 428 pages
File Size : 52,7 Mb
Release : 2021-11-24
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9781529776157
Wastell & Howarth’s text clearly, accessibly and comprehensibly introduces the core theories of Thinking, leaving no stone unturned, students will receive an in-depth coverage of the theoretical side of this subject area before the authors delve into a more practical understanding of the topic.
Author : David Hardman,Laura Macchi
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 400 pages
File Size : 53,9 Mb
Release : 2003
Category : Education
ISBN : UOM:39015060092353
The first international handbook to bring the areas of reasoning,judgment and decision making together, now in paperback format. The book brings three of the important topics of thinkingtogether - reasoning, judgment and decision making â?? anddiscusses key issues in each area. The studies described range fromthose that are purely laboratory based to those that involveexperts making real world judgments, in areas such as medical andlegal decision making and political and economic forecasting. * International collection of original chapters by leadingresearchers in the field * Several chapters contain important new theoreticalperspectives * Paperback version is more affordable for individualresearchers
Author : Daniel Kahneman
Publisher : Doubleday Canada
Page : 614 pages
File Size : 47,6 Mb
Release : 2011-11-01
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9780385676526
NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER The guru to the gurus at last shares his knowledge with the rest of us. Nobel laureate Daniel Kahneman's seminal studies in behavioral psychology, behavioral economics, and happiness studies have influenced numerous other authors, including Steven Pinker and Malcolm Gladwell. In Thinking, Fast and Slow, Kahneman at last offers his own, first book for the general public. It is a lucid and enlightening summary of his life's work. It will change the way you think about thinking. Two systems drive the way we think and make choices, Kahneman explains: System One is fast, intuitive, and emotional; System Two is slower, more deliberative, and more logical. Examining how both systems function within the mind, Kahneman exposes the extraordinary capabilities as well as the biases of fast thinking and the pervasive influence of intuitive impressions on our thoughts and our choices. Engaging the reader in a lively conversation about how we think, he shows where we can trust our intuitions and how we can tap into the benefits of slow thinking, contrasting the two-system view of the mind with the standard model of the rational economic agent. Kahneman's singularly influential work has transformed cognitive psychology and launched the new fields of behavioral economics and happiness studies. In this path-breaking book, Kahneman shows how the mind works, and offers practical and enlightening insights into how choices are made in both our business and personal lives--and how we can guard against the mental glitches that often get us into trouble.
Author : K. I. Manktelow
Publisher : Psychology Press
Page : 232 pages
File Size : 50,6 Mb
Release : 1999
Category : Cognition
ISBN : 9780863777097
This undergraduate textbook reviews psychological research in the major areas of reasoning and thinking: deduction, induction, hypothesis testing, probability judgement, and decision making. It also covers the major theoretical debates in each area, and devotes a chapter to one of the liveliest issues in the field: the question of human rationality. Central themes that recur throughout the book include not only rationality, but also the relation between normative theories such as logic, probability theory, and decision theory, and human performance, both in experiments and in the world outside the laboratory. No prior acquaintance with formal systems is assumed, and everyday examples are used throughout to illustrate technical and theoretical points. The book differs from others in the market firstly in the range of material covered: other tend to focus primarily on on either reasoning or thinking. It is also the first student-level text to survey an imporatant new theoretical perspective, the information-gain or rational analysis approach, and to review the rationality debate from the standpoint of psuchological research in a wide range of areas.
Author : Jonathan St B. T. Evans
Publisher : Psychology Press
Page : 198 pages
File Size : 47,8 Mb
Release : 2019-12-09
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9781000768688
Hypothetical thought involves the imagination of possibilities and the exploration of their consequences by a process of mental simulation. In this Classic Edition, Jonathan St B. T. Evans presents his pioneering hypothetical thinking theory; an integrated theoretical account of a wide range of psychological studies on hypothesis testing, reasoning, judgement and decision making. Hypothetical thinking theory is built on three key principles and implemented in a version of Evans' well-known heuristic–analytic theory of reasoning. The central claim of this book is that this theory can provide an integrated account of apparently diverse phenomena including confirmation bias in hypothesis testing, acceptance of fallacies in deductive reasoning, belief biases in reasoning and judgement, biases of statistical judgement and numerous characteristic findings in the study of decision making. Featuring a reflective and insightful new introduction to the book, this Classic Edition discusses contemporary theory on cognitive biases, human rationality and dual-process theories of higher cognition. It will be of great interest to researchers, post graduates as well as advanced undergraduate students.
Author : John Paul Minda
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 260 pages
File Size : 40,8 Mb
Release : 2015
Category : Decision making
ISBN : 1473920264
How do we define thinking? Is it simply memory, perception and motor activity or perhaps something more complex such as reasoning and decision making? This book argues that thinking is an intricate mix of all these things and a very specific coordination of cognitive resources. Divided into three key sections, there are chapters on the organization of human thought, general reasoning and thinking and behavioural outcomes of thinking. These three overarching themes provide a broad theoretical framework with which to explore wider issues in cognition and cognitive psychology and there are chapters on motivation and language plus a strong focus on problem solving, reasoning and decision making - all of which are central to a solid understanding of this field. The book also explores the cognitive processes behind perception and memory, how we might differentiate expertise from skilled, competent performance and the interaction between language, culture and thought.
Author : Joe Silva
Publisher : Independently Published
Page : 156 pages
File Size : 41,5 Mb
Release : 2019-08-23
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 168822775X
★★ Buy the Paperback Version of this Book and get the Kindle Book version for FREE ★★If you want to understand how improve decision making and find out what are the mental models, then keep reading.Do mental models affect an individual's behavior? This book shows how mental models are intertwined with decision making which is essential for business planning. Mental models are basically how the human mind operates. The mind is a mystery that is being uncovered slowly and in different parts. Very part has its function and how important it is. Mental models also affect human behavior. This is basically the primary function of what the brain is for and that is to give direction and commands to the body. The mental models is an interesting yet complicated subject to dive in. This is because one looks at the mind, the body and also the behavior shown at a given time or situation. Mental models also influence communication which is an essential part of human living. It helps one and others to understand each other and solve all the problems that may arise between one and others. Mental models are thus important and should be known to all mankind. This book will teach you: One understands communication in relation to the brain or mind Helps one to become a good and wise a decision-maker One understands behaviors in different human beings Also one learns about how flexible or not human routines are It also helps one to be a great, wise and planning business person in what investments they take Finally, it helps one to understand the concept of thinking in a person Mental models are important for: productivity, professional success, greater happiness, critical thinking and decision-making. Focus on what really matters, and make complex decisions with speed and confidence. What are you waiting for? Whether you are a CEO or a Mom, mental models can be pertinent in your own life. Scroll Up and Click the Buy Now Button to Get Your Copy!
Author : Colin Wastell,Stephanie Howarth
Publisher : SAGE
Page : 317 pages
File Size : 53,8 Mb
Release : 2021-11-24
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9781529776133
Are humans effective thinkers? How do we decide what is right? Can we avoid being duped by fake news? Thinking and Reasoning is the study of how humans think; exploring rationality, decision making and judgment within all contexts of life. With contemporary case studies and reflective questions to develop your understanding of key dilemmas, this book covers the fundamentals of the science behind thinking, reasoning, and decision-making, making it essential reading for any student of Thinking and Reasoning. From heuristic biases to the cognitive science of religion, and from artificial intelligence to conspiracy theories, Wastell & Howarth′s text clearly and comprehensibly introduces you to the core theories of thinking, leaving no stone unturned, before showing you how to apply theory to practice. ′The unique selling point of the book is the inclusion of current topics and recent developments, a very good structure and it approaches the field from a very wide angle.′
Author : Daniel Kahneman
Publisher : Psychology Press
Page : 122 pages
File Size : 49,6 Mb
Release : 2020-10-28
Category : Education
ISBN : 9781000149906
The work of Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky has transformed the study of judgment and decision-making, and penetrated related disciplines such as economics, finance, marketing, law and medicine. In recognition of these achievements, Kahneman was awarded the Nobel Prize for Economics in 2003. This special issue presents ongoing research inspired by both Kahneman and Tversky. It covers many of the central themes the heuristics and biases of judgment and prediction, framing effects, assessments and predictions of utility that made their work so innovative. The specially written papers illustrate the range and depth of this work, and emphasise its continued relevance to current research.